新创企业网络位置、知识资源获取对企业竞争优势的影响机制研究
|
摘要
随着现今世界经济的迅猛发展,越来越多的企业意图在竞争越演越烈的市场上占据一席之地。而大多数有冒险精神的人士选择新创企业这一形式来达成目的。新创企业的成立形式灵活多样,便利于各位资源薄弱的创业者。尤其这些新创企业具有新生活力,加速了产业技术的创新发展,推动了国家和地区的经济发展。但由于资源受限且缺少支持,面临很大的不确定性,许多新创企业并不能顺利成长,夭折于创立初期,存活率较低。这成为了各位创业者心中的一个隐忧。
近年来,企业越来越依赖于各企业的网络关系来获取支持,新创企业也开始有计划的选择合适的网络位置来嵌入于本地网络,解决资源短缺的问题,并设法将企业地位依赖转化为支配。这也为新创企业向利益终端的前进奠定了基础。因此,如何构建合适的网络位置,使其可持续的为新创企业提供资源优势,也就成为新创企业要面临的一个重要问题。现有研究虽然也阐述了不同的网络位置特征以及会为企业带来的核心优势,但对于网络位置影响企业竞争优势的机理研究明显不足,尤其是有关新创企业的研究更显稀少。
本文在对新创企业网络位置、知识资源获取和企业竞争优势等相关文献进行回顾和整理的基础上,深入挖掘了新创企业竞争优势的维度划分,围绕着企业如何构建合适的网络位置来培养新创企业的竞争优势这一基本问题,构建了网络位置、知识资源获取和企业竞争优势的关系模型。进一步的探讨了这三个问题：(1)不同的网络位置对新创企业的竞争优势有怎么样的影响?(2)知识资源获取对新创企业竞争优势的影响如何?(3)知识资源获取在网络位置与新创企业竞争优势的关系之间起着什么样的作用?本文采用问卷调查的方式,获取了新创企业的相关数据,并通过相关分析、因子分析、多元线性回归分析等统计方法对所提出的理论模型和研究假设进行了验证,主要得出以下研究结论：
(1)本研究以相关研究为基础,用中心度、网络密度和网络异质性来衡量企业个体网络位置,并研究其与新创企业竞争优势这间的关系。研究结果表明,它们都对竞争优势有积极的正向影响。具体而言,高中心度有利于新创企业接触网络中的稀有资源和知识,并与其他企业建立联系,获取相关企业的认可,以便新创企业降低资源的获取成本,并取得支持,进而提升企业的资源优势；而处于结构洞位置的企业能够获取更多的异质性知识,为企业提升自主创新能力提供基础,为企业竞争优势的持续构筑提供助力。当然,凡事过犹不及,过分沉溺于网络位置的构建,反而会适得其反。
(2)随着社会网络理论的深入研究,学者们注意到网络位置对新创企业竞争优势的作用更多的是通过知识资源获取来实现的。新创企业的网络位置必然会导致企业的资源获取,然并不是所有的资源会提升新创企业的竞争优势构建,只有那些稀缺的,有价值的,资源才会为竞争优势的构建添砖加瓦。实证研究的结果表明,知识资源获取在新创企业的网络位置与企业竞争优势之间起着中介作用。
With the development of the economy over the world, more and more adventurous people want to win in the market by launching new ventures. New ventures are the newborn strength that has vigor and flexible forms, thus they promote the innovation of the technology while they accelerate the growth of the social and regional economy. Because of the liability of newness which led to its high uncertainty, many new ventures that show a phenomenon of lower survival rate died in the early growth stage. It becomes a concern of many entrepreneurs.
In the recent years, many ventures begin to take advantage of the stable relationship with external network to gain support. New ventures also plan to choose network position to solve the problem of the shortage of resources and translate the dependence of new ventures into the dominance. So how to establish the network position for providing the resource advantage of new ventures becomes the key problem of new ventures. Although, existing theoretical research outlined the characteristics of network position and the competitive advantage it brings up, the research on mechanism and context of how network position impacts firms'competitive advantage are still inadequate, and the relative empirical research findings also have some of the conflict, especially those new ventures.
Based on the review of the relevant studies of network position, knowledge acquisition and competitive advantage of new ventures, focusing on how to build an appropriate network position to enhance the competitive advantage, this paper establishes a model of network position, knowledge acquisition and competitive advantage. This paper also explore three closely related questions step by step:First, what are the impacts of network positions on competitive advantage? Second, what are the impacts of knowledge acquisition on competitive advantage? Third, what are the mechanisms of knowledge acquisition on the relationship between network position and competitive advantage? Empirically, this paper was conducted with a questionnaire and the data was get from related new ventures. We apply data factor analysis and linear regression analysis to test the theoretical model and hypothesis raised. Through the above research, some conclusions can be presented as follows:
(1)Based on the relevant researches, this paper uses centrality, network heterogeneity and network density to measure the network position and studies their impacts on the competitive advantage. The empirical results suggest that they have positive impacts on the competitive advantage. Specifically, on one hand, the prominent position has impacts on new ventures'acquisition of rare resources and knowledge, and establishing closed contact and trust between pairs, which can lower the cost of acquiring new resources, get support and promote the resource advantages. On the other hand, those new ventures in structural hole position can gain more heterogeneous knowledge, which pave the way of strengthening the independent innovation capability and provide helps for sustaining the competitive advantage. However, too much water drowned the miller. If the firms maintain high levels on network position, it may result in poor performance.
(2)As the network theories developed, more and more researchers find that the effects of network position on the competitive advantage for the new venture mostly depend on the knowledge acquisition. The network position of new venture can result in the acquisition of resources. But not all the resource would promote the competitive advantage of new venture. Only those valuable, rare resources that are difficult to get are good for the competitive advantage. The empirical researches show that the knowledge acquisition performs the intermediation functions between the network position and the competitive advantage for the new venture.
近年来,企业越来越依赖于各企业的网络关系来获取支持,新创企业也开始有计划的选择合适的网络位置来嵌入于本地网络,解决资源短缺的问题,并设法将企业地位依赖转化为支配。这也为新创企业向利益终端的前进奠定了基础。因此,如何构建合适的网络位置,使其可持续的为新创企业提供资源优势,也就成为新创企业要面临的一个重要问题。现有研究虽然也阐述了不同的网络位置特征以及会为企业带来的核心优势,但对于网络位置影响企业竞争优势的机理研究明显不足,尤其是有关新创企业的研究更显稀少。
本文在对新创企业网络位置、知识资源获取和企业竞争优势等相关文献进行回顾和整理的基础上,深入挖掘了新创企业竞争优势的维度划分,围绕着企业如何构建合适的网络位置来培养新创企业的竞争优势这一基本问题,构建了网络位置、知识资源获取和企业竞争优势的关系模型。进一步的探讨了这三个问题：(1)不同的网络位置对新创企业的竞争优势有怎么样的影响?(2)知识资源获取对新创企业竞争优势的影响如何?(3)知识资源获取在网络位置与新创企业竞争优势的关系之间起着什么样的作用?本文采用问卷调查的方式,获取了新创企业的相关数据,并通过相关分析、因子分析、多元线性回归分析等统计方法对所提出的理论模型和研究假设进行了验证,主要得出以下研究结论：
(1)本研究以相关研究为基础,用中心度、网络密度和网络异质性来衡量企业个体网络位置,并研究其与新创企业竞争优势这间的关系。研究结果表明,它们都对竞争优势有积极的正向影响。具体而言,高中心度有利于新创企业接触网络中的稀有资源和知识,并与其他企业建立联系,获取相关企业的认可,以便新创企业降低资源的获取成本,并取得支持,进而提升企业的资源优势；而处于结构洞位置的企业能够获取更多的异质性知识,为企业提升自主创新能力提供基础,为企业竞争优势的持续构筑提供助力。当然,凡事过犹不及,过分沉溺于网络位置的构建,反而会适得其反。
(2)随着社会网络理论的深入研究,学者们注意到网络位置对新创企业竞争优势的作用更多的是通过知识资源获取来实现的。新创企业的网络位置必然会导致企业的资源获取,然并不是所有的资源会提升新创企业的竞争优势构建,只有那些稀缺的,有价值的,资源才会为竞争优势的构建添砖加瓦。实证研究的结果表明,知识资源获取在新创企业的网络位置与企业竞争优势之间起着中介作用。
With the development of the economy over the world, more and more adventurous people want to win in the market by launching new ventures. New ventures are the newborn strength that has vigor and flexible forms, thus they promote the innovation of the technology while they accelerate the growth of the social and regional economy. Because of the liability of newness which led to its high uncertainty, many new ventures that show a phenomenon of lower survival rate died in the early growth stage. It becomes a concern of many entrepreneurs.
In the recent years, many ventures begin to take advantage of the stable relationship with external network to gain support. New ventures also plan to choose network position to solve the problem of the shortage of resources and translate the dependence of new ventures into the dominance. So how to establish the network position for providing the resource advantage of new ventures becomes the key problem of new ventures. Although, existing theoretical research outlined the characteristics of network position and the competitive advantage it brings up, the research on mechanism and context of how network position impacts firms'competitive advantage are still inadequate, and the relative empirical research findings also have some of the conflict, especially those new ventures.
Based on the review of the relevant studies of network position, knowledge acquisition and competitive advantage of new ventures, focusing on how to build an appropriate network position to enhance the competitive advantage, this paper establishes a model of network position, knowledge acquisition and competitive advantage. This paper also explore three closely related questions step by step:First, what are the impacts of network positions on competitive advantage? Second, what are the impacts of knowledge acquisition on competitive advantage? Third, what are the mechanisms of knowledge acquisition on the relationship between network position and competitive advantage? Empirically, this paper was conducted with a questionnaire and the data was get from related new ventures. We apply data factor analysis and linear regression analysis to test the theoretical model and hypothesis raised. Through the above research, some conclusions can be presented as follows:
(1)Based on the relevant researches, this paper uses centrality, network heterogeneity and network density to measure the network position and studies their impacts on the competitive advantage. The empirical results suggest that they have positive impacts on the competitive advantage. Specifically, on one hand, the prominent position has impacts on new ventures'acquisition of rare resources and knowledge, and establishing closed contact and trust between pairs, which can lower the cost of acquiring new resources, get support and promote the resource advantages. On the other hand, those new ventures in structural hole position can gain more heterogeneous knowledge, which pave the way of strengthening the independent innovation capability and provide helps for sustaining the competitive advantage. However, too much water drowned the miller. If the firms maintain high levels on network position, it may result in poor performance.
(2)As the network theories developed, more and more researchers find that the effects of network position on the competitive advantage for the new venture mostly depend on the knowledge acquisition. The network position of new venture can result in the acquisition of resources. But not all the resource would promote the competitive advantage of new venture. Only those valuable, rare resources that are difficult to get are good for the competitive advantage. The empirical researches show that the knowledge acquisition performs the intermediation functions between the network position and the competitive advantage for the new venture.
引文
[1]艾莉.知识的进化[M].珠海：珠海出版社,1998.
[2]边燕杰.网络脱生：创业过程的社会学分析[J].社会学研究,2006(6)：74-88.
[3]边燕杰.公司的社会资本及其对公司业绩的影响：社会网络分析[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2004.
[4]陈迪.组织知识获取能力提升的社会网络分析[J].东南大学学报,2006,9.
[5]陈颉.基于知识观的创业机会开发模式研究[J].科技进步与对策,2006,5.
[6]陈莉平.嵌入社会网络的企业竞争优势探源[J].经济管理工作·新管,2005.
[7]陈巍,尹苗苗,蔡莉.新创企业社会网络对知识获取影响的内在机理研究[J].情报科学,2010.
[8]陈学光.网络能力、创新网络及创新绩效关系研究—以浙江高新技术企业为例[D].浙江大学,2007.
[9]戴勇,范明.企业知识资源配置与区间规划方法研究[J].科技进步与对策,2010.
[10]邓英.人力资本、网络能力与企业竞争优势的整合关系研究[D].中南大学,2009.
[11]高可为.超经济学视角的企业竞争优势观[J].中国流通经济,2010.
[12]胡振华,阳志梅.网络嵌入性与集群企业竞争优势：基于组织学习视角的研[J].现代管理科学,2009(2).
[13]惠双民.资产专用性、网络扩展和私人秩序[J].经济研究,2002,(7).
[14]江旭,高山行,廖貅武.外部知识获取、新产品开发与企业绩效关系的实证研究[J].研究与发展管理,2008,10.
[15]姜彦福,高建,程源,邱琼.全球创业观察：2002中国报告[R].北京：清华大学出版社,2003
[16]焦俊,李垣.基于联盟网络的企业知识获得和技术创新[J].研究与发展管理,2008,20(1)：104-109.
[17]李纲.企业网络结构与知识获取的关系模型[J].技术经济与管理研究,2010(1).
[18]李志刚,汤书昆,梁晓艳,赵林捷.产业集群网络结构与企业创新绩效关系研究[J].科学学研究,2007,25(4)：777-782.
[19]林南.社会资本：关于社会结构与行动的理论[M].张磊,译.上海：上海人民出版社,2005.
[20]林嵩,姜彦福.基于创业机会特征的新创企业竞争性行为研究[J].科研管理,2008,1.
[21]林嵩.创业资源的获取与整合—创业过程的一个解读视角[J].经济问题探索,2007,6.
[22]刘雪锋.网络嵌入性与差异化战略及企业绩效关系研究[D].浙江大学,2007.
[23]马庆国.管理统计[M].北京：科学出版社,2002.
[24]彭新敏.企业网络对技术创新绩效的作用机制研究,利用性—探索性学习的
[25]钱锡红,杨永福,徐万里.企业网络位置、吸引能力与创新绩效[J].管理世界,2010.
[26]盛意.企业关系网络对企业社会资本获取影响的实证研究[J].湘潭大学学报,2010,1.
[27]王晓飞.新创企业外部网络关系品质、内部能力与成长绩效研究[D].浙江大学,2001.
[28]王晓娟.知识网络与集群企业竞争优势研究[D].浙江大学,2007.
[29]王宇露,李元旭.海外子公司东道国网络结构与网络学习效果—网络学习方式是调节变量吗[J]南开管理评论,2009(3).
[30]王志涛,职鹏飞.基于网络的国际新创企业知识转移影响因素分析[J].科技进步与对策,2009,2(26).
[31]吴波.基于匹配视角的集群企业网络化成长机制研究[D].浙江大学,2007.
[32]向玉凡,程宏伟.企业网络、专用性投资与企业竞争优势[J].吉林工商学院学报,2008,5.
[33]徐梦周,蔡宁.联合投资网络、中心性与创投机构绩效[J].重庆大学学报,2011,1.
[34]杨桂菊.基于社会资本理论的网络组织演化机制新阐释[J].软科学,2007.
[35]杨曦东.企业家导向、外部知识获取与产品创新的关系研究[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2009,5.
[36]宇红.企业技术创新过程中的知识、认知力与交流——社会资本视角下的分析[J].理论界,2008,10.
[37]曾一军.企业网络嵌入与竞争优势[J].云南社会科学,2010(6).
[38]曾一军.新创企业的社会网络嵌入研究[J].科技进步与对策,2007.
[39]张杰,张少军,刘志彪.多维技术溢出效应、本土企业创新动力与产业升级的路径选择一基于中国地方产业集群形态的研究[J].南开经济研究,2007(3)：47-67.
[40]张玲,崔岳春,李淑芬.基于社会网络的知识创新与集群企业竞争优势关系实证研究[J].科技进步与对策,2011,28(4)：59-63.
[41]张玉利,杜国臣.创业的合法性悖论[J].中国软科学,2007.
[42]赵敏都.社会网络视角在创业研究中的进展[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2007,8
中介效应[D].浙江大学,2009.
[43]朱秀梅,费宇鹏.关系特征、资源获取与初创企业绩效关系实证研究[J].南开管理评论,2010.
[44]朱雅彦,徐碧琳.超强竞争环境下网络组织竞争优势的发挥——以Dell公司网络组织结构分析为例[J].现代管理科学,2010(2).
[45]AKB AR ZAHEER, GEOFFREY G, BELL. Benefiting from Network Position:Firm Capabilities, Structural Holes, and Performance[J]. Strategic Management Journal.2005:806-825.
[46]ALVAREZ S A,BARNEY J B. Organizing Rent Generation and Appropriation:Toward a Theory of the Entrepreneurial Firm[J]. Journal of Business Venturing,2004(5):621-635.
[47]ARILLO. On strategic networks[J]. Strategic Management Journal,1998,9(1):31-41.
[48]BATJARGAL. Effects of Social Capital on Entrepreneurial Performance in Russia, in P.Reynolds, at el (Eds.), Fronitiers of Entrepreneurship Research.Babson:Babson College Mass,2001.
[49]BAUM J A C, INGRAM P L. Survival-enhancing learning in the Manhattan hotel industry, 1898-1980[J]. Management Science,1998(44):996-1016.
[50]BAUM J A C, MEZIAS S J. Localized Competition and Organizational Failure in the Manhattan Hotel Industry,1898-1990, Administrative Science Quarterly,1992,37(4):580-604.
[51]BAUM J A C. Companion to Organizations[M]. Malden, MA:Blackwel,2002.
[52]BLOODGOOD J M. Sustaining Competitive Advantage:The Role of Tacit Knowledge in a Resource-based Perspective[J]. Doctoral Dissertation of University of South Carolina,1997.
[53]BORYS B, JEMISON D B. Hybrid Arrangements as Strategic Alliances:Theoretical Issues in Organizational Combinations[J]. Academy of Management Review,1989,14(2).
[54]BUSENITZ L W, WEST G P, SHEPHERD D,NELSON T, ZACHARAKIS A. Entrepreneu rship Research in Emergence:Past Trends and Future Directions. Journal of Management, 2003,29(3):285-308. Business Review,1983, (61).
[55]CHAN K W, MUABORGNE R. Strategy Value Innovation and the Knowledge Economy [J].Sloan Management Review,1999,(Spring):41-54.
[56]CHAN K W, MUABORGNE R. Value Innovation:The Strategic Logic of High Growth[J]. Harvard Business Review,1997:1-2.
[57]CHANDLER G, HANKS SH. Market attractiveness, resource-based capabilities, venture strategies and venture performance[J]. Journal of Business Venturing,1994(9):331-349
[58]CHURCHILL N C, LEWIS V L. The Five Stages of Small Business Growth[J]. Harvard
[59]Coleman J S. The Foundations of Social Theory[J]. Cambridge, MA, Belknap Press, Harvard University Press,1990.
[60]DACIN M T, OLIVER C, ROY J P. The Legitimacy of Strategic Alliances, an Institutional Perspective[J].Strategic Management Journal,2007,28(2):169-187.
[61]DAWES P L, LEE D Y, BOWLING C R. Informal Information Control in Complex Technological Purchase Situations [J]. Journal of Marketing,1998,62:55-58.
[62]DYER J H. Specialized Supplier Networks as Source of Competitive Advanta ge:Evidence from the Auto Industry [J]. Journal of Strategic Management.1996.
[63]FAHY J, SMITHEE A. Strategic Marketing and Resource Based View of the Firm [J]. Academy of Marketing Science,1999(10):1-20.
[64]FREEMAN. The Gatekeeper, Pair Dependency and Structural Centrality[J]. Quality and Quantity, 1980,14.
[65]GALE B T. Managing Customer Value:Creating Quality and Service that Customer Can See[M]. New York:Free Press,1994.
[66]GARTNER W B. A conceptual Framework for Describing the Phenomenon of New Venture Creation[J]. Academy of Management Review.1985,10 (4):696-706.
[67]GNYAWALI D, MADHAVAN R. Cooperative Networks and Competitive Dynamics:a Structural Embeddedness Perspective[J]. Academy of Management Review.2001,26(3):43-45.
[68]GRANOVETTER M S. Problems of Explanation in Economic Sociology. In N. Nohria and R. G Eccles(eds.), Networks and Organizations. Boston:Harvard Business School Press,1992:25-56.
[69]GRANOVETTER M. Economic Action and Social Structure:The Problem of Embeddedness[J]. American Journal of Sociology,1985,91(3):481-510.
[70]GRANOVETTER, MARK. Economic Action and Social Structure:The Problem of Embeddedness[J]. American Journal of sociology,1985(91):481-510.
[71]GULATI R,NOHRIA N, ZAHEER A. Strategic Networks[J]. Strategic Management Joumal,2000,21(3): 203-215.
[72]GULATI R. Network Location and Learning, the Influence of Network Resource and Firm Capabilities on Alliance Formation[J]. Strategic Management Journal,1999,20(5),397-420
[73]GUPTA A, GOVINDARAJAN V. Knowledge Fows within Multinational Corporations [J]. Strategic Management. Journal 2000,21(4):473-496.
[74]HARGADON A,SUTTON R I. Technology Brokering and Innovation in a Product Development Firm[J]. Administrative Science Quarterly,1997,42(4):716-749.
[75]HAVNES P A, SENNESETH K. A panel Study of Firm Growth among SMEs in Networks[J]. Small Business Economics,2001,16 (4):293-302.
[76]HOFER C W, SCHENDEL. Strategy Formulation:Analytic Concepts [M]. St.Paul. M.N. West 25.1978.
[77]HOLSAPPLE CW, SINGHM. The Knowledge Chain Model:Activities for Competitiveness[J]. Expert Systems with Applications,2001,20(1):77-98.
[78]HUMAN S, PROVAN K. Legitimacy Building in the Evolution of Small-firm Multilateral Network, A Comparative Study of Success and Demise[J]. Administrative Science Quarterly,2000,45(2),327-365.
[79]ISLAMD M Z, DOSHID J A, MAHTAB H, AHMADD Z A. Team Learningd Top Management Support and New Product Development Success [J]. International Journal of Managing Projects in Business,2009,2(2):238-260.
[80]JANSEN J F, VAN DEN BOSCHD H, VOLBERDAH. Managing Potentialand Realized Absorptive Capacity:How do Organizational Antecedents Matter[J].Academy of Management Journal,2005,48(6):999-1015.
[81]KAPLAN R,NORTON D P. The Balanced Score Card[M]. Boston HBS,1996.
[82]KOKA B, PRESCOTT J. Designing Alliance Networks, the Influence of Network Position, Environmental Change, and Strategy on Firm Performance[J]. Strategic Management Joumal,2008,29(6),639-661.
[83]KOKA B, PRESCOTT J. Designing Alliance Networks, the Influence of Network Position, Environmental Change, and Strategy on Firm Performance[J]. Strategic Management Journal,2008,29(6):639-661.
[84]LANE P J. et al. Absorptive Capacity, Learning and Performance in International Joint Ventures[J]. Strategic Management Journal,2001,22(8):39-61.
[85]LESGOLD A. Problem Solving. In The Psychologyof Human Thought, Sternberg RJ, Smith EE (eds).Cambridge University Press:Cambridge, U.K.1988.188-213.
[86]LIAO J, WELSCH H. Social Capital and Entrepreneurial Growth Aspiration:A Comparison of Technology-and Non-Technology-Based Nascent Entrepreneurs. Journal of High Technology Management Research,2003,14(1):149-170.
[87]MARSDEN. Network Data and Measurement [J]. Annual Review of Sociology,1990, (16):435-463.
[88]MATA F J, FUERST W L, BARNEY J B. Information Technology and Sustained Competitive Advantage: a Resource-based Analysis [J]. MIS Quarterly 1995,19(4):487-504.
[89]MCEVILY B, ZAHEER A. Bridging Ties:A Source of Firm Heterogeneity in Competiti-ve Capabilities[J]. Strategic Management Journal 1999,20(12).
[90]MILLER D, SHAMSIE J. The Resource-based View of the Firm in two Environments:the Hollywood Film Studios from 1936 to 1965[J]. Academy of Management Journal,1996 (39):519-543.
[91]MILLER D, SHAMSIE J. The Resource-based View of the Firm in two Environments:the Hollywood Film Studios from 1936 to 1965[J]. Academy of Management Journal 1996(39):519-543.
[92]MOUZAS S. Efficiency versus Effectiveness in Business Networks[J]. Journal of Business Research,2006,59(10-11):1124-1132.
[93]MYLES VOGEL. Levering Information Technology Competencies and Capabilities for Competitive Advantage[J]. Doctoral Dissertation of University of Maryland,2005.
[94]OLIVER C. The Institutional Embeddedness of Economic Activity, in J. C. Baum and J.E. Dutton (Eds.), Advances in Strategic Management, Greenwich, Conn, JAI Press.1996,(13):163-186.
[95]PERRY-SMITH J E, SHALLEY C E. The Social Side of Creativity:a Statue and Dynamic Social Network Perspective[J]. Academy of Management Review,2003,28(1):89-112.
[96]PITTA R A C. Snow. Strategies for Competitive Success[M] John Wiley and Sons, New York,1986.
[97]POWELL W, KOPUT K W, SMITH-DOERR L. Interorganizational Collaboration and the Locus of Innovation:Networks of Learning in Biotechnology [J]. Administrative Science Quarterly,1996, (41):116-145.
[98]PREMARATNE S P. Entrepreneurial Networks and Small business Development:The Case of Small Enterprises in Sri Lanka[J]. Doctoral Dissertation of Eindhoven University of Technology,2002.
[99]ROMANELLI E. Environments and Strategies of Organization Start-up:Effects on Early Survival[J]. Administrative Science Quarterly,1989(34):369-387.
[100]SALMON N.SAIVES A. Indirect Networks:An Intangible Resource for Biotechnology Innovation[J]. R&D management 2005,35(2):203-215.
[101]SCHULTE W. The Effect of International Corporate Strategies and Information and Communication Technologies on Competitive Advantage and Firm Performance:an Exploratory Study of the International Engineering, Procurement and Construction Industry[J]. Doctoral Dissertation of George Washington University,1999.
[102]SKVORETZ J, FARARO T J, AGNEESSENTS F. Advanced in biased net theory:Definitions, Derivations, and Estimations [J]. Social Network,2004,26 (2):113-139.
[103]STICHOMBE A L. Organizations and Social Sructure[A]. in March, J G(Ed). Handbook of organizations[C]. Chicago,IL:Rand-McNally,1965:153-193.
[104]SZULANSKI G. Exploring Internal Stickiness:Impediments to the Transfer of Best Practice Within the Firm[J]. Strategic Management Journal,1996(17):27-43.
[105]TSAI W, GHOSHAL S. Social Capital and Value Creation:The Role of Intra-firm Networks[J]. Academy of Management Journal,1998,41(4):464-476.
[106]TSAI. Knowledge Transfer in Intraorganizational Networks:Effects of Network Position and Absorptive Capacity on Business Unit Innovation and Performance [J]. Academy of Management Journal.2001,44 (5):996-1004.
[107]TSANG E W K. Acquiring Knowledge by Foreign Partners from International Joint Ventures in a Transition Economy:Learning-by-doing and Learning Myopia[J]. Strategic Management Journal, 2002,23(9),835-854.
[108]UZZI B, LANCASTER R. Relational Embeddedness and Learning:Case of Managers and their Clients[J]. Management Science,2003,49(4):383-399.
[109]UZZI B. Social Structure and Competition in Intertirm Networks, The Paradox of Embeddedness[J].Administrative Science Quarterly,1997,42(1):35-67.
[110]UZZI B. Structural Embeddedness and the Persistence of Repeated Ties[R]. Academy of Management Annual Meeting,1998,8.
[111]WERNERFELT B A. Resource-based View of the Firm[J]. Strategic Management Journal,1984.
[112]WERNERFELT B. A Resource-based view of the Firm[J]. Strategic Management Journal,1984(5):171-180.
[113]WERNERFELT, BIRGER. A resource-based view of the firm[J]. Strategic Management Journal.1984,5(2):171-180.
[114]WHIE H. Identity and Control, A Structural Theory of Social Action. Princeton, NJ,Princeton University Press,1992,35-105.
[115]WIKLUND J, SHEPHERD.Knowledge-based Resource,Entrepreneurial Orientation, and the Performance of Small and Medium-Sized Business[J].Strategic Management Journal 2003,24(13),1307-1314.
[116]YLI-RENKO H, AUTIO E, SAPIENZA H J. Social Capital, Knowledge Acquisition,and Knowledge Exploitation in Young Technology-Based Firms[J]. Strategic Management Journal,2001,22 (6/7):587-613.
[117]YLI-RENKO H, AUTIO E, SAPIENZA H J. Social Capital, Knowledge Acquisition, and Knowledge Exploitation in Young Technology-based Firms[J]. Strategic Management Journal,2001,22(6-7): 587-613.
[118]YLI-RENKO H, AUTIO E, SAPIENZA H J. Social Capital, Knowledge Acquisition, and Knowledge Exploitation in Young Technology-based Firms[J]. Strategic Management Journal,2001,(6-7),587-613.
[119]ZAHRA S A, COVIN J G. Contextual Infuences on the Corporate Entrepreneurship Performance Relationship:A Longitudinal Analysis[J]. Business Venturing,1995,10:43-58.
[2]边燕杰.网络脱生：创业过程的社会学分析[J].社会学研究,2006(6)：74-88.
[3]边燕杰.公司的社会资本及其对公司业绩的影响：社会网络分析[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2004.
[4]陈迪.组织知识获取能力提升的社会网络分析[J].东南大学学报,2006,9.
[5]陈颉.基于知识观的创业机会开发模式研究[J].科技进步与对策,2006,5.
[6]陈莉平.嵌入社会网络的企业竞争优势探源[J].经济管理工作·新管,2005.
[7]陈巍,尹苗苗,蔡莉.新创企业社会网络对知识获取影响的内在机理研究[J].情报科学,2010.
[8]陈学光.网络能力、创新网络及创新绩效关系研究—以浙江高新技术企业为例[D].浙江大学,2007.
[9]戴勇,范明.企业知识资源配置与区间规划方法研究[J].科技进步与对策,2010.
[10]邓英.人力资本、网络能力与企业竞争优势的整合关系研究[D].中南大学,2009.
[11]高可为.超经济学视角的企业竞争优势观[J].中国流通经济,2010.
[12]胡振华,阳志梅.网络嵌入性与集群企业竞争优势：基于组织学习视角的研[J].现代管理科学,2009(2).
[13]惠双民.资产专用性、网络扩展和私人秩序[J].经济研究,2002,(7).
[14]江旭,高山行,廖貅武.外部知识获取、新产品开发与企业绩效关系的实证研究[J].研究与发展管理,2008,10.
[15]姜彦福,高建,程源,邱琼.全球创业观察：2002中国报告[R].北京：清华大学出版社,2003
[16]焦俊,李垣.基于联盟网络的企业知识获得和技术创新[J].研究与发展管理,2008,20(1)：104-109.
[17]李纲.企业网络结构与知识获取的关系模型[J].技术经济与管理研究,2010(1).
[18]李志刚,汤书昆,梁晓艳,赵林捷.产业集群网络结构与企业创新绩效关系研究[J].科学学研究,2007,25(4)：777-782.
[19]林南.社会资本：关于社会结构与行动的理论[M].张磊,译.上海：上海人民出版社,2005.
[20]林嵩,姜彦福.基于创业机会特征的新创企业竞争性行为研究[J].科研管理,2008,1.
[21]林嵩.创业资源的获取与整合—创业过程的一个解读视角[J].经济问题探索,2007,6.
[22]刘雪锋.网络嵌入性与差异化战略及企业绩效关系研究[D].浙江大学,2007.
[23]马庆国.管理统计[M].北京：科学出版社,2002.
[24]彭新敏.企业网络对技术创新绩效的作用机制研究,利用性—探索性学习的
[25]钱锡红,杨永福,徐万里.企业网络位置、吸引能力与创新绩效[J].管理世界,2010.
[26]盛意.企业关系网络对企业社会资本获取影响的实证研究[J].湘潭大学学报,2010,1.
[27]王晓飞.新创企业外部网络关系品质、内部能力与成长绩效研究[D].浙江大学,2001.
[28]王晓娟.知识网络与集群企业竞争优势研究[D].浙江大学,2007.
[29]王宇露,李元旭.海外子公司东道国网络结构与网络学习效果—网络学习方式是调节变量吗[J]南开管理评论,2009(3).
[30]王志涛,职鹏飞.基于网络的国际新创企业知识转移影响因素分析[J].科技进步与对策,2009,2(26).
[31]吴波.基于匹配视角的集群企业网络化成长机制研究[D].浙江大学,2007.
[32]向玉凡,程宏伟.企业网络、专用性投资与企业竞争优势[J].吉林工商学院学报,2008,5.
[33]徐梦周,蔡宁.联合投资网络、中心性与创投机构绩效[J].重庆大学学报,2011,1.
[34]杨桂菊.基于社会资本理论的网络组织演化机制新阐释[J].软科学,2007.
[35]杨曦东.企业家导向、外部知识获取与产品创新的关系研究[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2009,5.
[36]宇红.企业技术创新过程中的知识、认知力与交流——社会资本视角下的分析[J].理论界,2008,10.
[37]曾一军.企业网络嵌入与竞争优势[J].云南社会科学,2010(6).
[38]曾一军.新创企业的社会网络嵌入研究[J].科技进步与对策,2007.
[39]张杰,张少军,刘志彪.多维技术溢出效应、本土企业创新动力与产业升级的路径选择一基于中国地方产业集群形态的研究[J].南开经济研究,2007(3)：47-67.
[40]张玲,崔岳春,李淑芬.基于社会网络的知识创新与集群企业竞争优势关系实证研究[J].科技进步与对策,2011,28(4)：59-63.
[41]张玉利,杜国臣.创业的合法性悖论[J].中国软科学,2007.
[42]赵敏都.社会网络视角在创业研究中的进展[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2007,8
中介效应[D].浙江大学,2009.
[43]朱秀梅,费宇鹏.关系特征、资源获取与初创企业绩效关系实证研究[J].南开管理评论,2010.
[44]朱雅彦,徐碧琳.超强竞争环境下网络组织竞争优势的发挥——以Dell公司网络组织结构分析为例[J].现代管理科学,2010(2).
[45]AKB AR ZAHEER, GEOFFREY G, BELL. Benefiting from Network Position:Firm Capabilities, Structural Holes, and Performance[J]. Strategic Management Journal.2005:806-825.
[46]ALVAREZ S A,BARNEY J B. Organizing Rent Generation and Appropriation:Toward a Theory of the Entrepreneurial Firm[J]. Journal of Business Venturing,2004(5):621-635.
[47]ARILLO. On strategic networks[J]. Strategic Management Journal,1998,9(1):31-41.
[48]BATJARGAL. Effects of Social Capital on Entrepreneurial Performance in Russia, in P.Reynolds, at el (Eds.), Fronitiers of Entrepreneurship Research.Babson:Babson College Mass,2001.
[49]BAUM J A C, INGRAM P L. Survival-enhancing learning in the Manhattan hotel industry, 1898-1980[J]. Management Science,1998(44):996-1016.
[50]BAUM J A C, MEZIAS S J. Localized Competition and Organizational Failure in the Manhattan Hotel Industry,1898-1990, Administrative Science Quarterly,1992,37(4):580-604.
[51]BAUM J A C. Companion to Organizations[M]. Malden, MA:Blackwel,2002.
[52]BLOODGOOD J M. Sustaining Competitive Advantage:The Role of Tacit Knowledge in a Resource-based Perspective[J]. Doctoral Dissertation of University of South Carolina,1997.
[53]BORYS B, JEMISON D B. Hybrid Arrangements as Strategic Alliances:Theoretical Issues in Organizational Combinations[J]. Academy of Management Review,1989,14(2).
[54]BUSENITZ L W, WEST G P, SHEPHERD D,NELSON T, ZACHARAKIS A. Entrepreneu rship Research in Emergence:Past Trends and Future Directions. Journal of Management, 2003,29(3):285-308. Business Review,1983, (61).
[55]CHAN K W, MUABORGNE R. Strategy Value Innovation and the Knowledge Economy [J].Sloan Management Review,1999,(Spring):41-54.
[56]CHAN K W, MUABORGNE R. Value Innovation:The Strategic Logic of High Growth[J]. Harvard Business Review,1997:1-2.
[57]CHANDLER G, HANKS SH. Market attractiveness, resource-based capabilities, venture strategies and venture performance[J]. Journal of Business Venturing,1994(9):331-349
[58]CHURCHILL N C, LEWIS V L. The Five Stages of Small Business Growth[J]. Harvard
[59]Coleman J S. The Foundations of Social Theory[J]. Cambridge, MA, Belknap Press, Harvard University Press,1990.
[60]DACIN M T, OLIVER C, ROY J P. The Legitimacy of Strategic Alliances, an Institutional Perspective[J].Strategic Management Journal,2007,28(2):169-187.
[61]DAWES P L, LEE D Y, BOWLING C R. Informal Information Control in Complex Technological Purchase Situations [J]. Journal of Marketing,1998,62:55-58.
[62]DYER J H. Specialized Supplier Networks as Source of Competitive Advanta ge:Evidence from the Auto Industry [J]. Journal of Strategic Management.1996.
[63]FAHY J, SMITHEE A. Strategic Marketing and Resource Based View of the Firm [J]. Academy of Marketing Science,1999(10):1-20.
[64]FREEMAN. The Gatekeeper, Pair Dependency and Structural Centrality[J]. Quality and Quantity, 1980,14.
[65]GALE B T. Managing Customer Value:Creating Quality and Service that Customer Can See[M]. New York:Free Press,1994.
[66]GARTNER W B. A conceptual Framework for Describing the Phenomenon of New Venture Creation[J]. Academy of Management Review.1985,10 (4):696-706.
[67]GNYAWALI D, MADHAVAN R. Cooperative Networks and Competitive Dynamics:a Structural Embeddedness Perspective[J]. Academy of Management Review.2001,26(3):43-45.
[68]GRANOVETTER M S. Problems of Explanation in Economic Sociology. In N. Nohria and R. G Eccles(eds.), Networks and Organizations. Boston:Harvard Business School Press,1992:25-56.
[69]GRANOVETTER M. Economic Action and Social Structure:The Problem of Embeddedness[J]. American Journal of Sociology,1985,91(3):481-510.
[70]GRANOVETTER, MARK. Economic Action and Social Structure:The Problem of Embeddedness[J]. American Journal of sociology,1985(91):481-510.
[71]GULATI R,NOHRIA N, ZAHEER A. Strategic Networks[J]. Strategic Management Joumal,2000,21(3): 203-215.
[72]GULATI R. Network Location and Learning, the Influence of Network Resource and Firm Capabilities on Alliance Formation[J]. Strategic Management Journal,1999,20(5),397-420
[73]GUPTA A, GOVINDARAJAN V. Knowledge Fows within Multinational Corporations [J]. Strategic Management. Journal 2000,21(4):473-496.
[74]HARGADON A,SUTTON R I. Technology Brokering and Innovation in a Product Development Firm[J]. Administrative Science Quarterly,1997,42(4):716-749.
[75]HAVNES P A, SENNESETH K. A panel Study of Firm Growth among SMEs in Networks[J]. Small Business Economics,2001,16 (4):293-302.
[76]HOFER C W, SCHENDEL. Strategy Formulation:Analytic Concepts [M]. St.Paul. M.N. West 25.1978.
[77]HOLSAPPLE CW, SINGHM. The Knowledge Chain Model:Activities for Competitiveness[J]. Expert Systems with Applications,2001,20(1):77-98.
[78]HUMAN S, PROVAN K. Legitimacy Building in the Evolution of Small-firm Multilateral Network, A Comparative Study of Success and Demise[J]. Administrative Science Quarterly,2000,45(2),327-365.
[79]ISLAMD M Z, DOSHID J A, MAHTAB H, AHMADD Z A. Team Learningd Top Management Support and New Product Development Success [J]. International Journal of Managing Projects in Business,2009,2(2):238-260.
[80]JANSEN J F, VAN DEN BOSCHD H, VOLBERDAH. Managing Potentialand Realized Absorptive Capacity:How do Organizational Antecedents Matter[J].Academy of Management Journal,2005,48(6):999-1015.
[81]KAPLAN R,NORTON D P. The Balanced Score Card[M]. Boston HBS,1996.
[82]KOKA B, PRESCOTT J. Designing Alliance Networks, the Influence of Network Position, Environmental Change, and Strategy on Firm Performance[J]. Strategic Management Joumal,2008,29(6),639-661.
[83]KOKA B, PRESCOTT J. Designing Alliance Networks, the Influence of Network Position, Environmental Change, and Strategy on Firm Performance[J]. Strategic Management Journal,2008,29(6):639-661.
[84]LANE P J. et al. Absorptive Capacity, Learning and Performance in International Joint Ventures[J]. Strategic Management Journal,2001,22(8):39-61.
[85]LESGOLD A. Problem Solving. In The Psychologyof Human Thought, Sternberg RJ, Smith EE (eds).Cambridge University Press:Cambridge, U.K.1988.188-213.
[86]LIAO J, WELSCH H. Social Capital and Entrepreneurial Growth Aspiration:A Comparison of Technology-and Non-Technology-Based Nascent Entrepreneurs. Journal of High Technology Management Research,2003,14(1):149-170.
[87]MARSDEN. Network Data and Measurement [J]. Annual Review of Sociology,1990, (16):435-463.
[88]MATA F J, FUERST W L, BARNEY J B. Information Technology and Sustained Competitive Advantage: a Resource-based Analysis [J]. MIS Quarterly 1995,19(4):487-504.
[89]MCEVILY B, ZAHEER A. Bridging Ties:A Source of Firm Heterogeneity in Competiti-ve Capabilities[J]. Strategic Management Journal 1999,20(12).
[90]MILLER D, SHAMSIE J. The Resource-based View of the Firm in two Environments:the Hollywood Film Studios from 1936 to 1965[J]. Academy of Management Journal,1996 (39):519-543.
[91]MILLER D, SHAMSIE J. The Resource-based View of the Firm in two Environments:the Hollywood Film Studios from 1936 to 1965[J]. Academy of Management Journal 1996(39):519-543.
[92]MOUZAS S. Efficiency versus Effectiveness in Business Networks[J]. Journal of Business Research,2006,59(10-11):1124-1132.
[93]MYLES VOGEL. Levering Information Technology Competencies and Capabilities for Competitive Advantage[J]. Doctoral Dissertation of University of Maryland,2005.
[94]OLIVER C. The Institutional Embeddedness of Economic Activity, in J. C. Baum and J.E. Dutton (Eds.), Advances in Strategic Management, Greenwich, Conn, JAI Press.1996,(13):163-186.
[95]PERRY-SMITH J E, SHALLEY C E. The Social Side of Creativity:a Statue and Dynamic Social Network Perspective[J]. Academy of Management Review,2003,28(1):89-112.
[96]PITTA R A C. Snow. Strategies for Competitive Success[M] John Wiley and Sons, New York,1986.
[97]POWELL W, KOPUT K W, SMITH-DOERR L. Interorganizational Collaboration and the Locus of Innovation:Networks of Learning in Biotechnology [J]. Administrative Science Quarterly,1996, (41):116-145.
[98]PREMARATNE S P. Entrepreneurial Networks and Small business Development:The Case of Small Enterprises in Sri Lanka[J]. Doctoral Dissertation of Eindhoven University of Technology,2002.
[99]ROMANELLI E. Environments and Strategies of Organization Start-up:Effects on Early Survival[J]. Administrative Science Quarterly,1989(34):369-387.
[100]SALMON N.SAIVES A. Indirect Networks:An Intangible Resource for Biotechnology Innovation[J]. R&D management 2005,35(2):203-215.
[101]SCHULTE W. The Effect of International Corporate Strategies and Information and Communication Technologies on Competitive Advantage and Firm Performance:an Exploratory Study of the International Engineering, Procurement and Construction Industry[J]. Doctoral Dissertation of George Washington University,1999.
[102]SKVORETZ J, FARARO T J, AGNEESSENTS F. Advanced in biased net theory:Definitions, Derivations, and Estimations [J]. Social Network,2004,26 (2):113-139.
[103]STICHOMBE A L. Organizations and Social Sructure[A]. in March, J G(Ed). Handbook of organizations[C]. Chicago,IL:Rand-McNally,1965:153-193.
[104]SZULANSKI G. Exploring Internal Stickiness:Impediments to the Transfer of Best Practice Within the Firm[J]. Strategic Management Journal,1996(17):27-43.
[105]TSAI W, GHOSHAL S. Social Capital and Value Creation:The Role of Intra-firm Networks[J]. Academy of Management Journal,1998,41(4):464-476.
[106]TSAI. Knowledge Transfer in Intraorganizational Networks:Effects of Network Position and Absorptive Capacity on Business Unit Innovation and Performance [J]. Academy of Management Journal.2001,44 (5):996-1004.
[107]TSANG E W K. Acquiring Knowledge by Foreign Partners from International Joint Ventures in a Transition Economy:Learning-by-doing and Learning Myopia[J]. Strategic Management Journal, 2002,23(9),835-854.
[108]UZZI B, LANCASTER R. Relational Embeddedness and Learning:Case of Managers and their Clients[J]. Management Science,2003,49(4):383-399.
[109]UZZI B. Social Structure and Competition in Intertirm Networks, The Paradox of Embeddedness[J].Administrative Science Quarterly,1997,42(1):35-67.
[110]UZZI B. Structural Embeddedness and the Persistence of Repeated Ties[R]. Academy of Management Annual Meeting,1998,8.
[111]WERNERFELT B A. Resource-based View of the Firm[J]. Strategic Management Journal,1984.
[112]WERNERFELT B. A Resource-based view of the Firm[J]. Strategic Management Journal,1984(5):171-180.
[113]WERNERFELT, BIRGER. A resource-based view of the firm[J]. Strategic Management Journal.1984,5(2):171-180.
[114]WHIE H. Identity and Control, A Structural Theory of Social Action. Princeton, NJ,Princeton University Press,1992,35-105.
[115]WIKLUND J, SHEPHERD.Knowledge-based Resource,Entrepreneurial Orientation, and the Performance of Small and Medium-Sized Business[J].Strategic Management Journal 2003,24(13),1307-1314.
[116]YLI-RENKO H, AUTIO E, SAPIENZA H J. Social Capital, Knowledge Acquisition,and Knowledge Exploitation in Young Technology-Based Firms[J]. Strategic Management Journal,2001,22 (6/7):587-613.
[117]YLI-RENKO H, AUTIO E, SAPIENZA H J. Social Capital, Knowledge Acquisition, and Knowledge Exploitation in Young Technology-based Firms[J]. Strategic Management Journal,2001,22(6-7): 587-613.
[118]YLI-RENKO H, AUTIO E, SAPIENZA H J. Social Capital, Knowledge Acquisition, and Knowledge Exploitation in Young Technology-based Firms[J]. Strategic Management Journal,2001,(6-7),587-613.
[119]ZAHRA S A, COVIN J G. Contextual Infuences on the Corporate Entrepreneurship Performance Relationship:A Longitudinal Analysis[J]. Business Venturing,1995,10:43-58.