美国金融结构研究
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摘要
在经济全球化和经济金融化的今天,经济运行与金融活动相伴相生。在金融促进经济发展的过程中,金融总量增长和结构变化共同发挥作用,但是金融总量增长更多的表现为一种量化扩张,而金融结构则是衡量一国金融发展水平的重要标志,并成为推动经济增长的内生动力。本文选取美国金融结构作为研究对象,从历史发展的视角详尽描述了美国长达二百多年的金融发展历程,并实现了由银行中介为主导向以金融市场为主导的金融结构变迁,美国金融结构在产品创新、市场机制、金融监管等方面成为引领世界金融发展的风向标。然而2007年爆发的次贷危机,引发了理论界对美国金融结构模式的再思考。正是在这一特殊背景下,笔者期望通过对美国金融结构的深入研究,进一步探讨美国金融结构对经济增长和金融稳定性的影响,从而更加全面客观的认识和评价美国金融结构的优势和不足,并对我国金融发展提出针对性的政策建议,因此在后危机时代研究美国金融结构问题有着重要的理论和现实意义。
     从结构安排方面,本文首先分析了美国金融结构变迁历程,并结合制度经济学和金融功能观的理论基础,深入探讨经济体系中决定金融结构变迁的内在因素和作用机理。由于美国金融结构涵盖的内容较广,本文重点选取了金融结构与经济增长、金融结构与金融脆弱性两个方面,原因在于“金融结构与经济增长”是金融发展领域的重要内容,结合美国经济实践分析,具有较强的代表性和借鉴性,而“金融结构与金融脆弱性”则是以美国金融自由化和次贷危机的爆发为背景,深入探讨美国金融结构与次贷危机的内在关联机制。虽然本文研究美国金融结构的着力点有限,但是在每个研究内容方面,都力图详尽阐述、深入透彻。
     在研究“金融结构与经济增长”的内容方面,本文在分析金融中介、金融市场与经济增长的作用机制的基础上,进一步延伸到美国金融结构与产业结构的研究领域。因为产业结构是经济增长的重要组成部分,而美国市场主导型金融结构在推动美国新兴产业发展和产业结构升级过程中发挥了重要作用,具体表现为市场主导型金融结构在信息处理、风险管理、流动性方面的优势,而美国的风险投资机制和多层次的资本市场体系成为培育高新技术企业发展和壮大的孵化器。
     在研究“金融结构与金融脆弱性”的内容方面,本文深入分析了金融脆弱性内生于金融结构的理论基础,并结合美国的金融自由化浪潮,重点从利率自由化、混业经营、金融创新等方面剖析了金融自由化加剧金融脆弱性的作用机制。随后,本文重点分析了美国次贷危机爆发与深化的过程,并从金融脆弱性视角解析次贷危机的内在根源,主要包括金融机构信贷扩张的脆弱性、混业经营体制的脆弱性和影子银行体系的脆弱性三个方面。
     最后,本文借鉴美国金融发展经验,对我国金融结构优化问题进行分析。在概括我国金融结构现状的基础上,简要论述了我国金融结构在支持经济发展、金融机构结构、金融市场结构和融资结构等方面存在的问题,并提出了进一步优化和改革的政策性建议,主要涵盖优化金融中介和金融市场结构、促进两者之间的均衡化发展、强调市场机制在金融结构优化的基础作用、稳健推进金融创新等内容。
Nowadays with the spreading of economic globalization and economicfinancialization, economic operation and financial activities are accompanied all thetimes. In the process of finance promoting economic development, the growth offinancial aggregates and the change of financial structure play a role together. Butthe growth of financial aggregates performs as a quantitative expansion, financialstructure is an important symbol to measure a country's level of financialdevelopment, and is a endogenous power to promote economic growth. Americanfinancial structure is selected as the research object. This paper describes Americanfinancial structure up to two hundred years from the historical perspective, with thechange of bank-based financial structure to market-based financial structure.American financial structure leads the development of the world's financial growthin product innovation, market mechanisms, financial supervision aspects. Subprimemortgage crisis broke out in2007, however, lead to a rethinking of the theory sectorof American financial structure mode. In this particular context, I look forward tofurther explore the impact of economic growth and financial stability of theAmerican financial structure through the profound study. In the basis of thecomprehensive and objective understanding of the American financial structure'sstrengths and weaknesses, this paper provides some policy recommendations targetto Chinese financial structure. Therefore, research in the post-crisis era Americanfinancial structure has important theoretical and practical significance.
     Arrangements from the structure, firstly, this paper analyzes the course ofchanges in the American financial structure, combined with the theoretical basis ofthe concept of institutional economics and financial functions, and research the internal factors and the mechanism of the changes in financial structure in theeconomy. As the American financial structure covered by a wider content, this paperfocuses select the financial structure and economic growth, financial structure andfinancial fragility. Because the financial structure and economic growth is animportant content of the field of financial development, combined with the Americaneconomy practice analysis, with strong representation and reference. The financialstructure and financial fragility is based on the American financial liberalization andthe subprime mortgage crisis background, and research deeply in the Americanfinancial structure with the subprime mortgage crisis internal correlation mechanism.Although this study is limited focus of the American financial structure, but contentin each study are trying to elaborate deeply and thoroughly.
     In the study of the contents of the financial structure and economic growth, thispaper analyses the basis of financial intermediaries, financial markets and economicgrowth mechanism, further extends to the field of study of the American financialstructure and industrial structure. Because industrial structure is an importantcomponent of the economic growth, while the American market-oriented financialstructure plays an important role in the promotion of new industries and in theprocess of the development and upgrading of industrial structure. Market-basedfinancial structure has advantages embodied in information processing, riskmanagement and liquidity. In United States, risk investment mechanism and themulti-level capital market system become incubators nurturing the development andgrowth of high-tech enterprises.
     In the study of the contents of the financial structure and financial fragility, thispaper analyses the theoretical basis of the financial fragility endogenous financialstructure. Combined with the wave of financial liberalization in the United States,this paper analyses the mechanism of financial liberalization aggravating financialfragility, focusing on the liberalization of interest rates, mixed operation and financial innovation. Subsequently, this paper focuses on the U.S. subprimemortgage crisis and the process of deepening, and analyses the underlying causesfrom the financial fragility Perspective, including the fragility of financial creditexpansion, mixed operation and the shadow banking system.
     Finally, we learn from the American experience in financial development, andanalyses Chinese financial structure optimization problems. Based on an overview ofthe Chinese financial structure, this paper gives a brief discussion of our financialstructure to support economic development, the problems of the structure offinancial institutions, the structure of financial markets and the financing structure.This paper put forward policy recommendations to further optimize and reform,including the optimization and balanced development of the structure of financialintermediaries and financial markets, the fundamental role of market mechanisms inthe financial structure optimization, and the steady advancement in financialinnovation.
引文
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