科技企业孵化器知识服务研究
摘要
我国科技企业孵化器经过二十多年的发展,已经成为国家技术创新体系的重要组成部分和高新技术成果转化的重要载体,在科技创新、培育高新技术产业、推动区域经济增长、创造就业机会等方面发挥了显著作用。投资主体多元化、运行机制多样化、孵化服务专业化的发展方式,促进了我国科技企业孵化器在数量、孵化面积、孵化企业数、毕业企业数以及就业人数等方面不断增长,取得了可喜的成绩。但是,目前孵化器也存在管理人员素质不高、中介服务体系不完善、融资渠道不畅通等问题,制约孵化器的健康发展及众多科技型中小企业的成长。因此,如何拓展孵化器服务内容,提升服务功能,培育更多的高新技术企业成为十分紧迫的任务。
科技型中小企业是孵化器服务的对象,是孵化器培育的产品,也是孵化器绩效的直接体现。进入知识经济时代,知识已经成为企业重要的生产要素,企业的成长过程就是企业知识存量不断增加、知识结构不断完善的过程。所以,本文的出发点是考察科技型中小企业不同成长阶段的特点,分析其成长过程中的知识需求,并以此为基础来构建孵化器知识服务体系,提升孵化器的服务功能。
论文以孵化器和科技型中小企业为对象,对相关文献进行归纳、分析和整理。开展了对企业成长理论、生命周期理论的研究,一方面阐明了科技型中小企业成长的本质和特征,另一方面也为孵化器应如何培育在孵企业提供理论依据。通过对孵化器、知识服务和知识管理、知识网络研究现状的分析,总结归纳了国内外学者对于孵化器的概念、构成要素、分类、功能、服务内容等方面的研究成果,提出了孵化器服务正从“硬件’服务(办公条件和基础设施)为主的阶段发展到以“软件”服务(技术咨询、企业管理、市场开拓等)为主的阶段。从对知识服务研究进展的综述中可以看到,虽然目前学者对知识服务业以及知识服务的概念、特征、分类等问题多有论述,但是对知识服务应用实践还有待于深入研究。
论文开展了面向在孵企业的孵化器服务需求及满意度调查。调查结果显示在孵企业最需要管理服务、政府网络、投融资服务、信息与中介服务、市场开拓五类服务,但目前对这几类服务的满意度不高。作为对比和参考,本文研究了美国、英国、德国等孵化器发达国家的现状及服务特点。根据调查和对国内外孵化器发展的研究,指出知识服务是孵化器提升服务功能的方向。开展了针对在孵企业知识需求的调查,总结归纳出在孵企业需求的五类知识,即技术知识、融资知识、市场知识、组织结构知识和政策知识。
论文提出了孵化器知识服务的概念、构成要素、特征及服务模式。基于知识网络视角分析孵化器内的多层知识网络,多层知识网络间的相互作用构成了孵化器知识服务优势,揭示出孵化器知识服务对在孵企业成长的作用,提出在孵企业的成长路径。根据在孵企业的知识需求分析孵化器的知识供给,孵化器供给的知识中有一部分由自身提供,而大部分从外部的知识资源中获得。孵化器对这些知识通过获取、整合、创新,最终形成培育企业成长的方案应用于在孵企业。孵化器知识服务的内容按照企业成长阶段和知识类别两种标准组织,并以智能式、自助式和专家咨询式三种知识服务方式提供。这两种知识服务内容和三种知识服务方式共同构成了孵化器知识服务模式。指出影响孵化器知识服务的主要因素包括知识服务网络资源的构建、孵化器人员素质和创新文化培育三项。
论文构建了孵化器知识服务系统。阐述了孵化器知识服务系统的运行模式和系统对于在孵企业的培育流程。形成孵化器知识服务系统的描述矩阵模型(KRESF模型)即知识索引的描述矩阵K(Knowledge);企业特征描述矩阵E(Enterprise);企业在不同孵化阶段对知识服务需求标准的描述矩阵R(Requirement);知识方案配置描述矩阵S(Solution);以及来自企业的服务反馈描述矩阵F(Feedback)。采用结合层次分析法的面向对象的系统设计方法进行知识服务系统的框架设计,用知识地图方法将各类知识库引入孵化器知识服务系统中。最后,以大连双D港生物医药创业孵化基地为例,构建孵化器知识服务系统设计方案。
Through 20 years rapid development, China's technology business incubators have become an important sector of national technical innovation system and a major platform for high-tech research findings transferring into products.Incubators are now playing a significant role in areas as scientific and technical innovation, cultivation of high-tech industry, promotion of regional economic development, creation of employment opportunities and so on. The development of technology business incubator on the investors'diversity, the operating mechanisms'diversification and the services'specialization has greatly promoted the incubating coverage, the number of incubators, the number of incubating and incubated enterprises, and also the number of employees.However, despite the delightful achievement, incubators'development is confronting many bottleneck problems, for instance, the employees are not very professional, the mediating institutions are not perfectly organized, and the small and medium-sized enterprises have limited and blocked financing channels.These problems are harming the healthy development of incubators and thus the many small technology enterprises under incubation.As a result, in accord to the characteristics and demands of the development of small and medium-sized technology enterprises,it's imminent and important to make an overall and systematic analysis on these enterprises'knowledge demand and provide effectual incubation service, in order to improve the capacity of incubating companies.
Small and medium-sized technology enterprises are the objectives and productions of incubator services, and they demonstrate the incubators'performance directly. In the new intellectual economic era, knowledge has become the most significant factor of production. Enterprises grow and develop with increasing existing knowledge under a more rational structure. So this article starts with the analysis on characteristics and demands of incubating enterprises in their processing stages, then it conducts a supportive system for knowledge, which could promote incubators'service function.
Firstly, with induction, analysis and reorganization of researches related with incubators and Small and medium-sized technology enterprises, the article studies the theories of development and life circle of enterprises,which on one hand illustrates the essence and features of small and medium-sized technology enterprises,and on the other hand prepares the' theoretic basis on how to incubate enterprises.Secondly, through analysis of the current study of incubators,knowledge service, knowledge management and knowledge network, the article induces the research findings of concept, constituent, classification, function, content of incubators'service, and concludes that incubators are developing toward software service (providing experience and intelligent solution) from the hardware service (office facilities and infrastructures).From the review of research on knowledge service, we can see that, in spite of the many discussions of the concept, features and classification of knowledge service and the industry, researches in this field are neither systematic nor practical.
Based on theoretic research,the article has conducted a survey to examine how satisfactory incubating enterprises are to incubators'service. The result shows that the enterprises pay most attention to the qualities of management, the government network, the investing and financing service, the information and intermediary service, and the extension of new market. However, the incubators fail to meet the demand of enterprises in these aspects. The fact has pointed out a way for incubators to promote and improve.For contrast and reference, the article studies the current status and service features of incubators of America, Britain and German. After the comparison of China's incubators and those of other countries, the article puts forward the knowledge service as a development direction for incubators.
This article provides the concept, constitution factors, characteristics and modes of incubator's knowledge service. From the perspective of knowledge network, it analyzes the multi-layer knowledge network inside incubators, based on which it finds out that the advantaged service of incubators coming from the interaction of different knowledge layer.'It has also revealed the impact of incubators'knowledge on incubating enterprises and brought up the growing path of incubating enterprises.Analyzing the knowledge supply from its demand, some part of the knowledge can be provided by incubators, while a major part is obtained by the incubators from other knowledge resources.Incubators attain, integrate, innovate and make use of the knowledge to form a cultivation solution for the incubating enterprise. According to the stage of growth and knowledge type of enterprises,separate incubators' knowledge services are provided by the means of intelligence, self-administration and consultation to experts.The integration of service substances and means makes the mode of incubators'knowledge service. The article also concludes 3 main factors that influence incubators'knowledge service; they are the construction of the network resources of knowledge service, the quality of incubators'employees, the cultivation of innovative culture.
The article has constructed the incubators'knowledge service system and elaborated the operating mode of the system and the cultivating process to incubating enterprises. It comes up with a mathematic mode of the KRESF matrix in the system, i.e. matrix K to describe knowledge indexes, matrix E to describe enterprise features, matrix R to describe required knowledge service standards in enterprises'various incubating stages, matrix S to describe scheme of knowledge allocation and matrix F to describe feedbacks from enterprises.It made use of AHP and the object-oriented system designing method to realize the overall construct of incubators'knowledge service system.And the various kinds of knowledge base are brought into incubators under the method of knowledge map.At the end of the article, it illustrates a professional incubator, DD Port in Dalian, to make an embodiment for incubators'knowledge service system.
科技型中小企业是孵化器服务的对象,是孵化器培育的产品,也是孵化器绩效的直接体现。进入知识经济时代,知识已经成为企业重要的生产要素,企业的成长过程就是企业知识存量不断增加、知识结构不断完善的过程。所以,本文的出发点是考察科技型中小企业不同成长阶段的特点,分析其成长过程中的知识需求,并以此为基础来构建孵化器知识服务体系,提升孵化器的服务功能。
论文以孵化器和科技型中小企业为对象,对相关文献进行归纳、分析和整理。开展了对企业成长理论、生命周期理论的研究,一方面阐明了科技型中小企业成长的本质和特征,另一方面也为孵化器应如何培育在孵企业提供理论依据。通过对孵化器、知识服务和知识管理、知识网络研究现状的分析,总结归纳了国内外学者对于孵化器的概念、构成要素、分类、功能、服务内容等方面的研究成果,提出了孵化器服务正从“硬件’服务(办公条件和基础设施)为主的阶段发展到以“软件”服务(技术咨询、企业管理、市场开拓等)为主的阶段。从对知识服务研究进展的综述中可以看到,虽然目前学者对知识服务业以及知识服务的概念、特征、分类等问题多有论述,但是对知识服务应用实践还有待于深入研究。
论文开展了面向在孵企业的孵化器服务需求及满意度调查。调查结果显示在孵企业最需要管理服务、政府网络、投融资服务、信息与中介服务、市场开拓五类服务,但目前对这几类服务的满意度不高。作为对比和参考,本文研究了美国、英国、德国等孵化器发达国家的现状及服务特点。根据调查和对国内外孵化器发展的研究,指出知识服务是孵化器提升服务功能的方向。开展了针对在孵企业知识需求的调查,总结归纳出在孵企业需求的五类知识,即技术知识、融资知识、市场知识、组织结构知识和政策知识。
论文提出了孵化器知识服务的概念、构成要素、特征及服务模式。基于知识网络视角分析孵化器内的多层知识网络,多层知识网络间的相互作用构成了孵化器知识服务优势,揭示出孵化器知识服务对在孵企业成长的作用,提出在孵企业的成长路径。根据在孵企业的知识需求分析孵化器的知识供给,孵化器供给的知识中有一部分由自身提供,而大部分从外部的知识资源中获得。孵化器对这些知识通过获取、整合、创新,最终形成培育企业成长的方案应用于在孵企业。孵化器知识服务的内容按照企业成长阶段和知识类别两种标准组织,并以智能式、自助式和专家咨询式三种知识服务方式提供。这两种知识服务内容和三种知识服务方式共同构成了孵化器知识服务模式。指出影响孵化器知识服务的主要因素包括知识服务网络资源的构建、孵化器人员素质和创新文化培育三项。
论文构建了孵化器知识服务系统。阐述了孵化器知识服务系统的运行模式和系统对于在孵企业的培育流程。形成孵化器知识服务系统的描述矩阵模型(KRESF模型)即知识索引的描述矩阵K(Knowledge);企业特征描述矩阵E(Enterprise);企业在不同孵化阶段对知识服务需求标准的描述矩阵R(Requirement);知识方案配置描述矩阵S(Solution);以及来自企业的服务反馈描述矩阵F(Feedback)。采用结合层次分析法的面向对象的系统设计方法进行知识服务系统的框架设计,用知识地图方法将各类知识库引入孵化器知识服务系统中。最后,以大连双D港生物医药创业孵化基地为例,构建孵化器知识服务系统设计方案。
Through 20 years rapid development, China's technology business incubators have become an important sector of national technical innovation system and a major platform for high-tech research findings transferring into products.Incubators are now playing a significant role in areas as scientific and technical innovation, cultivation of high-tech industry, promotion of regional economic development, creation of employment opportunities and so on. The development of technology business incubator on the investors'diversity, the operating mechanisms'diversification and the services'specialization has greatly promoted the incubating coverage, the number of incubators, the number of incubating and incubated enterprises, and also the number of employees.However, despite the delightful achievement, incubators'development is confronting many bottleneck problems, for instance, the employees are not very professional, the mediating institutions are not perfectly organized, and the small and medium-sized enterprises have limited and blocked financing channels.These problems are harming the healthy development of incubators and thus the many small technology enterprises under incubation.As a result, in accord to the characteristics and demands of the development of small and medium-sized technology enterprises,it's imminent and important to make an overall and systematic analysis on these enterprises'knowledge demand and provide effectual incubation service, in order to improve the capacity of incubating companies.
Small and medium-sized technology enterprises are the objectives and productions of incubator services, and they demonstrate the incubators'performance directly. In the new intellectual economic era, knowledge has become the most significant factor of production. Enterprises grow and develop with increasing existing knowledge under a more rational structure. So this article starts with the analysis on characteristics and demands of incubating enterprises in their processing stages, then it conducts a supportive system for knowledge, which could promote incubators'service function.
Firstly, with induction, analysis and reorganization of researches related with incubators and Small and medium-sized technology enterprises, the article studies the theories of development and life circle of enterprises,which on one hand illustrates the essence and features of small and medium-sized technology enterprises,and on the other hand prepares the' theoretic basis on how to incubate enterprises.Secondly, through analysis of the current study of incubators,knowledge service, knowledge management and knowledge network, the article induces the research findings of concept, constituent, classification, function, content of incubators'service, and concludes that incubators are developing toward software service (providing experience and intelligent solution) from the hardware service (office facilities and infrastructures).From the review of research on knowledge service, we can see that, in spite of the many discussions of the concept, features and classification of knowledge service and the industry, researches in this field are neither systematic nor practical.
Based on theoretic research,the article has conducted a survey to examine how satisfactory incubating enterprises are to incubators'service. The result shows that the enterprises pay most attention to the qualities of management, the government network, the investing and financing service, the information and intermediary service, and the extension of new market. However, the incubators fail to meet the demand of enterprises in these aspects. The fact has pointed out a way for incubators to promote and improve.For contrast and reference, the article studies the current status and service features of incubators of America, Britain and German. After the comparison of China's incubators and those of other countries, the article puts forward the knowledge service as a development direction for incubators.
This article provides the concept, constitution factors, characteristics and modes of incubator's knowledge service. From the perspective of knowledge network, it analyzes the multi-layer knowledge network inside incubators, based on which it finds out that the advantaged service of incubators coming from the interaction of different knowledge layer.'It has also revealed the impact of incubators'knowledge on incubating enterprises and brought up the growing path of incubating enterprises.Analyzing the knowledge supply from its demand, some part of the knowledge can be provided by incubators, while a major part is obtained by the incubators from other knowledge resources.Incubators attain, integrate, innovate and make use of the knowledge to form a cultivation solution for the incubating enterprise. According to the stage of growth and knowledge type of enterprises,separate incubators' knowledge services are provided by the means of intelligence, self-administration and consultation to experts.The integration of service substances and means makes the mode of incubators'knowledge service. The article also concludes 3 main factors that influence incubators'knowledge service; they are the construction of the network resources of knowledge service, the quality of incubators'employees, the cultivation of innovative culture.
The article has constructed the incubators'knowledge service system and elaborated the operating mode of the system and the cultivating process to incubating enterprises. It comes up with a mathematic mode of the KRESF matrix in the system, i.e. matrix K to describe knowledge indexes, matrix E to describe enterprise features, matrix R to describe required knowledge service standards in enterprises'various incubating stages, matrix S to describe scheme of knowledge allocation and matrix F to describe feedbacks from enterprises.It made use of AHP and the object-oriented system designing method to realize the overall construct of incubators'knowledge service system.And the various kinds of knowledge base are brought into incubators under the method of knowledge map.At the end of the article, it illustrates a professional incubator, DD Port in Dalian, to make an embodiment for incubators'knowledge service system.
引文
[1]Mansel.G.Blackford.美国小企业成长与创新[M].锁箭译.北京：经济管理出版社,2000.
[2]张景安.中国孵化器发展与自主创新战略[J].中国软科学,2007(11)：1-3.
[3]亚当·斯密.国富论[M].文熙译.武汉：武汉大学出版社,2010.
[4]马歇尔.经济学原理[M].彭逸林,王威辉,商金艳译.北京：人民日报出版社,2009.
[5]George Joseph Stigler. Essays in the History of Economics[M].University of Chicago,1965.
[6]Richard R. Nelson, Sidney G. Winter. An evolutionary theory of economic change[M].Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London, England:Harvard University Press,1982.
[7]Ronald H. Coase. The Nature of the Firm[M].Economic.1937.
[8]Oliver E.Williamson. The Economic Institutions of Capitalism:Firms,Markets, Relational Contracting [M].New York:The Free Press,1985.
[9]Sanford Jay Grossman,Oliver D. Hart. The cost and benefits of ownership:A Theory of Vertical and Lateral Integration [J].University of Chicago Press,1986,94(4):691-719.
[10]M Lavoie. The endogenous flow of credit and the post Keynesian theory of money[M].Journal of Economic Issues.1984.
[11]T Penrose E.The Theory of the Growth of the Firm[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1959.
[12]Wernerfelt B.A Resource-based View of the Firm[J].Strategic Management Journal,1984,5 (2): 171-180.
[13]Rumelt, Richard P., Diversity and profitability[J].Strategic Management Journal,1982(3):359-369.
[14]C.K.Prahalad,G.Hamel.The Core Competence of the Corporation[J].Harvard Business Review, 1990,66:79-91.
[15]Teeced J, Pisanog, Shuena.Dynamic Capabilities and strategic Management[J].Strategic Management Journal,1997,18:509-533.
[16]Grant R., editor. The Knowledge-Based View of the Firm[M].New York:Oxford University Press, 2002.
[17]马宏.基于知识网络与企业知识能力的高技术集群企业成长研究[D].(博士论文).长沙：中南大学,2009.
[18]余伟萍.企业持续发展之源：能力与策略应用[M].北京：北京交通大学出版社.2005.
[19]LL Steinmetz. Critical stages of small business growth:When they occur and how to survive them[J]. Business Horizons,1969(2):29-36.
[20]L.E.Greiner. Patterns of organization change[J].Harvard Business Review,1967,45(3):119-130.
[21]NC Churchill,VL Lewis.New firms:Societal contribution versus survival potential[J].Journal of Business Venturing,1987(8):231-246.
[22]厄威克·G·弗莱姆兹.增长的痛苦[M].北京：中国经济出版社,1998.
[23]Ichak Adizes.Managing Corporate Lifecycles[M].Santa Barbara, CA:The Adizes Institute Publishing,2004.
[24]徐操志.组织创新的生命周期观[J].科研管理，2001,22(6)：44-49.
[25]王旭,刘玉国.科技型企业生命周期及其特征分析[J].工业技术经济.2003，22(4)：79-82.
[26]赵玉林.科技型小企业发展的生命周期及其特点分析[J].武汉工业大学学报.2000,22(1)：78-81
[27]陆立军等.科研型中小企业：环境与对策[M].北京：中国经济出版社,2002.
[28]王旭.科技型企业创生机理研究[D].(博士论文).长春：吉林大学,2004.
[29]Pisano.Knowledge and the Speed of the Transferand Imitation of Organizational Capabilities:An Empirical Test[J].ORGANIZATION SCIENCE,1995,6(1):76-94.
[30]Hagel, Singh, Tieney Thoma. What's your strategy for management knowledge[J].Harvard Business Review,1999(3):1-10.
[31]Daryl Morey, Mark Maybury, Bhavani Thuraisingham, Knowledge management:classic and contemporary works [M].Massachusetts Institute of Technology,2002.
[32]彼得·F·德鲁克.知识管理[M].杨开峰,译.北京：中国人民出自版社,1999.
[33]Bassi.Harnessing the power of intellectual capital[J].Training & Development,1997,51(12):71-84.
[34]P Quitas, Lafrere P, Jones G.Knowledge management:a strategic agenda[J].Long Range Planning, 1997,30(3):26-34.
[35]Allee V.知识的进化[M].刘民慧,译.珠海：珠海出版社,1998.
[36]APQC. APQC Annual Knowledge Management Conference[C].The US:Houston,1996.
[37]Yogesh Malhotra. Knowledge management and business model innovation[M].The United States of America:Idea Group Publishing.2001.
[38]左美云.国内外知识管理问题研究综述[J].科学决策.2000(3)：31-37.
[39]Bechmann M.Economic Models of Knowledge Networks, Networks in Action[M].New York:Tokyo,1995.
[40]Inkpen A C, Tsang W.K.Social Capital,Network and Knowledge Transfer[J].Academy of Management Review,2005,30(1):146-165.
[41]蒋恩尧,侯东.基于MIS平台的企业知识网络的组建[J].商业研究.2002(17)：36-37.
[42]赵蓉英.知识网络及其应用[M].北京：北京图书馆出版社，2007.
[43]马德辉,包昌火.企业知识网络能力及其模型建构初探[J].情报学报.2008.27(3)：459-467.
[44]张丽妮.基于Know-Net的知识管理研究[J].情报科学.2004,24(5)：201-202,87.
[45]李勇,史占中.知识网络与企业动态能力[J].情报科学.2006.24(3)：434-437.
[46]DeBresson. Coats C.The new network approach innovation studies & a first prescriptive application: networks and risks of innovation investment[R].Working paper for Tsinghua University,2001.
[47]Hakansson, Johanson.Network as a Governance Structure[M],in Grabher, G.,"The Embedded Firm. The Socioeconomics of Industrial Networks". London:Routledge,1993.
[48]李丹,俞竹超,樊治平.知识网络的构建过程分析[J].科学学研究.2002，20(6)：620-623.
[49]邓卫华,易明,蔡根女.基于知识网络的集群知识演化研究[J].情报杂志,2009(6)：106-109,113.
[50]Rustam Lalkaka, Jack Bishop.Business Incubator in Economic Development:An initial assessment in industrializing countries[J].New York, UNDP,1996(3):50-54.
[51]Krist H. Innvation centers as an element of strategies for endogenous regional development, Science parks and innovation centers:their economic and social impact[J].Proceedings of the conference held in Berlin, ELSEVIER,1985(4):178-182.
[52]NBIA. Knowledge transfer in international acquisitions[J].Journal of Internationa Studies,1999,30(3): 439-462.
[53]Ravi Sawhney. Predictable Magic:Unleash the Power of Design Strategy to Transform Your Business[M].Wharton School Publishing,2010.
[54]Smilor R.W.Managing the Incubator System:Critical Success Factors to AccelerateNew Company Development[J].IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management EM,1986,34(4):146-156.
[55]J Edward, Blakely, Nishikawa Nancy. US state competitive strategies for the biotechonolgy industry[J].Trend in biotechnology,1989(9):222-226.
[56]颜振军.孵化与奋飞[M].北京：民族出版社,2000.
[57]Allen D., Rahman S.Small business incubators:a positive environment for entrepreneurship [J]. Journal of Small Business Management,1985,23(3):12-22.
[58]Smilor, Gill.The new business Incubator:Linking Talent,Technology,Capital,and Know-how [M]. Lexington Massachusetts:D.C.,1986.
[59]吴寿仁.企业孵化原理[M].南京：江苏科学技术出出版社,2007.
[60]钱平凡.孵化器运作的国际经验与我国孵化器产业的发展对策[J].管理世界,2000(6)：78-84.
[61]Kuratko D.F., LaFollette W.R.Small Business Incubators for Local Economic Develop-ment[J].Economic Development Review,1987,5 (2):49-55.
[62]黄涛.我国科技企业孵化器产业化研究[D].(博士论文).武汉：武汉大学.2006.
[63]Rhonda, Philips G.Technology business incubators:how effective as technology transfer mechanism[J].Technology in society,2002(24):299-316.
[64]Lee Seong-Keun.Acomparative study on regional innovation systems in Sweden and South Korea[J]. Korea Obeserver:Spring,2003,34(1):113-117.
[65]Duff Andrew. State of the industry study business incubators in Australia[C].Booragoon:AU STEP Strategic Partnering Pty Ltd,1993.
[66]张景安.中国科技企业孵化器[M].北京：中国科技出版社.2001.
[67]黄涛,李光.关于加快我国科技企业孵化器建设和发展的若干思考[J].中国科技论坛,2004(5)：64-67.
[68]马庆斌,刘晓丽,李同升.企业孵化器及其空间分析——以西安创业服务中心为例[J].人文地理,2002,17(2)：14-17.
[69]刘颖杰,曹东溟.企业孵化器创新功能分析[J].东北大学学报(社会科学版),2003,5(5)：323-326.
[70]于晓丹,汪克夷,钟琦.专业科技企业孵化器对于高新技术产业培育的作用模式研究[J].技术进步与对策,2009,26(22)：90-94.
[71]李智能,张洁,郁义鸿.美国孵化器的发展沿革[J].上海经济研究.2000(7)：38-44.
[72]刘晓英.科技孵化器及虚拟科技孵化网络研究[M].北京：人民出版社.2009.
[73]赵佳宝,卢锐,盛昭翰.西方企业孵化器理论研究[J].管理工程学报.2003,17(4)：100-102.
[74]刘峰涛,张元萍.国家创新体系中的孵化器解构[J].西北工业大学学报(社会科学版),2005,25(1)：30-33，57.
[75]李恒光.我国科技产业、孵化器的经营定位、发展战略及模糊评价[J].华东经济管理,2008.22(1)：57-61.
[76]孙大海.中国百家孵化器调查报告[J].中国科技产业,2005(4)：56-60.
[77]张炜.企业孵化器创业机制的理论研究[J].科技进步与对策,2004,21(11)：110-112.
[78]张冬弟,范伟军,吴寿仁.中国科技企业孵化器问题研究报告[J].科技创业,2004(12)：50-58.
[79]Miles I. etal. Knoledge-Intensive Business Service:User, Carriers and Sources of Innovation Rapport Pour DG13[R].SPRINT-EiMS,1995.
[80]Fiocca R, Gianola A.Network Analysis of Knowledge-Intensive services[C].IMP Conference 2003, Lugano (CH),2003.
[81]Kong-Rae lee. Knowledge Intensive Service Activities(KISA)in Korea's Innovation System[M]. OECD Report,2003.
[82]P Miller.Business Clusters in the UK-A First Assessment[M].Trends Business Research,2001.
[83]What are UNDP's "Knowledge Services"? http://www.undp.org/execbrd/pdf/UNDP%20knowledge%20services.pdf
[84]J Kuusisto, A. Viljamaa. Knowledge-intensive business services nd coproduction of know-ledge-the role of public sector?[J].Frontiers of E-business Research,2004(6):282-298.
[85]C. Hipp. Knowledge-intensive business services in the newmode of knowledge production[J]. AI&Society,1999(13):88-106.
[86]Andreas Pyka, Bernd Ebersberge, Horst Hanusch. A Conceptual Framework to Model Long-Run Qualitative Change in the Energy System[R].Universitaet Augsburg, Institute for Economics.2003.
[87]Guy St. Clair. Strategic Planning, Operational Analysis, Training and Staff Development for Knowledge Services[R/OL].[2007.3.22].http://www.smr-knowledge.com/knowledge.htm.
[88]沪府发[2009]50号.2009-2012年上海服务业发展规划.
[89]金雪军.中国知识服务业发展问题探析[J].软科学,2002,16(3)：12-16.
[90]张晓林.走向知识服务[M].成都：四川大学出版社，2001.
[91]姜永常.知识创新与知识服务[J].图书与情报,2001(1)：24-26.
[92]田红梅.试论图书馆从信息服务走向知识服务[J].情报理论与实践，2003,26(4)：312-314.
[93]李霞,樊治平，冯博.知识服务的概念、特征与模式[J].情报科学,2007.25(10)：1584-1587.
[94]孙成江,吴正荆.知识、知识管理与网络信息知识服务[J].情报资料工作,2002(4)：10-12.
[95]Maria A. Wimmer. Knowledge Management in Electronic Government[C].The 5th IFIP International Working Conference on Knowledge Management in Elecronic Government, Austria:Krems.2004.
[96]Bluller,E, Zenker,A.Business services as actors of knowledge transformation/the role of KIBS in regional and national innovation systems[J].Research Policy,2001,30:1501-1516.
[97]Baark,E..Innovation in a Knowledge-Intensive Service:the Case of Engineering Consultancy [J].Hong Kong University of Science and Technology,1999(4):54-58.
[98]刘宇清,徐宝祥.知识经济环境下图书馆的知识管理与知识服务研究[J].情报科学,2010,24(12)：1796-1800.
[99]靳红,程宏.图书馆知识服务研究综述[J].情报杂志,2004,23(8)：8-10
[100]刘崇学.高校图书馆开展知识服务探讨[J].图书馆学研究.2004(2)：82-83.33.
[101]Andreas S.Rath, etal.Context-Aware Knowledge Services[C].Personal Information Management: PIM 2008, Italy:Florence,2008
[102]陈红梅.试析面向知识服务的图书馆管理创新机[J].图书情报知识,2004(10)：79-81.
[103]杜也力.知识服务模式与创新[M].北京：北京图书馆出版社,2005.
[104]梁桂.科技企业孵化器工作指引[M].上海：上海科学技术文献出版社,2007.
[105]徐凤翔.企业孵化器的功能分析及发展对策[J].理论界,2005(9)：67-68
[106]S. Hugh D. Assessing the intervention effectiveness of business incubation programs on new business start-ups [J].Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship,1999,4(2):117-133.
[107]张炜.科技企业孵化器服务项目与服务绩效关系实证研究[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2006,27(4)：159-164.
[108]钟卫东，孙大海,施立华.企业孵化器的复杂性：分析与启示[J].科技进步与对策,2006，23(2)：156-158.
[109]孙亚芳,梁嘉骅；从美国孵化器的发展看中国科技企业孵化器的发展方向[J].科技与管理,2006(5)：44-46,49.
[110]陈静远,黄长春,左亮.中国大学科技园与英国科技园建设和管理模式研究[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2005,26(8)：50-54.
[111]EUREKA Projects,http://www.eurekanetwork.org/projects.
[112]Peter Zillmer.New economy incubators in Germany-an empirical investigation of structures and strategies[C].Proceedings of the Twenty-First Annual Entrepreneurship Research Conference, USA:Massachusetts.2001.
[113]李家鸽.基于知识观的企业理论[M].成都：西南财经大学，2008.
[114]任曙明,郑洋,张婧阳.科技型中小企业资本结构决策与融资服务体系[M].北京：科学出版社，2010.
[115]吕海军.企业知识战略研究[M].哈尔滨：哈尔滨工程大学.2003.
[116]Hagel.J., M.Singh.Unbunding the corporation[J].Harvard BuSiness Rewiew,1999,77(2):133-141.
[117]雷宏振.企业知识创新过程中增进吸纳能力问题研究[M].西安：西北大学，2002.
[118]李金明.基于知识基础的企业创新能力研究[M].上海：上海交通大学，2000.
[119]白瑶.基于知识增长的小企业成长研究[M].天津：天津大学，2006.
[120]贺德方.基于知识网络的科技人才动态评价模式研究[J].中国软科学,2005(6)：47-53.
[121]Patriciam, Norman. Protecting knowledge in strategic alliances resource and relational characteristic[J].Journal of High Technology Management Research,2002,13(2):177-202.
[122]于晓丹,汪克夷.钟琦企业孵化器知识网络及其创新机制研究[J].科技与管理，2009,11(6)：56-59.
[123]丁王晋,陈晓荣,韩丽川.复杂知识网络的结构特征对知识流动的影响[J].上海理工大学学报,2008,30(3)：237-242.
[124]Cardinal,L.B.,Sitkin,S.B.,Long,C. P.Balancing and rebalancing in the creation and evolutionof organizational control[J].Organization Science,2004,15:411-431.
[125]HANGEN C, ALONSO G. Exception handling in workflow management systems[J]. IEEE Transactions on SoftwareEngineering,2000,26(10):943-958.
[126]周之英.现代软件工程——基本方法篇[M].北京：科学出版社,2003.
[127]Dobrokhodov V., Developing Serial Communication Interfaces for Rapid Prototyping of Navigation and Control Tasks[C]//American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. AIAA Modeling and Simulation Technologies Conference and Exhibit,15-18 August 2005,San Francisco, California, 2005-6099.
[128]李洪波,邵秀丽.面向对象法、原型法及CASE方法的有机复合在大型MIS开发中的应用研究[J].计算机工程与应用,2003,39(2)：119-122.
[129]伽玛.设计模式--可复用面向对象软件的基础[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2005.
[130]朱建军.层次分析法的若干问题研究及应用[D].(博士论文).沈阳：东北大学,2005.
[131]Simon Mardle, Sean Pascoe and Ines Herrero. Management Objective Importance in Fisheries:An Evaluation Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP)[J].Environmental Management,2004, 33(1):1-11.
[132]Franco, Zambonelli, Andrea, Omicini. Challenges and Research Directions in Agent-Oriented Software Engineering[J].2004,9(3):253-283.
[133]Pedro Domingos. Toward knowledge-rich data mining [J].2007,15(1):21-28.
[134]康达周,徐宝文,汪鹏等.基于关系矩阵的异构本体间近似查询[J].东南大学学报：英文版,2005,21(1)：1-5.
[135]崔恒,蔡东风,苗雪雷.基于网络的中文问答系统及信息抽取算法研究[J].中文信息学报,2004,18(3)：24-31.
[136]陈亚兵,孙济庆.基于知识库的专家咨询系统设计与实现[J].计算机工程与应用,2009,33(16)：196-198.
[137]黎日隆.中药知识管理与信息技术系统模型[D].(博士论文).武汉：华中科技大学.2006.
[138]屠立.屠航.知识管理系统的框架及技术研究[J].情报科学.2009，23(1)：111-113.
[2]张景安.中国孵化器发展与自主创新战略[J].中国软科学,2007(11)：1-3.
[3]亚当·斯密.国富论[M].文熙译.武汉：武汉大学出版社,2010.
[4]马歇尔.经济学原理[M].彭逸林,王威辉,商金艳译.北京：人民日报出版社,2009.
[5]George Joseph Stigler. Essays in the History of Economics[M].University of Chicago,1965.
[6]Richard R. Nelson, Sidney G. Winter. An evolutionary theory of economic change[M].Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London, England:Harvard University Press,1982.
[7]Ronald H. Coase. The Nature of the Firm[M].Economic.1937.
[8]Oliver E.Williamson. The Economic Institutions of Capitalism:Firms,Markets, Relational Contracting [M].New York:The Free Press,1985.
[9]Sanford Jay Grossman,Oliver D. Hart. The cost and benefits of ownership:A Theory of Vertical and Lateral Integration [J].University of Chicago Press,1986,94(4):691-719.
[10]M Lavoie. The endogenous flow of credit and the post Keynesian theory of money[M].Journal of Economic Issues.1984.
[11]T Penrose E.The Theory of the Growth of the Firm[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1959.
[12]Wernerfelt B.A Resource-based View of the Firm[J].Strategic Management Journal,1984,5 (2): 171-180.
[13]Rumelt, Richard P., Diversity and profitability[J].Strategic Management Journal,1982(3):359-369.
[14]C.K.Prahalad,G.Hamel.The Core Competence of the Corporation[J].Harvard Business Review, 1990,66:79-91.
[15]Teeced J, Pisanog, Shuena.Dynamic Capabilities and strategic Management[J].Strategic Management Journal,1997,18:509-533.
[16]Grant R., editor. The Knowledge-Based View of the Firm[M].New York:Oxford University Press, 2002.
[17]马宏.基于知识网络与企业知识能力的高技术集群企业成长研究[D].(博士论文).长沙：中南大学,2009.
[18]余伟萍.企业持续发展之源：能力与策略应用[M].北京：北京交通大学出版社.2005.
[19]LL Steinmetz. Critical stages of small business growth:When they occur and how to survive them[J]. Business Horizons,1969(2):29-36.
[20]L.E.Greiner. Patterns of organization change[J].Harvard Business Review,1967,45(3):119-130.
[21]NC Churchill,VL Lewis.New firms:Societal contribution versus survival potential[J].Journal of Business Venturing,1987(8):231-246.
[22]厄威克·G·弗莱姆兹.增长的痛苦[M].北京：中国经济出版社,1998.
[23]Ichak Adizes.Managing Corporate Lifecycles[M].Santa Barbara, CA:The Adizes Institute Publishing,2004.
[24]徐操志.组织创新的生命周期观[J].科研管理，2001,22(6)：44-49.
[25]王旭,刘玉国.科技型企业生命周期及其特征分析[J].工业技术经济.2003，22(4)：79-82.
[26]赵玉林.科技型小企业发展的生命周期及其特点分析[J].武汉工业大学学报.2000,22(1)：78-81
[27]陆立军等.科研型中小企业：环境与对策[M].北京：中国经济出版社,2002.
[28]王旭.科技型企业创生机理研究[D].(博士论文).长春：吉林大学,2004.
[29]Pisano.Knowledge and the Speed of the Transferand Imitation of Organizational Capabilities:An Empirical Test[J].ORGANIZATION SCIENCE,1995,6(1):76-94.
[30]Hagel, Singh, Tieney Thoma. What's your strategy for management knowledge[J].Harvard Business Review,1999(3):1-10.
[31]Daryl Morey, Mark Maybury, Bhavani Thuraisingham, Knowledge management:classic and contemporary works [M].Massachusetts Institute of Technology,2002.
[32]彼得·F·德鲁克.知识管理[M].杨开峰,译.北京：中国人民出自版社,1999.
[33]Bassi.Harnessing the power of intellectual capital[J].Training & Development,1997,51(12):71-84.
[34]P Quitas, Lafrere P, Jones G.Knowledge management:a strategic agenda[J].Long Range Planning, 1997,30(3):26-34.
[35]Allee V.知识的进化[M].刘民慧,译.珠海：珠海出版社,1998.
[36]APQC. APQC Annual Knowledge Management Conference[C].The US:Houston,1996.
[37]Yogesh Malhotra. Knowledge management and business model innovation[M].The United States of America:Idea Group Publishing.2001.
[38]左美云.国内外知识管理问题研究综述[J].科学决策.2000(3)：31-37.
[39]Bechmann M.Economic Models of Knowledge Networks, Networks in Action[M].New York:Tokyo,1995.
[40]Inkpen A C, Tsang W.K.Social Capital,Network and Knowledge Transfer[J].Academy of Management Review,2005,30(1):146-165.
[41]蒋恩尧,侯东.基于MIS平台的企业知识网络的组建[J].商业研究.2002(17)：36-37.
[42]赵蓉英.知识网络及其应用[M].北京：北京图书馆出版社，2007.
[43]马德辉,包昌火.企业知识网络能力及其模型建构初探[J].情报学报.2008.27(3)：459-467.
[44]张丽妮.基于Know-Net的知识管理研究[J].情报科学.2004,24(5)：201-202,87.
[45]李勇,史占中.知识网络与企业动态能力[J].情报科学.2006.24(3)：434-437.
[46]DeBresson. Coats C.The new network approach innovation studies & a first prescriptive application: networks and risks of innovation investment[R].Working paper for Tsinghua University,2001.
[47]Hakansson, Johanson.Network as a Governance Structure[M],in Grabher, G.,"The Embedded Firm. The Socioeconomics of Industrial Networks". London:Routledge,1993.
[48]李丹,俞竹超,樊治平.知识网络的构建过程分析[J].科学学研究.2002，20(6)：620-623.
[49]邓卫华,易明,蔡根女.基于知识网络的集群知识演化研究[J].情报杂志,2009(6)：106-109,113.
[50]Rustam Lalkaka, Jack Bishop.Business Incubator in Economic Development:An initial assessment in industrializing countries[J].New York, UNDP,1996(3):50-54.
[51]Krist H. Innvation centers as an element of strategies for endogenous regional development, Science parks and innovation centers:their economic and social impact[J].Proceedings of the conference held in Berlin, ELSEVIER,1985(4):178-182.
[52]NBIA. Knowledge transfer in international acquisitions[J].Journal of Internationa Studies,1999,30(3): 439-462.
[53]Ravi Sawhney. Predictable Magic:Unleash the Power of Design Strategy to Transform Your Business[M].Wharton School Publishing,2010.
[54]Smilor R.W.Managing the Incubator System:Critical Success Factors to AccelerateNew Company Development[J].IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management EM,1986,34(4):146-156.
[55]J Edward, Blakely, Nishikawa Nancy. US state competitive strategies for the biotechonolgy industry[J].Trend in biotechnology,1989(9):222-226.
[56]颜振军.孵化与奋飞[M].北京：民族出版社,2000.
[57]Allen D., Rahman S.Small business incubators:a positive environment for entrepreneurship [J]. Journal of Small Business Management,1985,23(3):12-22.
[58]Smilor, Gill.The new business Incubator:Linking Talent,Technology,Capital,and Know-how [M]. Lexington Massachusetts:D.C.,1986.
[59]吴寿仁.企业孵化原理[M].南京：江苏科学技术出出版社,2007.
[60]钱平凡.孵化器运作的国际经验与我国孵化器产业的发展对策[J].管理世界,2000(6)：78-84.
[61]Kuratko D.F., LaFollette W.R.Small Business Incubators for Local Economic Develop-ment[J].Economic Development Review,1987,5 (2):49-55.
[62]黄涛.我国科技企业孵化器产业化研究[D].(博士论文).武汉：武汉大学.2006.
[63]Rhonda, Philips G.Technology business incubators:how effective as technology transfer mechanism[J].Technology in society,2002(24):299-316.
[64]Lee Seong-Keun.Acomparative study on regional innovation systems in Sweden and South Korea[J]. Korea Obeserver:Spring,2003,34(1):113-117.
[65]Duff Andrew. State of the industry study business incubators in Australia[C].Booragoon:AU STEP Strategic Partnering Pty Ltd,1993.
[66]张景安.中国科技企业孵化器[M].北京：中国科技出版社.2001.
[67]黄涛,李光.关于加快我国科技企业孵化器建设和发展的若干思考[J].中国科技论坛,2004(5)：64-67.
[68]马庆斌,刘晓丽,李同升.企业孵化器及其空间分析——以西安创业服务中心为例[J].人文地理,2002,17(2)：14-17.
[69]刘颖杰,曹东溟.企业孵化器创新功能分析[J].东北大学学报(社会科学版),2003,5(5)：323-326.
[70]于晓丹,汪克夷,钟琦.专业科技企业孵化器对于高新技术产业培育的作用模式研究[J].技术进步与对策,2009,26(22)：90-94.
[71]李智能,张洁,郁义鸿.美国孵化器的发展沿革[J].上海经济研究.2000(7)：38-44.
[72]刘晓英.科技孵化器及虚拟科技孵化网络研究[M].北京：人民出版社.2009.
[73]赵佳宝,卢锐,盛昭翰.西方企业孵化器理论研究[J].管理工程学报.2003,17(4)：100-102.
[74]刘峰涛,张元萍.国家创新体系中的孵化器解构[J].西北工业大学学报(社会科学版),2005,25(1)：30-33，57.
[75]李恒光.我国科技产业、孵化器的经营定位、发展战略及模糊评价[J].华东经济管理,2008.22(1)：57-61.
[76]孙大海.中国百家孵化器调查报告[J].中国科技产业,2005(4)：56-60.
[77]张炜.企业孵化器创业机制的理论研究[J].科技进步与对策,2004,21(11)：110-112.
[78]张冬弟,范伟军,吴寿仁.中国科技企业孵化器问题研究报告[J].科技创业,2004(12)：50-58.
[79]Miles I. etal. Knoledge-Intensive Business Service:User, Carriers and Sources of Innovation Rapport Pour DG13[R].SPRINT-EiMS,1995.
[80]Fiocca R, Gianola A.Network Analysis of Knowledge-Intensive services[C].IMP Conference 2003, Lugano (CH),2003.
[81]Kong-Rae lee. Knowledge Intensive Service Activities(KISA)in Korea's Innovation System[M]. OECD Report,2003.
[82]P Miller.Business Clusters in the UK-A First Assessment[M].Trends Business Research,2001.
[83]What are UNDP's "Knowledge Services"? http://www.undp.org/execbrd/pdf/UNDP%20knowledge%20services.pdf
[84]J Kuusisto, A. Viljamaa. Knowledge-intensive business services nd coproduction of know-ledge-the role of public sector?[J].Frontiers of E-business Research,2004(6):282-298.
[85]C. Hipp. Knowledge-intensive business services in the newmode of knowledge production[J]. AI&Society,1999(13):88-106.
[86]Andreas Pyka, Bernd Ebersberge, Horst Hanusch. A Conceptual Framework to Model Long-Run Qualitative Change in the Energy System[R].Universitaet Augsburg, Institute for Economics.2003.
[87]Guy St. Clair. Strategic Planning, Operational Analysis, Training and Staff Development for Knowledge Services[R/OL].[2007.3.22].http://www.smr-knowledge.com/knowledge.htm.
[88]沪府发[2009]50号.2009-2012年上海服务业发展规划.
[89]金雪军.中国知识服务业发展问题探析[J].软科学,2002,16(3)：12-16.
[90]张晓林.走向知识服务[M].成都：四川大学出版社，2001.
[91]姜永常.知识创新与知识服务[J].图书与情报,2001(1)：24-26.
[92]田红梅.试论图书馆从信息服务走向知识服务[J].情报理论与实践，2003,26(4)：312-314.
[93]李霞,樊治平，冯博.知识服务的概念、特征与模式[J].情报科学,2007.25(10)：1584-1587.
[94]孙成江,吴正荆.知识、知识管理与网络信息知识服务[J].情报资料工作,2002(4)：10-12.
[95]Maria A. Wimmer. Knowledge Management in Electronic Government[C].The 5th IFIP International Working Conference on Knowledge Management in Elecronic Government, Austria:Krems.2004.
[96]Bluller,E, Zenker,A.Business services as actors of knowledge transformation/the role of KIBS in regional and national innovation systems[J].Research Policy,2001,30:1501-1516.
[97]Baark,E..Innovation in a Knowledge-Intensive Service:the Case of Engineering Consultancy [J].Hong Kong University of Science and Technology,1999(4):54-58.
[98]刘宇清,徐宝祥.知识经济环境下图书馆的知识管理与知识服务研究[J].情报科学,2010,24(12)：1796-1800.
[99]靳红,程宏.图书馆知识服务研究综述[J].情报杂志,2004,23(8)：8-10
[100]刘崇学.高校图书馆开展知识服务探讨[J].图书馆学研究.2004(2)：82-83.33.
[101]Andreas S.Rath, etal.Context-Aware Knowledge Services[C].Personal Information Management: PIM 2008, Italy:Florence,2008
[102]陈红梅.试析面向知识服务的图书馆管理创新机[J].图书情报知识,2004(10)：79-81.
[103]杜也力.知识服务模式与创新[M].北京：北京图书馆出版社,2005.
[104]梁桂.科技企业孵化器工作指引[M].上海：上海科学技术文献出版社,2007.
[105]徐凤翔.企业孵化器的功能分析及发展对策[J].理论界,2005(9)：67-68
[106]S. Hugh D. Assessing the intervention effectiveness of business incubation programs on new business start-ups [J].Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship,1999,4(2):117-133.
[107]张炜.科技企业孵化器服务项目与服务绩效关系实证研究[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2006,27(4)：159-164.
[108]钟卫东，孙大海,施立华.企业孵化器的复杂性：分析与启示[J].科技进步与对策,2006，23(2)：156-158.
[109]孙亚芳,梁嘉骅；从美国孵化器的发展看中国科技企业孵化器的发展方向[J].科技与管理,2006(5)：44-46,49.
[110]陈静远,黄长春,左亮.中国大学科技园与英国科技园建设和管理模式研究[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2005,26(8)：50-54.
[111]EUREKA Projects,http://www.eurekanetwork.org/projects.
[112]Peter Zillmer.New economy incubators in Germany-an empirical investigation of structures and strategies[C].Proceedings of the Twenty-First Annual Entrepreneurship Research Conference, USA:Massachusetts.2001.
[113]李家鸽.基于知识观的企业理论[M].成都：西南财经大学，2008.
[114]任曙明,郑洋,张婧阳.科技型中小企业资本结构决策与融资服务体系[M].北京：科学出版社，2010.
[115]吕海军.企业知识战略研究[M].哈尔滨：哈尔滨工程大学.2003.
[116]Hagel.J., M.Singh.Unbunding the corporation[J].Harvard BuSiness Rewiew,1999,77(2):133-141.
[117]雷宏振.企业知识创新过程中增进吸纳能力问题研究[M].西安：西北大学，2002.
[118]李金明.基于知识基础的企业创新能力研究[M].上海：上海交通大学，2000.
[119]白瑶.基于知识增长的小企业成长研究[M].天津：天津大学，2006.
[120]贺德方.基于知识网络的科技人才动态评价模式研究[J].中国软科学,2005(6)：47-53.
[121]Patriciam, Norman. Protecting knowledge in strategic alliances resource and relational characteristic[J].Journal of High Technology Management Research,2002,13(2):177-202.
[122]于晓丹,汪克夷.钟琦企业孵化器知识网络及其创新机制研究[J].科技与管理，2009,11(6)：56-59.
[123]丁王晋,陈晓荣,韩丽川.复杂知识网络的结构特征对知识流动的影响[J].上海理工大学学报,2008,30(3)：237-242.
[124]Cardinal,L.B.,Sitkin,S.B.,Long,C. P.Balancing and rebalancing in the creation and evolutionof organizational control[J].Organization Science,2004,15:411-431.
[125]HANGEN C, ALONSO G. Exception handling in workflow management systems[J]. IEEE Transactions on SoftwareEngineering,2000,26(10):943-958.
[126]周之英.现代软件工程——基本方法篇[M].北京：科学出版社,2003.
[127]Dobrokhodov V., Developing Serial Communication Interfaces for Rapid Prototyping of Navigation and Control Tasks[C]//American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. AIAA Modeling and Simulation Technologies Conference and Exhibit,15-18 August 2005,San Francisco, California, 2005-6099.
[128]李洪波,邵秀丽.面向对象法、原型法及CASE方法的有机复合在大型MIS开发中的应用研究[J].计算机工程与应用,2003,39(2)：119-122.
[129]伽玛.设计模式--可复用面向对象软件的基础[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2005.
[130]朱建军.层次分析法的若干问题研究及应用[D].(博士论文).沈阳：东北大学,2005.
[131]Simon Mardle, Sean Pascoe and Ines Herrero. Management Objective Importance in Fisheries:An Evaluation Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP)[J].Environmental Management,2004, 33(1):1-11.
[132]Franco, Zambonelli, Andrea, Omicini. Challenges and Research Directions in Agent-Oriented Software Engineering[J].2004,9(3):253-283.
[133]Pedro Domingos. Toward knowledge-rich data mining [J].2007,15(1):21-28.
[134]康达周,徐宝文,汪鹏等.基于关系矩阵的异构本体间近似查询[J].东南大学学报：英文版,2005,21(1)：1-5.
[135]崔恒,蔡东风,苗雪雷.基于网络的中文问答系统及信息抽取算法研究[J].中文信息学报,2004,18(3)：24-31.
[136]陈亚兵,孙济庆.基于知识库的专家咨询系统设计与实现[J].计算机工程与应用,2009,33(16)：196-198.
[137]黎日隆.中药知识管理与信息技术系统模型[D].(博士论文).武汉：华中科技大学.2006.
[138]屠立.屠航.知识管理系统的框架及技术研究[J].情报科学.2009，23(1)：111-113.