栓皮栎天然类型划分及其同工酶分析的研究
|
摘要
栓皮栎(Quercus variabilis Bl.)为壳斗科(Fagaceae)栎属(Quercus Linn.)分布极为广泛的乔木树种，也是我国暖温带海拔1600m以下地区重地带性植被的主要组成树种。本文通过对栓皮栎地理分布的研究，确定了研究栓皮栎天然类型的地理区域；应用数值分类学原理，采用聚类分析方法，对秦巴山区和黄龙山区的栓皮栎天然类型进行划分；确定了陕西省不同地区30年左右栓皮栎优树选择的标准和方法，并选出了适宜不同地区生长的优树49株；采用同工酶技术，通过对POD、GDH、EST、ADH等4个酶系统的检测，研究栓皮栎天然群体遗传变异水平和不同栓皮栎天然类型的遗传结构。结果表明：(1)栓皮栎在我国分布广泛，秦巴山区是其分布中心之一，黄龙山区是其分布的边缘地带，选取秦巴山区和黄龙山区作为研究栓皮栎的地域范围，具有很高的代表性。(2)栓皮栎天然类型可划分为长柄厚皮型、短柄厚皮型、长柄薄皮型和短柄薄皮型4个类型。(3)栓皮栎优树选择应采用小样地法，各地区选择标准不同。在巴山北坡30a左右的栓皮栎林分中进行选优时，以预选树为中心，以20m为半径设置样圆，分别计算出预选树和平均木胸径、树高、栓皮厚度的差与平均木的比值mD、mH、mT，若mD≥35％，mH≥25％，mT≥130％，且此树又符合质量性状标准时，则认为预选树为优树。在秦岭北坡30a左右的栓皮栎林分中进行选优时，以预选树为中心，以20m为半径设置样圆，分别计算预选树和平均木胸径、树高、栓皮厚度的差与平均木的比值mD、mH、mT，若mD≥40％，mH≥30％，mT≥140％，且此树又符合质量性状标准时，则认为预选树为优树。在黄龙山区30a左右的栓皮栎林分中进行选优时，以预选树为中心，以20m为半径设置样圆，分别计算预选树和平均木胸径、树高、栓皮厚度的差与平均木的比值mD、mH、mT，若mD≥30％，mH≥20％，mT≥120％，且此树又符合质量性状标准时，则认为预选树为优树。(4)共选出栓皮栎优树49株，其中巴山北坡15株(平利8株，宁强7株)，秦岭北坡24株(南五台10株，楼观台14株)，黄龙山区10株。(5)栓皮栎天然群体具有较高的变异水平，多态位点百分率为75％，等位基因平均数为2.708，平均期望杂合率0.388；群体间有一定程度的分化，但大部分变异存在于群体内，群体间仅占4.9％。(6)不同类型栓皮栎的POD、MDH、EST、ADH同工酶谱型差异较大。在EST-A位点上长柄厚皮型和短柄厚皮型酶活性比长柄薄皮型和短柄薄皮型酶活性强，可以将EST-A位点上酶活性的强弱作为区分厚皮型与薄皮型的辅助依据。MDH-A1活性强，颜色较深，长柄厚皮型和短柄厚皮型迁移率较近(分别为0.375、0.385)，长柄薄皮型和短柄薄皮型迁移率较近(分别为0.422、0.427)，可以将MDH-A1作为区分长柄型和短柄型的辅助依据。
Q. variabilis is a kind of arbor of Fagaceae Quercus which has a widespread distribution area and is also the major regional tree of the warm temperate zone below altitude 1 600 meter in China. Through the study of Q. variabilis geographical distribution, this paper has confirmed the geographical district of researching Q. variabilis natural type; applied the theory of numerical taxology and cluster analysis method, classified the Q. variabilis of Qinba and Huanglong mountain; ascertained the standard and method of Q. variabilis plus trees selection about 30 ages in Shaanxi province different areas and selected 49 plus trees that were suitable to different areas; used isoenzyme analysis ,through the detection enzyme system of POD,GDH,EST and ADH ect, researched the genetic variation level of Q. variabilis natural populations and heredity construction of different Q. variabilis natural type .The result showed: (1) Q. variabilis distributes widely in China ,Qinba mountain is one of Q. variabilis distribution c
enter and Huanglong mountain is the edge belt .It has a high representative to select Qinba and Huanglong mountain as the region of researching Q. variabilis. (2) The natural category of Q. variabilis may be divided into the long petiole thick bark pattern, the short petiole thick bark pattern ,the long petiole thin bark pattern and the short petiole thin bark pattern.(3) The plus trees selection of Q. variabilis should use the small sample plot method and the standard is different in each region. When we select the plus trees in Q. variabilis stand about 30a in north slope of Bashan mountain, we should make the forward selection tree as the core, set up the circle sample plot at the radius of 20m, differentiate to calculate the mD,mH,mT ratio between the minus which is the forward selection tree and the width ,highness and bark thickness of average tree and average tree. If mD 35%, mH 25% and mT 130% and this tree conforms to the standard of quantity character, then this forward selection tree is regarded a
s the plus tree. When we select the plus trees in Q. variabilis stand about 30a in Qinling mountain north slope, we should make the forward selection tree as the core, set up the circle sample plot at the radius of 20m, differentiate to calculate the mD,mH,mT ratio between the minus which is the forward selection tree and the width ,height and bark thickness of average tree and average tree. If mD 40%, mH 30% and mT 140% and this tree conforms to the standard of quantity character, then this forward selection tree is regarded as the plus tree. When we select the plus trees in Q. variabilis stand about 30a in Huanglong
mountain, we should make the forward selection tree as the core, set up the circle sample plot at the radius of 20m, differentiate to calculate the mD,mH,mT ratio between the minus which is the forward selection tree and the width ,height and bark thickness of average tree and average tree. If mD 30%, mH 20% and mT 120% and this tree conforms to the standard of quantity character, this forward selection tree is regarded as the plus tree. (4) We have selected 49 plus trees in all which is 15 in north slope of Bashan mountain (respectively 8 in Pingli county,7 in Ningqiang county), 24 in north slope of Qinling mountain (respectively 10 in Nanwutai ,14 in Louguantai) and 10 in Huanglong mountain. (5) Q. variabilis natural population has a high variation level, proportion of polymorphic loci is 75%, allege gene average is 2.708 and the expected heterozygosis is 0.388. There is some differentiation among populations, but the most of the variation are existed in inter population and the variation only occupy 4.9%
among populations.(6) The POD, MDH,EST and ADH isoenzyme spectrum type of different type Q, variabilis have a large difference. The enzyme activity of the long petiole thick bark pattern and the short petiole thick bark pattern is better than the long petiole thin bark pattern and the short petiole thin bark pattern in EST-A locus, so we may regard the strength and weakness of e
Q. variabilis is a kind of arbor of Fagaceae Quercus which has a widespread distribution area and is also the major regional tree of the warm temperate zone below altitude 1 600 meter in China. Through the study of Q. variabilis geographical distribution, this paper has confirmed the geographical district of researching Q. variabilis natural type; applied the theory of numerical taxology and cluster analysis method, classified the Q. variabilis of Qinba and Huanglong mountain; ascertained the standard and method of Q. variabilis plus trees selection about 30 ages in Shaanxi province different areas and selected 49 plus trees that were suitable to different areas; used isoenzyme analysis ,through the detection enzyme system of POD,GDH,EST and ADH ect, researched the genetic variation level of Q. variabilis natural populations and heredity construction of different Q. variabilis natural type .The result showed: (1) Q. variabilis distributes widely in China ,Qinba mountain is one of Q. variabilis distribution c
enter and Huanglong mountain is the edge belt .It has a high representative to select Qinba and Huanglong mountain as the region of researching Q. variabilis. (2) The natural category of Q. variabilis may be divided into the long petiole thick bark pattern, the short petiole thick bark pattern ,the long petiole thin bark pattern and the short petiole thin bark pattern.(3) The plus trees selection of Q. variabilis should use the small sample plot method and the standard is different in each region. When we select the plus trees in Q. variabilis stand about 30a in north slope of Bashan mountain, we should make the forward selection tree as the core, set up the circle sample plot at the radius of 20m, differentiate to calculate the mD,mH,mT ratio between the minus which is the forward selection tree and the width ,highness and bark thickness of average tree and average tree. If mD 35%, mH 25% and mT 130% and this tree conforms to the standard of quantity character, then this forward selection tree is regarded a
s the plus tree. When we select the plus trees in Q. variabilis stand about 30a in Qinling mountain north slope, we should make the forward selection tree as the core, set up the circle sample plot at the radius of 20m, differentiate to calculate the mD,mH,mT ratio between the minus which is the forward selection tree and the width ,height and bark thickness of average tree and average tree. If mD 40%, mH 30% and mT 140% and this tree conforms to the standard of quantity character, then this forward selection tree is regarded as the plus tree. When we select the plus trees in Q. variabilis stand about 30a in Huanglong
mountain, we should make the forward selection tree as the core, set up the circle sample plot at the radius of 20m, differentiate to calculate the mD,mH,mT ratio between the minus which is the forward selection tree and the width ,height and bark thickness of average tree and average tree. If mD 30%, mH 20% and mT 120% and this tree conforms to the standard of quantity character, this forward selection tree is regarded as the plus tree. (4) We have selected 49 plus trees in all which is 15 in north slope of Bashan mountain (respectively 8 in Pingli county,7 in Ningqiang county), 24 in north slope of Qinling mountain (respectively 10 in Nanwutai ,14 in Louguantai) and 10 in Huanglong mountain. (5) Q. variabilis natural population has a high variation level, proportion of polymorphic loci is 75%, allege gene average is 2.708 and the expected heterozygosis is 0.388. There is some differentiation among populations, but the most of the variation are existed in inter population and the variation only occupy 4.9%
among populations.(6) The POD, MDH,EST and ADH isoenzyme spectrum type of different type Q, variabilis have a large difference. The enzyme activity of the long petiole thick bark pattern and the short petiole thick bark pattern is better than the long petiole thin bark pattern and the short petiole thin bark pattern in EST-A locus, so we may regard the strength and weakness of e
引文
[1] 安徽植被协作组．安徽植被[M]．合肥：安徽科学技术出版社，1981，87-94．
[2] 北京大学等．植物地理学[M]．北京：高等教育出版社，1980，37-64．
[3] 毕春侠，郭军战，杨培华．银杏品种过氧化物同工酶酶谱分析[J]．陕西林业科技，1998，(4)：1-3
[4] 蔡飞，宋永昌．武夷山木荷种群结构和动态的研究[J]．植物生态学报，1997，21(2)：138-148
[5] 曹坤方．植物生殖生态学透视[J]．植物学通报，1993，10(2)：15-23．
[6] 常吉梅，刘春霞．栓皮栎糖浆治疗恶性肿瘤的临床及实验研究[J]．中国中医药科技，1999，6(4)：211-212．
[7] 程瑞梅，肖文发．河南宝天曼栓皮栎林群落特征及物种多样性[J]．植物资源与环境．1998，7(4)：8-13．
[8] 大羽滋，群体遗传(M)．北京科学出版社，1983，110-114
[9] 丁宝章，王遂义，高增义．河南植物志(M)．郑州：河南人民出版社，1978：245-247．
[10] 冯天杰，吴京民．平山县有栓皮栎分布．河北林果研究，1998，13(2)：132-132．
[11] 福建森林编辑委员会．福建森林．北京：中国林业出版社，1984，190．
[12] 傅焕光，于光明．栓皮栎栽培与利用．北京：中国林业出版社，19786，7-10．
[13] 傅焕光．栓皮栎栽培与利用，北京，中国林业出版社，1986，47-48
[14] 傅坤俊．黄土高原植物志(vol.1)．北京：科学出版社，2000，117-118．
[15] 高俊凤．植物生理学实验技术．西安：世界图书出版公司，2000：114-115．
[16] 葛颂，洪德元，遗传多样性及其检测方法，见中国生物多样性委员会，生物多样性研究的原理与方法，北京：中国科学技术出版社，1994：13-140
[17] 葛颂．同工酶与林木群体遗传变异研究[J]．南京林业大学学报，1988，(1)：68-77
[18] 韩海荣，姜玉龙．栓皮栎人工林光环境特征的研究．北京林业大学学报，2000，22(4)：92-96．
[19] 河北植被编辑委员会，河北农业区划委员会办公室．河北植被．1996：113-114．
[20] 侯箕，门海元．中条山天然栓皮栎林地位指数表的编制．山西林业科技，1993，(2)：1-5．
[21] 侯向阳，韩进轩．长白山红松林主要树种空间格局的模拟分析．植物生态学报，1997，21(3)：242-249
[22] 胡婉仪，涂炳坤．栓皮栎麻栎小叶栎苦槠石栎扦插繁殖简报．湖北林业科技，1992，(2)：35-36．
[23] 华北树木志编写组．华北树木志．北京：中国林业出版社，1983：129．
[24] 黄可，淮虎银．南五台栓皮栎林结构及分类的初步研究．陕西师大学报(自然科学版)，1989，17(3)：54-56．
[25] 黄敏仁等，1986，杉木种源酯酶同工酶地理分布的研究，南京林业大学学报，10(3)31-37
[26] 黄威廉，屠玉麟，杨龙．贵州植被．贵阳：贵州人民出版社，1988．210-206．
[27] 火树华．树木学(第2版)．中国林业出版社．1992：257-258
[28] 火树华．树木学．北京：中国林业出版社，1990，4．
[29] 江洪．云杉种群生态学．北京：中国林业出版社，1992
[30] 江泽平．栓皮栎叶芽休眠解除过程的模拟．地理研究，1994，13(1)：43-50．
[31] 解荷锋，1990，马尾松天然群体的遗传结构，南京林业大学学报，14(4)36-42
[32] 拉德维格 J．A，蓝诺兹J．F．(李育中，王炜，裴浩译)．统计生态学—方法和入门计算．内蒙古：内蒙古大学出版社，1990：6-25
[33] 雷明德．陕西植被．北京：科学出版社，1999，163-164．
[34] 李博主编．普通生态学．内蒙古：内蒙古大学出版社，1993：74-77
[35] 李火根，王章荣．杜仲优树选择方法与标准的初步研究[J]．经济林研究，1994，12(1)：22-27
[36] 李俊英，冯天杰．麻栎和栓皮栎果实成熟期的商榷．河北林果研究，1998，13(1)：60-61．
[37] 李康球．栓皮及其应用．中国木材，1996，(4)：40-42．
[38] 李书心．辽宁植物志．沈阳：辽宁科学技术出版社，1988，258-259．
[39] 李土生，姜志林．采伐对栎林水文效应的影响．浙江林学院学报，1995，12(3)：262-267．
[40] 李先琨，黄玉清，苏宗明．元宝山南方红豆杉种群分布格局及动态．应用生态学报，2000，11(2)：169-172
[41] 梁一池，吴志庄．锥粟无性系多性状综合选择的研究[J]．中国林学院学报，1996，16(3)：50-55
[42] 刘德章，侯箕．太行山南部栓皮栎天然次生林灰色关联分析．河北林学院学报，1996，11(2)：165-169．
[43] 刘玉萃，蒋有绪．宝天曼自然保护区栓皮栎林生物量和净生产力研究．应用生态学报，1998，9(6)：569-574．
[44] 卢纹岱．《SPSS for Windows统计分析》．北京：电子工业出版社，2000：340-404
[45] 陆道调，梁宏温．百色地区麻栎林和栓皮栎林的成因分析．云南林业调查规划设计，2000，25(3)：50-52．
[46] 马世骏．中国生态学发展战略研究(第一辑)．北京：中国经济出版社，1991．
[47] 郭军战．油松天然林群体同工酶遗传变异的研究。(硕士学位论文)1992。
[48] 漆民楷，陈红．栓皮栎薪碳林研究．四川林业科技，1992，13(1)：72-76．
[49] 曲式曾，张文辉，李景侠等，陕西南部栎林资源特征调查[J]，西北林学院学报 1990，5(1)：75-81
[50] 任宪威主编．树木学(北方本)．北京：中国林业出版社，1996：180-183
[51] 山东森林编辑委员会．山东森林．北京：中国林业出版社，1986，103-106．
[52] 山西森林编辑委员会．山西森林．北京：中国林业出版社，1984，191。
[53] 尚玉昌．普通生态学(第二版)．北京：北京大学出版社，2001，104-108．
[54] 邵泽坦．刺槐栓皮栎混交林调查报告．山东林业科技，1992，(3)：33-35．
[55] 沈农，魏林．栓皮栎分布的初步调查．林业科学，1960，1．
[56] 沈熙环．林木育种学[M]．北京：中国林业出版社，1990：41-53
[57] 舒一众，胡一民．材皮双绝-栓皮栎．中国木材，1998，(6)：36-37．
[58] 四川植被协作组．四川植被．成都：四川人民出版社，1980，119-120．
[59] 苏志尧，吴大荣，陈北光．粤北天然林优势种群结构与空间格局动态．应用生态学报，2000，11(3)：337-341
[60] 苏智先，钟章成．四川大头茶种群生殖生态学研究，Ⅰ．生殖年龄、生殖年龄结构及其影响因素研究．生态学报，1996，16(5)：517-524．
[61] 苏智先．生殖生态学的概念及其研究内容．常绿阔叶林生态学研究．重庆：西南师范大学出版社，1988．
[62] 苏智先．生殖生态学研究的现状与发展趋势．四川师范学院学报(自)，1990，9(3)：37-44．
[63] 苏智先．四川大头茶种群生殖生态学研究(博士论文)．1996．
[64] 孙鸿烈，刘光崧．陆地生物群落调查观测与分析-中国生态系统研究网络观测与分析标准方法．北京：中国标准出版社，1996：1-13．
[65] 孙立元，任宪威．河北树木志．北京：中国林业出版社，1997，120．
[66] 王本泉．不怕剥皮的栓皮栎．中国木材，1994，(6)：35-37．
[67] 王巍，李庆康，马克平．东灵山地区辽东栎幼苗的建立和空间分布．植物生态学报，2000，24(5)：595-600
[68] 王献溥，李俊清．广西落叶栎林的分类研究．广西植物，1999，19(4)：323-333．
[69] 王章荣，李玉科．马尾松综合评分法选优标准的研究[J]．林业科技通讯，1990，(3)：18-20
[70] 闻天声．栓皮栎的培育与用途．中国林副特产，1991，(2)：29-29．
[71] 吴明作，杨玉珍．河南省栓皮栎林主要种群的生态位研究．西北植物学报．1999，19(3)：511-518．
[72] 吴明作，郑东方．栓皮栎种群的生物量与材积动态及其密度调节．河南科学，2000，18(4)：399-404．
[73] 吴征镒，朱彦丞．云南植被．北京：科学出版社，1987，384-385．
[74] 吴征镒．中国植被．北京：科学出版社，1980，261-262．
[75] 武康生．栓皮栎苗木的水分关系．北京林业大学学报，1990，12(3)：26-33．
[76] 杨炳志，李富学．栓皮栎波尺蛾生物学特性观察及防治研究．森林病虫通讯，1997，(4)：31-33．
[77] 杨一平等，1986，长白山天然红松林同工酶遗传变异的研究，东北林业大学学报，14(2)34-41
[78] 叶荣启，周仁禄．闽北栓皮栎人工林土壤肥力与水源涵养功能的研究．福建林学院学报报，1995，15(4)：353-356．
[79] 张春晓，李悦，沈熙环．林木同工酶遗传多样性研究进展[J]．北京林业大学学报，1998，(3)：58-66
[80] 张存旭．巴山松天然群体酯酶同工酶遗传变异的初步分析[J]．西北林学院学报，1991，(2)：89-92
[81] 张峰，上官铁梁．山西绵山森林植被的多样性分析．植物生态学报，1998，22(5)：461-465．
[82] 张鸿烈，刘光崧．陆地生物群落调查观测与分析—中国生态系统研究网络观测与分析
标准方法．中国标准出版社，1996：1-13
[83] 张理宏．栓皮栎扣杯直播造林技术．林业科技通讯，1992，(4)：26-28．
[84] 张文东．提高栓皮栎林分经营效益的技术实践．山西林业，2000，(5)：22-22．
[85] 张文辉，李景侠，1989，安康汉中地区栎林资源利用现状及分析，林业科技通讯，10：11-13
[86] 张文辉，卢志军，李景侠等．陕西不同林区栓皮栎种群空间分布格局及动态的比较研究[J]．西北植物学报，2002，22(3)：476-483
[87] 张文辉．裂叶沙参种群生态学研究．哈尔滨：东北林业大学出版社，1998：8-9；44-54
[88] 张仰渠．陕西森林．西安：陕西科学技术出版社，1989，235-240．
[89] 赵天榜，张宗尧等，1981，栓皮栎—新变种，植物分类学报，26(1)：117
[90] 赵天榜．河南栓皮栎两新变种．河南农学院科技通讯，1978，2．
[91] 郑均宝，王德．影响栓皮栎等造林成活因素的研究．河北林学院学报，1990，5(1)．33-38．
[92] 郑万钧．中国树木志(2卷)．北京：中国林业出版社，1985：2330．
[93] 钟章成．植物种群的繁殖对策．生态学杂志，1995，14(1)：37-42．
[94] 周士谔．数量遗传中一种新的综合性状的方法[J]．遗传学报，1989，15(4)：269-275
[95] 周以良．中国东北植被地理．北京：科学出版社，1997，125．
[96] 朱选伟，叶永忠等．栓皮栎植冠的构型分析．河南科学，2001，19(1)：65-68．
[97] 朱志诚．秦岭北麓的栎林．陕西林业科技，1979，4：1-5．
[98] 祖元刚，毛子军，袁晓颖等．白桦的开花时间及生殖构件的数量与树龄和树冠层次的关系．生态学报，2000，20(4)：673-677．
[99] Adams, W. T.: Application of isozymes in tree breeding[J]. In: Isozymes in Plant Genetics and Breeding, part A. Elsevier Science Pubulisbers B. V., Amsterdam(1983).
[100] Aizen M.A.,Woodcock H. Effects of acorn size on seedling survival and growth in Quercus rubra following simulated spring freeze. Can.J.Bot.,1996,74:308-314.
[101] Ayala F.J. and Kiger J. Regulation of flower, fruit and seed production by a monocarpic perennial, Yucca whipplei.J.Eco.,1984,70:357-372.
[102] Anderson C. The effect of weevil and fungal attacks on the germination of Quercus robur acorns. Forest Ecology and management,1992,50:247-251.
[103] Ashmum J.W.& L.F. Pitelka. Population biology of Clintonia borealis 2.Survival and growth of transplanted ramets in different environments.J.Eco.,1985,73: 198-385.
[104] Bawa K., 1989:Reproductive ecology of tropical forest plants. Parthenon.
[105] Bawa K.S. and C.J. Webb. Flower, Fruit and seed abortion in tropical forest trees: implications for the evolution of paternal and maternal reproductive patterns. American, J.Bot.,1984,71:736-751.
[106] Bawa K.S. and M.Hadley. Reproductive ecology of tropical forest plants Man and the biosphere series volume 7. The Unesco press,paris,1990.
[107] Crawley, M.J.& C.R.Long. Alternate bearing,predator satiation and seedling recruitment in Quercus robur. Journal of Ecology, 1995,83(4):683-696.
[108] Doust J.L. & Doust(eds). L.L,, 1988:Plant reproductive ecology: patterns and strategies.Oxford Univ.Press,N.Y.
[109] Eis S. Relation between cone production and diameter increment of Douglas fir(Pseudotsuga menziesii(MIRB)Franco),grand fir(Abies grandis,Dougle).Can. J.Bot.,1965,43:1553-1559．
[110] Elliott J. M . Some methods for the Statistical Analysis of Samples of Benthic Invertebrates. Scientific Publication No 25, Freshwater Association, Ambleside, Westmorland, Great Britain. 1973
[111] Frankie GW., Baker, H.H. &P.A. Opler. Comparative phonological studies of trees in tropical wet and dry forest in the low lands of costal Rica.J.Eco.,1974,62:881-913．
[112] Golley F.B.1961: Energy values of ecological materials.Ecology, 42: 581-584．
[113] Grawley M.J. Seed predator and plant population dynamics.in Fenner M.(eds)Seed, the ecology of regeneration in plant communities.1992,157-192．
[114] Grawley M.J.,Long C.R. Alternate bearing, predaror satiation and seedling recruitment in Quercus robur L.J.Ecol.l995,83:683-696．
[115] Hamrick J L, Godt M J W, 1990． Allozyme diversity in plant species[J]. In: Brown A D H, Clegg M T, Kahler A C et al. eds. Plant Population Genetics, Breeding, and Genetic Resources. Sunderland. Mass: Sinauer. 43-63
[116] Hamrick J.L,Gogt M J W.Sherman-Broyles S L. Factors influencing levels of genetic diversity in woody plant species.New Forest ,1992,6:95-124
[117] Hamrick, J. L. : Genetic variation and longevity[M]. In: Topics in Plant population Biology. O. T. Solbrig, S. Jain, G B. Johnson, and P. Raven(eds.) Columbia Univ. Press, New York(1979) .
[118] Hamrick, J. L., J.B.Mitton and Y. B. Linhart:Levels of genetic variation in tree-Influence of life history characteristics[M].In: Isozymes of North American Forest Trees and Forest Insects.USDA,Berkeley,p.3511(1981) .
[119] Hamrick, J. L.: Plant population genetics and evolution[M]. Amer. J. Bot. 59:1685-1693(1982)
[120] Harper J.L., White J. The demography of plant. Annual Review of Ecology Systematics, 5:419-463
[121] Harper J.L.1977 :Population Biology of Plants. London: Academic Press.
[122] Hegazy A.K. Age-specific survival,mortality, reproduction and prophecies for conservation of Limonium delicaluum. J.App.Eco., 1992,29: 549-557．
[123] Heithaus E.R. 1981: Seed predation by rodents on three ant-dispersed plants.Ecology, 62: 136-145．
[124] Helemurm k. and S.C.H. Barrett.The reproductive biology of boreal forest herbs.2． Phenology of flowering and fruiting. Can.J.Bot, 1987,65:2047-2056．
[125] Heydecker W.(ed.). 1973: Seed ecology. Butter Worths, London.
[126] Hickman, J. G Energy allocation and niche differentitation in four coexisting annual species of Polygonum in western North America. J. Eco., 1977, 65:317-326
[127] Houle G 1992: The reproductive ecology of Abies balsamea, Acer saccharum and Betula alleghaniensis in the Tantare Ecological Reserve, Quebec. J.Ecol.80: 611-623．
[128] Janzen D.H. Why bamboo waits so long to flower. Ann. Rev. Eco. syst, 1967, 7:347-391 .
[129] Kershaw K. A. & J. H. H Loony. Quantitative and dynamic plant ecology(3rd). Edward Arnold, London, 1985: 282
[130] Kikuzawa K. Dispersal of Quercus mongolica acoms in a broad-leaved deciduous forest: 2． scatterhoarding by mice. Forest Ecology and Management,1988,25:9-16．
[131] Kikuzawa K. Dispersal of Quercus mongolica acorns in a broad-leaved deciduous forest: 1． disappearance.Forest Ecology and Management, 1988,25: 1-8．
[132] Lacey E.P. The genetic and environmental control of reproductive timing in a short-lived monocarpic species Daucuscarata(Umbelliferae).J.Eco. , 1986,74:73-86．
[133] Linhart,Y.B.,J.B.Mitton,K.B.Sturgen,and M.L.Davis:An analysis of genetic architecture in populations of ponderosa pine[J]. In: Isozymes of north American Forest Trees and Forest Insects. USDA Gen. Tech. Rep.PSW-48(1981) .
[134] Llooyd, M . Mean crowding. Journal of Animal Ecology, 1967, 36: 1-30
[135] Mayer A.M.et al., 1982: The germination of seeds. Pergamon Press, Oxford.
[136] Mitton, J.B.,1983,Isozyme in plant genetics and breeding Part B. 443-472
[137] Muller-Starck G And Starke R., 1993, Inheritance of isoenzymes in European Beech, Journal of Heridity, 84(4) 291-296
[138] Murali K.S. et al. 1994． Reproductive penology of tropical dry forest in Mudumalai, Southern India. J. of Eco.,82:759-676．
[139] Nei M, Estimation of average heterozygosity and genetic distance from a small number of individuals[M]. Genetics, 1978． 89: 583-590
[140] Nei M. et al. ,1977, Drift variation of Est statistics obtained from a finite number of isolated populations[M], Theor. Pop. Biol., 307-325
[141] Pearson L.C.,1995, the diversity and evolution of plants CRP Press, Bocoaton,New York
[142] QuinnJ. F, A. E Dunham. On hypothesis testing in ecology and evolution. American Naturalist,1983, 122: 602-617
[143] Salisbury E.J. The reproductive capacity of plants. Bell, London, 1942．
[144] Silvertown J.W. Introduction to plant population ecology.2nd ed. Longman, London, 1987
[145] Silvertown J.W., 1982: Introduction to plant population ecology. Longman, London and New York
[146] Smith C.C., 1975: The coevolution of plants and seed predators. In: L.E.Gilbert and P.H.Raven(eds.), Coevolution of Animals and Plants. University of Texas Press, Austin.
[147] Smith Ramirez, C. and J. armesto. Flowering and fruiting pattern in the rain forest of Chiloe,Chile-ecologies and climatic constraints. J. Eco., 1994, 82:353-365．
[148] Sork V. L. and J. Bramble. Ecology of mast fruiting in three species of North America and deciduous oaks. Ecology, 1993,74(2) :528-541．
[149] Steven D.D., 1991 : Experiments on mechanisms of tree establishment in old-field succession: seedling emergence. Ecology, 72 : 1 066-1 075．
[150] Stiles E.W., 1980: Patterns of fruit presentation and seed dispersal in bird-disseminated woody plants in the eastern deciduous forest Am. Nat. 1 16: 670-688．
[151] Vander Wall B., 1994 : Removal of wind-dispersed pine seeds by ground-foraging vertebrates. Oikos, 69: 125-132．
[152] Willson M.F.Plant reproductive ecology. New York: John Whiley&Sons,1983, 1
[153] Willson M.F., 1983: Plant reproductive ecology.John Wiley & Sons,NY.
[154] Yeh,F.C.H., and Y. A. E1-Kassaby: Enzyme variation in natural populations of sitka spruce (Piceasitchensis)[M].Can.J.For.Res.10:415-422(1980) .
[155] Yeh,F.C.H.,1986,Allezyme variation in pine mariana from newfoundland genetic diversity, population structure ,and analysis of differentiation, Can. J. For. Res. 16(4) 713-720
[2] 北京大学等．植物地理学[M]．北京：高等教育出版社，1980，37-64．
[3] 毕春侠，郭军战，杨培华．银杏品种过氧化物同工酶酶谱分析[J]．陕西林业科技，1998，(4)：1-3
[4] 蔡飞，宋永昌．武夷山木荷种群结构和动态的研究[J]．植物生态学报，1997，21(2)：138-148
[5] 曹坤方．植物生殖生态学透视[J]．植物学通报，1993，10(2)：15-23．
[6] 常吉梅，刘春霞．栓皮栎糖浆治疗恶性肿瘤的临床及实验研究[J]．中国中医药科技，1999，6(4)：211-212．
[7] 程瑞梅，肖文发．河南宝天曼栓皮栎林群落特征及物种多样性[J]．植物资源与环境．1998，7(4)：8-13．
[8] 大羽滋，群体遗传(M)．北京科学出版社，1983，110-114
[9] 丁宝章，王遂义，高增义．河南植物志(M)．郑州：河南人民出版社，1978：245-247．
[10] 冯天杰，吴京民．平山县有栓皮栎分布．河北林果研究，1998，13(2)：132-132．
[11] 福建森林编辑委员会．福建森林．北京：中国林业出版社，1984，190．
[12] 傅焕光，于光明．栓皮栎栽培与利用．北京：中国林业出版社，19786，7-10．
[13] 傅焕光．栓皮栎栽培与利用，北京，中国林业出版社，1986，47-48
[14] 傅坤俊．黄土高原植物志(vol.1)．北京：科学出版社，2000，117-118．
[15] 高俊凤．植物生理学实验技术．西安：世界图书出版公司，2000：114-115．
[16] 葛颂，洪德元，遗传多样性及其检测方法，见中国生物多样性委员会，生物多样性研究的原理与方法，北京：中国科学技术出版社，1994：13-140
[17] 葛颂．同工酶与林木群体遗传变异研究[J]．南京林业大学学报，1988，(1)：68-77
[18] 韩海荣，姜玉龙．栓皮栎人工林光环境特征的研究．北京林业大学学报，2000，22(4)：92-96．
[19] 河北植被编辑委员会，河北农业区划委员会办公室．河北植被．1996：113-114．
[20] 侯箕，门海元．中条山天然栓皮栎林地位指数表的编制．山西林业科技，1993，(2)：1-5．
[21] 侯向阳，韩进轩．长白山红松林主要树种空间格局的模拟分析．植物生态学报，1997，21(3)：242-249
[22] 胡婉仪，涂炳坤．栓皮栎麻栎小叶栎苦槠石栎扦插繁殖简报．湖北林业科技，1992，(2)：35-36．
[23] 华北树木志编写组．华北树木志．北京：中国林业出版社，1983：129．
[24] 黄可，淮虎银．南五台栓皮栎林结构及分类的初步研究．陕西师大学报(自然科学版)，1989，17(3)：54-56．
[25] 黄敏仁等，1986，杉木种源酯酶同工酶地理分布的研究，南京林业大学学报，10(3)31-37
[26] 黄威廉，屠玉麟，杨龙．贵州植被．贵阳：贵州人民出版社，1988．210-206．
[27] 火树华．树木学(第2版)．中国林业出版社．1992：257-258
[28] 火树华．树木学．北京：中国林业出版社，1990，4．
[29] 江洪．云杉种群生态学．北京：中国林业出版社，1992
[30] 江泽平．栓皮栎叶芽休眠解除过程的模拟．地理研究，1994，13(1)：43-50．
[31] 解荷锋，1990，马尾松天然群体的遗传结构，南京林业大学学报，14(4)36-42
[32] 拉德维格 J．A，蓝诺兹J．F．(李育中，王炜，裴浩译)．统计生态学—方法和入门计算．内蒙古：内蒙古大学出版社，1990：6-25
[33] 雷明德．陕西植被．北京：科学出版社，1999，163-164．
[34] 李博主编．普通生态学．内蒙古：内蒙古大学出版社，1993：74-77
[35] 李火根，王章荣．杜仲优树选择方法与标准的初步研究[J]．经济林研究，1994，12(1)：22-27
[36] 李俊英，冯天杰．麻栎和栓皮栎果实成熟期的商榷．河北林果研究，1998，13(1)：60-61．
[37] 李康球．栓皮及其应用．中国木材，1996，(4)：40-42．
[38] 李书心．辽宁植物志．沈阳：辽宁科学技术出版社，1988，258-259．
[39] 李土生，姜志林．采伐对栎林水文效应的影响．浙江林学院学报，1995，12(3)：262-267．
[40] 李先琨，黄玉清，苏宗明．元宝山南方红豆杉种群分布格局及动态．应用生态学报，2000，11(2)：169-172
[41] 梁一池，吴志庄．锥粟无性系多性状综合选择的研究[J]．中国林学院学报，1996，16(3)：50-55
[42] 刘德章，侯箕．太行山南部栓皮栎天然次生林灰色关联分析．河北林学院学报，1996，11(2)：165-169．
[43] 刘玉萃，蒋有绪．宝天曼自然保护区栓皮栎林生物量和净生产力研究．应用生态学报，1998，9(6)：569-574．
[44] 卢纹岱．《SPSS for Windows统计分析》．北京：电子工业出版社，2000：340-404
[45] 陆道调，梁宏温．百色地区麻栎林和栓皮栎林的成因分析．云南林业调查规划设计，2000，25(3)：50-52．
[46] 马世骏．中国生态学发展战略研究(第一辑)．北京：中国经济出版社，1991．
[47] 郭军战．油松天然林群体同工酶遗传变异的研究。(硕士学位论文)1992。
[48] 漆民楷，陈红．栓皮栎薪碳林研究．四川林业科技，1992，13(1)：72-76．
[49] 曲式曾，张文辉，李景侠等，陕西南部栎林资源特征调查[J]，西北林学院学报 1990，5(1)：75-81
[50] 任宪威主编．树木学(北方本)．北京：中国林业出版社，1996：180-183
[51] 山东森林编辑委员会．山东森林．北京：中国林业出版社，1986，103-106．
[52] 山西森林编辑委员会．山西森林．北京：中国林业出版社，1984，191。
[53] 尚玉昌．普通生态学(第二版)．北京：北京大学出版社，2001，104-108．
[54] 邵泽坦．刺槐栓皮栎混交林调查报告．山东林业科技，1992，(3)：33-35．
[55] 沈农，魏林．栓皮栎分布的初步调查．林业科学，1960，1．
[56] 沈熙环．林木育种学[M]．北京：中国林业出版社，1990：41-53
[57] 舒一众，胡一民．材皮双绝-栓皮栎．中国木材，1998，(6)：36-37．
[58] 四川植被协作组．四川植被．成都：四川人民出版社，1980，119-120．
[59] 苏志尧，吴大荣，陈北光．粤北天然林优势种群结构与空间格局动态．应用生态学报，2000，11(3)：337-341
[60] 苏智先，钟章成．四川大头茶种群生殖生态学研究，Ⅰ．生殖年龄、生殖年龄结构及其影响因素研究．生态学报，1996，16(5)：517-524．
[61] 苏智先．生殖生态学的概念及其研究内容．常绿阔叶林生态学研究．重庆：西南师范大学出版社，1988．
[62] 苏智先．生殖生态学研究的现状与发展趋势．四川师范学院学报(自)，1990，9(3)：37-44．
[63] 苏智先．四川大头茶种群生殖生态学研究(博士论文)．1996．
[64] 孙鸿烈，刘光崧．陆地生物群落调查观测与分析-中国生态系统研究网络观测与分析标准方法．北京：中国标准出版社，1996：1-13．
[65] 孙立元，任宪威．河北树木志．北京：中国林业出版社，1997，120．
[66] 王本泉．不怕剥皮的栓皮栎．中国木材，1994，(6)：35-37．
[67] 王巍，李庆康，马克平．东灵山地区辽东栎幼苗的建立和空间分布．植物生态学报，2000，24(5)：595-600
[68] 王献溥，李俊清．广西落叶栎林的分类研究．广西植物，1999，19(4)：323-333．
[69] 王章荣，李玉科．马尾松综合评分法选优标准的研究[J]．林业科技通讯，1990，(3)：18-20
[70] 闻天声．栓皮栎的培育与用途．中国林副特产，1991，(2)：29-29．
[71] 吴明作，杨玉珍．河南省栓皮栎林主要种群的生态位研究．西北植物学报．1999，19(3)：511-518．
[72] 吴明作，郑东方．栓皮栎种群的生物量与材积动态及其密度调节．河南科学，2000，18(4)：399-404．
[73] 吴征镒，朱彦丞．云南植被．北京：科学出版社，1987，384-385．
[74] 吴征镒．中国植被．北京：科学出版社，1980，261-262．
[75] 武康生．栓皮栎苗木的水分关系．北京林业大学学报，1990，12(3)：26-33．
[76] 杨炳志，李富学．栓皮栎波尺蛾生物学特性观察及防治研究．森林病虫通讯，1997，(4)：31-33．
[77] 杨一平等，1986，长白山天然红松林同工酶遗传变异的研究，东北林业大学学报，14(2)34-41
[78] 叶荣启，周仁禄．闽北栓皮栎人工林土壤肥力与水源涵养功能的研究．福建林学院学报报，1995，15(4)：353-356．
[79] 张春晓，李悦，沈熙环．林木同工酶遗传多样性研究进展[J]．北京林业大学学报，1998，(3)：58-66
[80] 张存旭．巴山松天然群体酯酶同工酶遗传变异的初步分析[J]．西北林学院学报，1991，(2)：89-92
[81] 张峰，上官铁梁．山西绵山森林植被的多样性分析．植物生态学报，1998，22(5)：461-465．
[82] 张鸿烈，刘光崧．陆地生物群落调查观测与分析—中国生态系统研究网络观测与分析
标准方法．中国标准出版社，1996：1-13
[83] 张理宏．栓皮栎扣杯直播造林技术．林业科技通讯，1992，(4)：26-28．
[84] 张文东．提高栓皮栎林分经营效益的技术实践．山西林业，2000，(5)：22-22．
[85] 张文辉，李景侠，1989，安康汉中地区栎林资源利用现状及分析，林业科技通讯，10：11-13
[86] 张文辉，卢志军，李景侠等．陕西不同林区栓皮栎种群空间分布格局及动态的比较研究[J]．西北植物学报，2002，22(3)：476-483
[87] 张文辉．裂叶沙参种群生态学研究．哈尔滨：东北林业大学出版社，1998：8-9；44-54
[88] 张仰渠．陕西森林．西安：陕西科学技术出版社，1989，235-240．
[89] 赵天榜，张宗尧等，1981，栓皮栎—新变种，植物分类学报，26(1)：117
[90] 赵天榜．河南栓皮栎两新变种．河南农学院科技通讯，1978，2．
[91] 郑均宝，王德．影响栓皮栎等造林成活因素的研究．河北林学院学报，1990，5(1)．33-38．
[92] 郑万钧．中国树木志(2卷)．北京：中国林业出版社，1985：2330．
[93] 钟章成．植物种群的繁殖对策．生态学杂志，1995，14(1)：37-42．
[94] 周士谔．数量遗传中一种新的综合性状的方法[J]．遗传学报，1989，15(4)：269-275
[95] 周以良．中国东北植被地理．北京：科学出版社，1997，125．
[96] 朱选伟，叶永忠等．栓皮栎植冠的构型分析．河南科学，2001，19(1)：65-68．
[97] 朱志诚．秦岭北麓的栎林．陕西林业科技，1979，4：1-5．
[98] 祖元刚，毛子军，袁晓颖等．白桦的开花时间及生殖构件的数量与树龄和树冠层次的关系．生态学报，2000，20(4)：673-677．
[99] Adams, W. T.: Application of isozymes in tree breeding[J]. In: Isozymes in Plant Genetics and Breeding, part A. Elsevier Science Pubulisbers B. V., Amsterdam(1983).
[100] Aizen M.A.,Woodcock H. Effects of acorn size on seedling survival and growth in Quercus rubra following simulated spring freeze. Can.J.Bot.,1996,74:308-314.
[101] Ayala F.J. and Kiger J. Regulation of flower, fruit and seed production by a monocarpic perennial, Yucca whipplei.J.Eco.,1984,70:357-372.
[102] Anderson C. The effect of weevil and fungal attacks on the germination of Quercus robur acorns. Forest Ecology and management,1992,50:247-251.
[103] Ashmum J.W.& L.F. Pitelka. Population biology of Clintonia borealis 2.Survival and growth of transplanted ramets in different environments.J.Eco.,1985,73: 198-385.
[104] Bawa K., 1989:Reproductive ecology of tropical forest plants. Parthenon.
[105] Bawa K.S. and C.J. Webb. Flower, Fruit and seed abortion in tropical forest trees: implications for the evolution of paternal and maternal reproductive patterns. American, J.Bot.,1984,71:736-751.
[106] Bawa K.S. and M.Hadley. Reproductive ecology of tropical forest plants Man and the biosphere series volume 7. The Unesco press,paris,1990.
[107] Crawley, M.J.& C.R.Long. Alternate bearing,predator satiation and seedling recruitment in Quercus robur. Journal of Ecology, 1995,83(4):683-696.
[108] Doust J.L. & Doust(eds). L.L,, 1988:Plant reproductive ecology: patterns and strategies.Oxford Univ.Press,N.Y.
[109] Eis S. Relation between cone production and diameter increment of Douglas fir(Pseudotsuga menziesii(MIRB)Franco),grand fir(Abies grandis,Dougle).Can. J.Bot.,1965,43:1553-1559．
[110] Elliott J. M . Some methods for the Statistical Analysis of Samples of Benthic Invertebrates. Scientific Publication No 25, Freshwater Association, Ambleside, Westmorland, Great Britain. 1973
[111] Frankie GW., Baker, H.H. &P.A. Opler. Comparative phonological studies of trees in tropical wet and dry forest in the low lands of costal Rica.J.Eco.,1974,62:881-913．
[112] Golley F.B.1961: Energy values of ecological materials.Ecology, 42: 581-584．
[113] Grawley M.J. Seed predator and plant population dynamics.in Fenner M.(eds)Seed, the ecology of regeneration in plant communities.1992,157-192．
[114] Grawley M.J.,Long C.R. Alternate bearing, predaror satiation and seedling recruitment in Quercus robur L.J.Ecol.l995,83:683-696．
[115] Hamrick J L, Godt M J W, 1990． Allozyme diversity in plant species[J]. In: Brown A D H, Clegg M T, Kahler A C et al. eds. Plant Population Genetics, Breeding, and Genetic Resources. Sunderland. Mass: Sinauer. 43-63
[116] Hamrick J.L,Gogt M J W.Sherman-Broyles S L. Factors influencing levels of genetic diversity in woody plant species.New Forest ,1992,6:95-124
[117] Hamrick, J. L. : Genetic variation and longevity[M]. In: Topics in Plant population Biology. O. T. Solbrig, S. Jain, G B. Johnson, and P. Raven(eds.) Columbia Univ. Press, New York(1979) .
[118] Hamrick, J. L., J.B.Mitton and Y. B. Linhart:Levels of genetic variation in tree-Influence of life history characteristics[M].In: Isozymes of North American Forest Trees and Forest Insects.USDA,Berkeley,p.3511(1981) .
[119] Hamrick, J. L.: Plant population genetics and evolution[M]. Amer. J. Bot. 59:1685-1693(1982)
[120] Harper J.L., White J. The demography of plant. Annual Review of Ecology Systematics, 5:419-463
[121] Harper J.L.1977 :Population Biology of Plants. London: Academic Press.
[122] Hegazy A.K. Age-specific survival,mortality, reproduction and prophecies for conservation of Limonium delicaluum. J.App.Eco., 1992,29: 549-557．
[123] Heithaus E.R. 1981: Seed predation by rodents on three ant-dispersed plants.Ecology, 62: 136-145．
[124] Helemurm k. and S.C.H. Barrett.The reproductive biology of boreal forest herbs.2． Phenology of flowering and fruiting. Can.J.Bot, 1987,65:2047-2056．
[125] Heydecker W.(ed.). 1973: Seed ecology. Butter Worths, London.
[126] Hickman, J. G Energy allocation and niche differentitation in four coexisting annual species of Polygonum in western North America. J. Eco., 1977, 65:317-326
[127] Houle G 1992: The reproductive ecology of Abies balsamea, Acer saccharum and Betula alleghaniensis in the Tantare Ecological Reserve, Quebec. J.Ecol.80: 611-623．
[128] Janzen D.H. Why bamboo waits so long to flower. Ann. Rev. Eco. syst, 1967, 7:347-391 .
[129] Kershaw K. A. & J. H. H Loony. Quantitative and dynamic plant ecology(3rd). Edward Arnold, London, 1985: 282
[130] Kikuzawa K. Dispersal of Quercus mongolica acoms in a broad-leaved deciduous forest: 2． scatterhoarding by mice. Forest Ecology and Management,1988,25:9-16．
[131] Kikuzawa K. Dispersal of Quercus mongolica acorns in a broad-leaved deciduous forest: 1． disappearance.Forest Ecology and Management, 1988,25: 1-8．
[132] Lacey E.P. The genetic and environmental control of reproductive timing in a short-lived monocarpic species Daucuscarata(Umbelliferae).J.Eco. , 1986,74:73-86．
[133] Linhart,Y.B.,J.B.Mitton,K.B.Sturgen,and M.L.Davis:An analysis of genetic architecture in populations of ponderosa pine[J]. In: Isozymes of north American Forest Trees and Forest Insects. USDA Gen. Tech. Rep.PSW-48(1981) .
[134] Llooyd, M . Mean crowding. Journal of Animal Ecology, 1967, 36: 1-30
[135] Mayer A.M.et al., 1982: The germination of seeds. Pergamon Press, Oxford.
[136] Mitton, J.B.,1983,Isozyme in plant genetics and breeding Part B. 443-472
[137] Muller-Starck G And Starke R., 1993, Inheritance of isoenzymes in European Beech, Journal of Heridity, 84(4) 291-296
[138] Murali K.S. et al. 1994． Reproductive penology of tropical dry forest in Mudumalai, Southern India. J. of Eco.,82:759-676．
[139] Nei M, Estimation of average heterozygosity and genetic distance from a small number of individuals[M]. Genetics, 1978． 89: 583-590
[140] Nei M. et al. ,1977, Drift variation of Est statistics obtained from a finite number of isolated populations[M], Theor. Pop. Biol., 307-325
[141] Pearson L.C.,1995, the diversity and evolution of plants CRP Press, Bocoaton,New York
[142] QuinnJ. F, A. E Dunham. On hypothesis testing in ecology and evolution. American Naturalist,1983, 122: 602-617
[143] Salisbury E.J. The reproductive capacity of plants. Bell, London, 1942．
[144] Silvertown J.W. Introduction to plant population ecology.2nd ed. Longman, London, 1987
[145] Silvertown J.W., 1982: Introduction to plant population ecology. Longman, London and New York
[146] Smith C.C., 1975: The coevolution of plants and seed predators. In: L.E.Gilbert and P.H.Raven(eds.), Coevolution of Animals and Plants. University of Texas Press, Austin.
[147] Smith Ramirez, C. and J. armesto. Flowering and fruiting pattern in the rain forest of Chiloe,Chile-ecologies and climatic constraints. J. Eco., 1994, 82:353-365．
[148] Sork V. L. and J. Bramble. Ecology of mast fruiting in three species of North America and deciduous oaks. Ecology, 1993,74(2) :528-541．
[149] Steven D.D., 1991 : Experiments on mechanisms of tree establishment in old-field succession: seedling emergence. Ecology, 72 : 1 066-1 075．
[150] Stiles E.W., 1980: Patterns of fruit presentation and seed dispersal in bird-disseminated woody plants in the eastern deciduous forest Am. Nat. 1 16: 670-688．
[151] Vander Wall B., 1994 : Removal of wind-dispersed pine seeds by ground-foraging vertebrates. Oikos, 69: 125-132．
[152] Willson M.F.Plant reproductive ecology. New York: John Whiley&Sons,1983, 1
[153] Willson M.F., 1983: Plant reproductive ecology.John Wiley & Sons,NY.
[154] Yeh,F.C.H., and Y. A. E1-Kassaby: Enzyme variation in natural populations of sitka spruce (Piceasitchensis)[M].Can.J.For.Res.10:415-422(1980) .
[155] Yeh,F.C.H.,1986,Allezyme variation in pine mariana from newfoundland genetic diversity, population structure ,and analysis of differentiation, Can. J. For. Res. 16(4) 713-720