基于宽带混沌激光熵源实现高速真随机数的产生
摘要
随机数在信息安全、统计建模、扩频通信等领域中具有重要应用。用计算机可产生快速的随机数,但不满足完全随机的要求；现有基于热噪声、振荡器采样和混沌电路等物理熵源产生的真随机数,受电子器件带宽的限制,无法适应现代高速通信的安全需要。利用宽带混沌激光作为物理熵源,能够产生速率达Gbit/s甚至更高的真随机数,在高速信息安全的应用中显现出潜在的优势。
本论文围绕基于宽带混沌激光熵源实现高速真随机数产生这一研究课题,完成了如下的研究工作：
1.研究了基于宽带混沌激光源实现高速真随机数产生的多种实验方案。包括双路混沌激光源异或方案、单路混沌激光源延迟异或方案和单路混沌激光源差分方案。基于对混沌激光信号的差分比较,创新地提出了一个鲁棒的高速真随机数发生器的实验方案,并研制出相应的随机数发生器样机,能够实时产生最高速率达1.44Gbit/s的真随机序列,可通过NIST和Diehard随机数标准测试。
2.研究了基于混沌激光源各种高速真随机数产生方案中的关键问题。在双路混沌激光源异或方案中,分析了诸如比较器的判决阈值、外腔反馈延时特征、激光器的弛豫振荡频率和混沌激光信号的带宽等因素对输出随机序列特性的影响。在单路混沌激光源延迟异或方案中,通过大量的实验以及理论分析随机序列游程测试与自相关系数的关系,解决了延迟线长度的如何选择这一关键问题。在基于混沌激光信号差分比较鲁棒的真随机数发生器方案中,分析了差分比较的特性以及系统的鲁棒性。
3.面对上述各种产生高速真随机数方案中面临着的一个共同问题,即混沌激光源外腔反馈延时特征可使产生的随机序列引入周期性,从根本上探索其解决之法。提出并数值证实利用外腔反馈相位的随机调制可消除混沌半导体激光器的外腔反馈延时特征。
4.提出利用混沌激光源产生的真随机数作为密钥,并基于“一次一密”的加密体制实现了对明文图像信息加密的方案。通过对该图像加密方案的安全性分析,实验结果表明该方案具有较好的统计特性和极强的密钥敏感性,能够有效地实现图像信息的加密。
Random numbers have a wide range of applications, such as information security, stochastic modeling and spread spectrum communications. Although a computer can generate fast random numbers based on initial seeds and certain deterministic algorithms, they are in fact not completely random. Truly nondeterministic random numbers can be generated from physical processes, such as electrical noises, frequency jitters in electrical oscillators and chaotic circuits. But they are not suitable for modern high-speed communications for their rates are limited by the narrow bandwidth of these physical entropy sources. The utilization of broadband chaotic laser sources can ensure the generation of true random numbers at the rates of Gbit/s and even higher, which can show a potential advantage in the application field of high-speed communication data security.
Focusing on the research project of high-speed true random number generation based on wideband chaotic laser sources, this thesis is mainly summarized in the following:
1. For high-speed true random number generation based on wideband chaotic laser sources, multiple schemes including Double Chaotic Laser Sources Xor (DCLSX) scheme, Signal Chaotic Laser Source Delay Xor (SCLSDX) scheme and Signal Chaotic Laser Source Difference (SCLSD) scheme are experimentally investigated. In addition, an experimental scheme of robust high-speed true random number generator is proposed and the corresponding random number generator prototype is developed. True random sequences at rates of1.44Gbit/s are generated in real time and pass all of NIST and Diehard tests.
2. Many key issues in various high-speed true random number generation schemes based on chaotic laser sources are investigated. In DCLSX scheme, we analyze the dependence of randomness on some important factors, in particular the detection threshold of the comparator, the characteristics of external cavity feedback time-delay, the laser relaxation oscillation frequency and the bandwidth of chaotic laser signals. In SCLSDX scheme, by doing a large number of experiments and theoretically analyzing the interplay between the Run test and the threshold value of the autocorrelation function, we overcome the key issue of how to select a suitable delay length. In the scheme of robust true random number generator based on the differential comparison of chaotic laser signals, we analyze the performance of the differential comparison and the system robustness.
3. The above-mentioned high-speed true random number generation schemes are faced with a common issue, i.e., The directly generated random bit sequence has the periodicity caused by the external cavity of chaotic laser sources. To overcome it, an effective solution is explored from the fundamental point of view. We propose and numerically demonstrate that the feedback induced time-delay characteristics in a chaotic semiconductor laser can be eliminated by randomly modulating feedback phase.
4. An image encryption scheme based on the one-time pad encryption mechanism is proposed by utilizing true random numbers extracted from the chaotic laser source as secret keys. The security of the image encryption scheme is analyzed in detail. The experimental results demonstrate that our image encryption scheme provides an efficient and secure way for image data encryption with good statistical characteristics and high key sensitivity.
本论文围绕基于宽带混沌激光熵源实现高速真随机数产生这一研究课题,完成了如下的研究工作：
1.研究了基于宽带混沌激光源实现高速真随机数产生的多种实验方案。包括双路混沌激光源异或方案、单路混沌激光源延迟异或方案和单路混沌激光源差分方案。基于对混沌激光信号的差分比较,创新地提出了一个鲁棒的高速真随机数发生器的实验方案,并研制出相应的随机数发生器样机,能够实时产生最高速率达1.44Gbit/s的真随机序列,可通过NIST和Diehard随机数标准测试。
2.研究了基于混沌激光源各种高速真随机数产生方案中的关键问题。在双路混沌激光源异或方案中,分析了诸如比较器的判决阈值、外腔反馈延时特征、激光器的弛豫振荡频率和混沌激光信号的带宽等因素对输出随机序列特性的影响。在单路混沌激光源延迟异或方案中,通过大量的实验以及理论分析随机序列游程测试与自相关系数的关系,解决了延迟线长度的如何选择这一关键问题。在基于混沌激光信号差分比较鲁棒的真随机数发生器方案中,分析了差分比较的特性以及系统的鲁棒性。
3.面对上述各种产生高速真随机数方案中面临着的一个共同问题,即混沌激光源外腔反馈延时特征可使产生的随机序列引入周期性,从根本上探索其解决之法。提出并数值证实利用外腔反馈相位的随机调制可消除混沌半导体激光器的外腔反馈延时特征。
4.提出利用混沌激光源产生的真随机数作为密钥,并基于“一次一密”的加密体制实现了对明文图像信息加密的方案。通过对该图像加密方案的安全性分析,实验结果表明该方案具有较好的统计特性和极强的密钥敏感性,能够有效地实现图像信息的加密。
Random numbers have a wide range of applications, such as information security, stochastic modeling and spread spectrum communications. Although a computer can generate fast random numbers based on initial seeds and certain deterministic algorithms, they are in fact not completely random. Truly nondeterministic random numbers can be generated from physical processes, such as electrical noises, frequency jitters in electrical oscillators and chaotic circuits. But they are not suitable for modern high-speed communications for their rates are limited by the narrow bandwidth of these physical entropy sources. The utilization of broadband chaotic laser sources can ensure the generation of true random numbers at the rates of Gbit/s and even higher, which can show a potential advantage in the application field of high-speed communication data security.
Focusing on the research project of high-speed true random number generation based on wideband chaotic laser sources, this thesis is mainly summarized in the following:
1. For high-speed true random number generation based on wideband chaotic laser sources, multiple schemes including Double Chaotic Laser Sources Xor (DCLSX) scheme, Signal Chaotic Laser Source Delay Xor (SCLSDX) scheme and Signal Chaotic Laser Source Difference (SCLSD) scheme are experimentally investigated. In addition, an experimental scheme of robust high-speed true random number generator is proposed and the corresponding random number generator prototype is developed. True random sequences at rates of1.44Gbit/s are generated in real time and pass all of NIST and Diehard tests.
2. Many key issues in various high-speed true random number generation schemes based on chaotic laser sources are investigated. In DCLSX scheme, we analyze the dependence of randomness on some important factors, in particular the detection threshold of the comparator, the characteristics of external cavity feedback time-delay, the laser relaxation oscillation frequency and the bandwidth of chaotic laser signals. In SCLSDX scheme, by doing a large number of experiments and theoretically analyzing the interplay between the Run test and the threshold value of the autocorrelation function, we overcome the key issue of how to select a suitable delay length. In the scheme of robust true random number generator based on the differential comparison of chaotic laser signals, we analyze the performance of the differential comparison and the system robustness.
3. The above-mentioned high-speed true random number generation schemes are faced with a common issue, i.e., The directly generated random bit sequence has the periodicity caused by the external cavity of chaotic laser sources. To overcome it, an effective solution is explored from the fundamental point of view. We propose and numerically demonstrate that the feedback induced time-delay characteristics in a chaotic semiconductor laser can be eliminated by randomly modulating feedback phase.
4. An image encryption scheme based on the one-time pad encryption mechanism is proposed by utilizing true random numbers extracted from the chaotic laser source as secret keys. The security of the image encryption scheme is analyzed in detail. The experimental results demonstrate that our image encryption scheme provides an efficient and secure way for image data encryption with good statistical characteristics and high key sensitivity.
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