市场的自组织功能初探
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摘要
建立社会主义市场经济体制是我国经济体制改革的目标模式。如何完善社会主义市场经济体制并加快其发展进程?这是当前摆在我们面前的紧迫问题。本文从历史与逻辑的结合上探讨了市场经济作为一个社会自组织系统所具有的整体性功能,推动这一自组织系统发展的动力与机制,并从这一新角度对亚当·斯密和马克思两人的市场观作了深刻剖析,为认识和解决我们当前的紧迫问题提供了新思路。
    人类社会的生产力为什么会在资本主义社会出现超常规发展?这一问题的提出及其寻找答案的过程在马克思主义理论体系的形成和发展中具有重要意义。本文通过认识并论证这一点,揭示了马克思主义理论对人类文明史和现代系统科学的特殊贡献。这些贡献既有利于我们理解现代系统科学取得的成就和所具有的实践意义,也有利于我们更深刻地理解和更自觉地实行社会主义市场经济体制。
    斯密最早揭示了市场经济的内在矛盾及运动机制,并主张利用这种机制实现国家的富裕。他指出,个体在追求自身利益时能够同时促进社会利益,其效果要比他放弃自身利益来想促进社会利益时为大,即人的个体性与社会性借助于市场实现了对立统一。这样,他发现了人类社会生产力大发展的秘诀,即通过市场将人类不同的资质和才能结成共同的资源,从而形成有利于生产力发展的巨大的社会自组织系统。这对我国推进市场经济体制的建设颇有启发。
    在斯密的基础上,马克思通过揭示商品二因素、劳动两重性和使用价值与价值的对立统一,系统地分析、论述了市场内在的矛盾运动过程和机理。他既看到了市场内在矛盾运动在将人的个体性转化为社会性方面的作用,又看到了由这一内在矛盾运动推动的人类经济的市场化水平的提高在解放生产力、发展生产力及促进生产关系的进步方面的作用;通过分析市场内在矛盾运动发展带来的市场本身无力解决的新矛盾,马克思明确肯定了国家在解决这些矛盾中的作用,并且认识到国家的作用通过两种方法来体现:第一,国家通过将市场的矛盾冲突维持在“秩序”范围内的方法来保证经济的正常发展(相当于今天说的宏观调控方法);第二,当矛盾发展到冲突不可调和时,便通过消灭矛盾的对立面的方式解放和发展生产力。过去,在进行社会革命的特定历史条件下,我们比较重视后者而对前者有所忽视。今天,在进行社会主义现代化建设的过程中,则应该通过建立和完善社会主义市场经济体制,利用市场的内在矛盾运动来推动和保证社会生产力的快速发展。
    在上述历史考察的基础上,作者对如何利用市场自组织机制推动和完善我国市场经济体制的建设,结合实际作了进一步探讨。
    市场内在矛盾运动的力量不是万能的而是存在缺陷的。为了消除这种缺陷,就需要借助于政府外在力量的干预。二战后资本主义经济的繁荣稳定局面便是得益于国家对市场内在矛盾运动的干预和宏观调控。加上新兴的市场经济国家在市场经济秩序建设中取得的经验,为政府推动和完善我国社会主义市场经济体制的建设提供了大量有用的信息。
    此外,个体是市场经济的基本细胞,个体力量的发挥是推动各种市场边界向外扩张的基本力量;通过市场维系个体形成生产力系统,有利于激发个体的潜能并减少其机会主义倾向,唤起人们之间的自觉合作意识。所以,依靠市场开发个体,充分释放个体能量是生产力能够超常发展的基本条件。
Establishing the system of socialist market economy is an ultimate objective for China's economic reform. Therefore, how to improve the aimed economic system and accelerate the reform pace becomes an urgent agenda at present. This dissertation historically and logically discusses the overall functions of the market economy which is defined as a self-organizing system in a society, and the driving force and operational mechanism which push the self-organizing system forward, then the author makes an in-depth analysis of both theories advocated by Adam Smith and Karl Marx from this fresh angle. The author's analyses and viewpoints probably provide a new solution to the above-mentioned question that presses us now.
    Why do the productive forces of human society happen to develop extraordinarily in the stage of capitalism? Advancing and finding answer to the question is of great importance in the process of forming and developing the system of Marxism. Through understanding and discussing the point, the author discovers that Marxism made a special contribution to the human civilization and the modern science of system. Marxist contribution is conducive for us not only to understand the achievements and practical significance of the modern science of system, but also to more profoundly understand and more conscientiously carry out the system of the socialist market economy.
    Adam Smith was the first economist who revealed the operational mechanism of the intrinsic contradictions in market economy. He advocated that the laws of market economy should be used to realize the prosperity of a country. He argued that any individuals could promote the interests of whole society while pursuing his own interests. In this context, an individual can make more contribution than when can he intentionally promote the interests of whole society at cost of his own interests. In other words, an individual is closely associated with a society by means of market. Therefore, it is said that it was Smith who revealed the secret formula to develop social productivity. The formula is that different levels of talents and able men are regrouped to form common resources for whole society by means of market so as to develop into a powerful force to productivity. Smith theory provides a good enlightenment to our efforts to build the system of market economy.
    Basing on Smith's theory, Marx revealed two factors of commodity, the duality of labor, the combination of use value and value in any commodity, and thoroughly expounded the evolution of intrinsic contradictions in market. So, Marx discovers not only the market functions which integrate individuals into a society, but also the roles played by the development of market intrinsic contradictions to emancipate and expand productivity. By studying the new contradictions, which are generated in market but can not be solved by market itself, Marx definitely affirmed the roles of government in handling the new problems. He insisted that the roles of government lies in the following two aspects. Firstly, through keeping the frictions or contradictions of market in order, government may ensure a regular economic growth. This way can be called the approach of macro-economic control now. Secondly, when frictions or conflicts can not be resolved by market itself, it is necessary to emancipate and expand social productivity through revolution, mainly through the revolution of ownership. In the past, we attached more importance to the latter than to the former in some certain historical conditions. Now in our socialist modernization drive, we should propel and ensure a rapid increase of social productivity by establishing and improving the system of the socialist market economy.
    Basing on the reexamination of the history of the two major theories and combining the practice, the author makes a further exploration of how to make use of the self-organizing mechanism of market to promote and improve the system of the socialist market economy.
    The power of the intrinsic contradictions in market is not o
引文
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