贸易投资一体化与差异化厂商的国际化战略研究
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摘要
随着各国经济交往与合作的日益频繁和深入,商品和要素的跨国流动性日益增强,国际贸易和国际直接投资迅速增长。国际分工逐渐深化,日益表现为同一产品生产链条上,不同工序、不同要素密集度、不同价值增值的各个环节间的国际分工,其本质业已演变为以要素为基础的产品内分工。同时跨国公司迅速发展起来,成为推动国际分工、国际贸易以及国际直接投资的主导力量。跨国公司凭借资本、技术和管理经验等垄断优势,通过国际化战略整合利用全球优势资源、要素,实现整体利益的最大化。越来越多的相关联企业和机构受制于跨国公司控制体系而非外部市场,国际贸易和直接投资被纳入到跨国公司的国际化战略中,形成了当今的贸易投资一体化趋势。
贸易投资一体化,宏观层面表现为国际贸易和直接投资在地理上的积聚性和时间上的同步性。微观层面表现为跨国公司将国际贸易和国际直接投资结合在一起纳入其国际化战略中,使国际贸易与国际直接投资围绕其国际生产的价值链表现出相互依存、共生发展的一体化现象。在贸易投资一体化背景下,一国参与国际贸易和利用外资的动因、格局以及利益分配等方面发生了显著的变化。在此背景下,论文将差异化厂商的国际化战略选择与中国的微宏观实际结合在一起,通过理论和实证研究,提出我国在贸易投资一体化背景下参与国际分工,开展对外贸易,积极有效的利用外资等方面的战略调整思路。论文的核心部分和研究结论如下：
文献综述部分,首先介绍国外主流经济学者关于贸易投资一体化理论的研究成果。这部分主要是从微观角度入手,根据跨国公司国际化战略演进的“合”与“分”两大发展趋势,分别梳理了一体化战略决策选择理论和外包战略决策选择理论,接着总结了我国学者在贸易投资一体化领域的研究成果。
在差异化厂商一体化战略决策研究中,本文以GOSSMAN(2004)的数理模型为基础,将其单一劳动要素和单一中间产品模型扩展为劳动和资本两种生产要素和不同要素密集类型的两种中间产品,从而使传统的要素禀赋优势理论融入模型中,使模型更具有代表性。并且以发展中国家的实际为前提假设,研究发展中国家差异化厂商一体化战略决策的选择。研究结果显示,差异化厂商的生产效率、生产规模对一体化战略的国际化扩张具有显著的正向促进作用,最终产品生产区位与中间产品生产区位存在双向引致作用,目标市场容量对厂商关于最终产品生产区位的选择存在正向促进作用,要素成本优势对厂商关于中间产品生产区位选择具有正向促进作用。接着采用我国境内企业数据,通过建立多元有序选择模型分析我国境内外资企业的选址因素,以及建立二元选择模型对前述数理模型的研究结论进行了实证检验。
在外包与一体化选择的讨论中,本文的数理模型基于Antras (2004),但将科布道格拉斯生函数替换为等替代弹性生产函数,从而引入厂商之间技术依赖程度这一新变量,强调了最终产品厂商与中间产品生产者的相对技术优势对于双方议价能力、最终得益分配等的重要作用,以及对差异化厂商国际化战略选择的影响。并且等替代弹性生产函数更具一般性,包含了CD生产函数、里昂惕夫生产函数以及线性生产函数。研究结果表明,差异化厂商的生产效率、最终产品厂商对中间产品生产者的技术依赖程度、产品密集类型、一体化相对(外包)的固定生产成本以及国家间要素禀赋优势综合在一起影响差异化厂商关于外包或是一体化以及区位选择决策。
在贸易投资一体化与中国的对外贸易和利用外资部分,首先利用中国宏观经济数据论证分析了贸易投资一体化在中国的表现,接着分析了我国境内企业在新形势下参与国际分工、开展对外贸易和贸易得益的分配,以及我国利用外资的现状及其诱因,最后提出我国外贸外资政策的调整建议。认为我国外贸应把自由开放与政策扶持并重,鼓励稀缺要素流入以弥补比较劣势、创造本国丰裕要素的竞争优势。同时对不同类型的外资企业区别对待,根据我国经济增长与发展、增加就业、产业结构调整等长期目标,做到“按需引资”。
As the communication and cooperation of countries in the word become more frequent and deepening, the cross-border flows of goods and factors become more and more frequent, and international trade and FDI are growing rapidly. The international division of labor is deepening, and is becoming the different processes, different factor intensity and different segments of the value-added within the product. the essence of the international division of labor have evolved Intra-products division,based on the factors. While the Multinational Corporations have been growing rapidly, and they have been a major engine of international division of labor, international trade and FDI. Multinational corporations with capital, technology and manager experence take advantage of global resources and factors by their international strategies, in order to maximize their global profit. Therefore more and more associated enterprises and organizations have been controlled by the system instead of the outside market, what have formed the phenomenon of the integration of international trade and FDI.
The integration of international trade and FDI, on the macroeconomic level, is the geographical agglomeration and the temporal synchronization of international trade and FDI. While on the microeconomic level, the integration of international trade and FDI is that multinational corporations integrate international trade and FDI into their global strategies, and which make international trade and FDI become interdependent and symbiotic around their value chain of international production. In the context of integration of international trade and FDI, the motivation, pattern and gain allocation of participating international trade and FDI for a country have been different. The Paper together Firm Heterogeneous firms'strategies with China's micro-macro reality, create mathematical and empirical model and will give us some advices for participating the international division of labor, international trade and FDI. The main body and research results as follows.
In the theory Literature part, we introduce foreign economists'research on integration of international tradeand FDI. In this part, we introduce integration strategies and outsourcing strategies according to the evolution of multinational corporation strategies——integration and disintegration——from the microeconomic view, and then summed up the Chinese economists'research, in the field.
In integration strategies of heterogeneous firms part, this study will expand Grossman(2004)model, using 2 factors(labor and capital) and 2 inputs with different factor intensive instrad of single factor and single input, and put the traditional factor endowment theory into the model. And the Paper is based on the hypothesis of developing countries and study the international strategies of firms in developing countries The research results showed that the production efficiency, production scale have positive on the internationalization of heterogeneous firms'integration strageties. The location of intermediate products and location of final products have positive effect for each other. The targeting market capacity is positive for the location of final product, while the cost advantage is positive for intermediate product. Then we use our domestic firms’data to test our previous theoretical conclusion by establishing multi-ordered choice model and binary choice model.
In outsourcing strategies versus integration strategies part, our mathematical model is based on Antras(2004), but changes the C-D production function into constant elasticity substitution production function(CES).By doing this, on the on hand ,we can introduce a new variable——technology dependence between intermediate producers and final goods producers which will play an important role in bargaining power, gain distribution between intermediate producers and final goods producers, and dicisions on international strategies of final goods producers. On the other hand, because CES function includes C-D function, Leontief function and the linear function, our model is more general. Our research showed that the productivity of heterogeneous firms, the technology dependence between interdiate producer and final goods producers, component-intensive of final product, the relative fixed production costs of integration strategies and factor endowments of countries integrated with the impact of differential advantage vendors on outsourcing or integration, and location decisions of heterogeneous firms,
In interation of international trade and FDI and china's foreign trade and foreign Investment part, firstly we study the performance of integration of international trade and FDI, using China's macro-economic data. Secondly to analysis the reality and advantage of domestic enterprises participating the international division of labor, foreign trade and distribution of benefits, as well as the status of foreign investment in China. Finally we gave some advices for our foreign trade and foreign invertment. We consider that China should weight openness of foreign trade and policy support ,and encourage the scarce factors inflow in order to create the competitive advantage of our abundant factor. At the same time we should distinguish between different types of foreign-funded enterprises, and according to our economic growth and development, increasing employment, and upgrade our industrial structure we should attract investment, based on our demand.
贸易投资一体化,宏观层面表现为国际贸易和直接投资在地理上的积聚性和时间上的同步性。微观层面表现为跨国公司将国际贸易和国际直接投资结合在一起纳入其国际化战略中,使国际贸易与国际直接投资围绕其国际生产的价值链表现出相互依存、共生发展的一体化现象。在贸易投资一体化背景下,一国参与国际贸易和利用外资的动因、格局以及利益分配等方面发生了显著的变化。在此背景下,论文将差异化厂商的国际化战略选择与中国的微宏观实际结合在一起,通过理论和实证研究,提出我国在贸易投资一体化背景下参与国际分工,开展对外贸易,积极有效的利用外资等方面的战略调整思路。论文的核心部分和研究结论如下：
文献综述部分,首先介绍国外主流经济学者关于贸易投资一体化理论的研究成果。这部分主要是从微观角度入手,根据跨国公司国际化战略演进的“合”与“分”两大发展趋势,分别梳理了一体化战略决策选择理论和外包战略决策选择理论,接着总结了我国学者在贸易投资一体化领域的研究成果。
在差异化厂商一体化战略决策研究中,本文以GOSSMAN(2004)的数理模型为基础,将其单一劳动要素和单一中间产品模型扩展为劳动和资本两种生产要素和不同要素密集类型的两种中间产品,从而使传统的要素禀赋优势理论融入模型中,使模型更具有代表性。并且以发展中国家的实际为前提假设,研究发展中国家差异化厂商一体化战略决策的选择。研究结果显示,差异化厂商的生产效率、生产规模对一体化战略的国际化扩张具有显著的正向促进作用,最终产品生产区位与中间产品生产区位存在双向引致作用,目标市场容量对厂商关于最终产品生产区位的选择存在正向促进作用,要素成本优势对厂商关于中间产品生产区位选择具有正向促进作用。接着采用我国境内企业数据,通过建立多元有序选择模型分析我国境内外资企业的选址因素,以及建立二元选择模型对前述数理模型的研究结论进行了实证检验。
在外包与一体化选择的讨论中,本文的数理模型基于Antras (2004),但将科布道格拉斯生函数替换为等替代弹性生产函数,从而引入厂商之间技术依赖程度这一新变量,强调了最终产品厂商与中间产品生产者的相对技术优势对于双方议价能力、最终得益分配等的重要作用,以及对差异化厂商国际化战略选择的影响。并且等替代弹性生产函数更具一般性,包含了CD生产函数、里昂惕夫生产函数以及线性生产函数。研究结果表明,差异化厂商的生产效率、最终产品厂商对中间产品生产者的技术依赖程度、产品密集类型、一体化相对(外包)的固定生产成本以及国家间要素禀赋优势综合在一起影响差异化厂商关于外包或是一体化以及区位选择决策。
在贸易投资一体化与中国的对外贸易和利用外资部分,首先利用中国宏观经济数据论证分析了贸易投资一体化在中国的表现,接着分析了我国境内企业在新形势下参与国际分工、开展对外贸易和贸易得益的分配,以及我国利用外资的现状及其诱因,最后提出我国外贸外资政策的调整建议。认为我国外贸应把自由开放与政策扶持并重,鼓励稀缺要素流入以弥补比较劣势、创造本国丰裕要素的竞争优势。同时对不同类型的外资企业区别对待,根据我国经济增长与发展、增加就业、产业结构调整等长期目标,做到“按需引资”。
As the communication and cooperation of countries in the word become more frequent and deepening, the cross-border flows of goods and factors become more and more frequent, and international trade and FDI are growing rapidly. The international division of labor is deepening, and is becoming the different processes, different factor intensity and different segments of the value-added within the product. the essence of the international division of labor have evolved Intra-products division,based on the factors. While the Multinational Corporations have been growing rapidly, and they have been a major engine of international division of labor, international trade and FDI. Multinational corporations with capital, technology and manager experence take advantage of global resources and factors by their international strategies, in order to maximize their global profit. Therefore more and more associated enterprises and organizations have been controlled by the system instead of the outside market, what have formed the phenomenon of the integration of international trade and FDI.
The integration of international trade and FDI, on the macroeconomic level, is the geographical agglomeration and the temporal synchronization of international trade and FDI. While on the microeconomic level, the integration of international trade and FDI is that multinational corporations integrate international trade and FDI into their global strategies, and which make international trade and FDI become interdependent and symbiotic around their value chain of international production. In the context of integration of international trade and FDI, the motivation, pattern and gain allocation of participating international trade and FDI for a country have been different. The Paper together Firm Heterogeneous firms'strategies with China's micro-macro reality, create mathematical and empirical model and will give us some advices for participating the international division of labor, international trade and FDI. The main body and research results as follows.
In the theory Literature part, we introduce foreign economists'research on integration of international tradeand FDI. In this part, we introduce integration strategies and outsourcing strategies according to the evolution of multinational corporation strategies——integration and disintegration——from the microeconomic view, and then summed up the Chinese economists'research, in the field.
In integration strategies of heterogeneous firms part, this study will expand Grossman(2004)model, using 2 factors(labor and capital) and 2 inputs with different factor intensive instrad of single factor and single input, and put the traditional factor endowment theory into the model. And the Paper is based on the hypothesis of developing countries and study the international strategies of firms in developing countries The research results showed that the production efficiency, production scale have positive on the internationalization of heterogeneous firms'integration strageties. The location of intermediate products and location of final products have positive effect for each other. The targeting market capacity is positive for the location of final product, while the cost advantage is positive for intermediate product. Then we use our domestic firms’data to test our previous theoretical conclusion by establishing multi-ordered choice model and binary choice model.
In outsourcing strategies versus integration strategies part, our mathematical model is based on Antras(2004), but changes the C-D production function into constant elasticity substitution production function(CES).By doing this, on the on hand ,we can introduce a new variable——technology dependence between intermediate producers and final goods producers which will play an important role in bargaining power, gain distribution between intermediate producers and final goods producers, and dicisions on international strategies of final goods producers. On the other hand, because CES function includes C-D function, Leontief function and the linear function, our model is more general. Our research showed that the productivity of heterogeneous firms, the technology dependence between interdiate producer and final goods producers, component-intensive of final product, the relative fixed production costs of integration strategies and factor endowments of countries integrated with the impact of differential advantage vendors on outsourcing or integration, and location decisions of heterogeneous firms,
In interation of international trade and FDI and china's foreign trade and foreign Investment part, firstly we study the performance of integration of international trade and FDI, using China's macro-economic data. Secondly to analysis the reality and advantage of domestic enterprises participating the international division of labor, foreign trade and distribution of benefits, as well as the status of foreign investment in China. Finally we gave some advices for our foreign trade and foreign invertment. We consider that China should weight openness of foreign trade and policy support ,and encourage the scarce factors inflow in order to create the competitive advantage of our abundant factor. At the same time we should distinguish between different types of foreign-funded enterprises, and according to our economic growth and development, increasing employment, and upgrade our industrial structure we should attract investment, based on our demand.
引文
1跨国化指数是评价跨国公司国际化水平最常使用的标准,由两个指标体系构成：一是海外经营指标体系,包括海外营业额指数(海外营业额占总营业额的比例)、海外采购与生产指数(海外采购额与生产额占总采购额与生产额的比例)、海外直接投资指数(海外投资额占总投资额的比例)、海外技术转让指数(海外技术贸易额占总技术贸易额的比例)等主要定量评价指标；二是管理职能的国际化发展指标体系,包括跨国公司战略与决策的协调力、当地市场的适应力、聘用外籍管理人员的状况、财务管理上的控制力等主要定性评价指标。跨国化指数越高,企业的国际化程度越高。
2张二震、马野青, 《贸易投资一体化与中国发展战略》,人民出版社,2004
3阿林·杨格, 《报酬递增与经济进步》,贾根良译, 《社会经济体制比较》1996年第2期。 1刘志彪等,《现代产业经济分析》,南京大学出版社2001,第229页。
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