北川白山羊种质特性及羊肉品质的研究
摘要
北川白山羊是四川西部的一个较为优良地方品种。但对其种
质特性和肉品质缺乏系统研究。因此，该项目于1997年被列入四
川省教委重点科研课题。为此，本研究于1998年开始，通过对北
川白山羊中心产区自然生态条件、体形外貌、种质特性的调查和
与饲养在北川县的南江黄羊在生产性能、肉品质方面的对比研究，
为该品种的进一步选育提高及杂交利用提供理论依据。研究结果
表明：
1．北川白山羊二、四、六、八月龄的体尺均超过南江黄羊，
表现为体躯容积的宽度、深度的性状差异显著（0.01＜p＜0.05）。
其中体高、体长、胸围、胸深、腰围、腹围、腹深、尻高和管围
等性状与体重呈显著或极显著的相关（0.01＜p＜0.05或＜0.01）。用
体高、腹围、管围、胸围等体尺能可靠地预测各月龄体重。因此，
在选育品种时应以上述指标作为育种的主要指标。
2．北川白山羊初生重以及各月龄的体重，一月龄、四月龄、
六月龄、八月龄的日增重均显著或极显著地高于同龄的南江黄羊
（p＜0.01或0.01＜p＜0.05）；北川白山羊的初生重及各月龄体重间呈
极显著的正相关（p＜0.01）。南江黄羊的初生重同生后各月龄体重
间呈不显著的负相关（p＞0.05），而生后各月龄体重间相关根显著
（p＜0.01）。从体尺、生长发育速度来看，北川白山羊优于南江黄羊。
而肉用品种主要的指标是早期生长发育速度快，饲养期短。因此，
北川白山羊是一个较为理想的肉用山羊品种。
3．北1！l白山羊的平均宰前活重、胭体重、肌肉重、嗣体产
肉率、肉骨比均显著或极显著地高于南江黄羊门刀1印叼刀5或
p功．01人 而南江黄羊的骨骼重占胭体重的比率显著地高于北川白
山羊川．01＜p＜0刀5人两者的屠宰率、嗣体骨骼重量、内脏脂肪
重量和比例、眼肌面积等指标的差异不显著中＞0刀5）；两者腿
臀部、胸肋部和前肢肉骨比也存在显著的差异；非胭体组成部分
的重量和占活重的比例差异均不显著（p＞0刀5人因此，北）；旧
山羊的产肉潜力更大。
4．北）！怕山羊肌肉的系水力高于南江黄羊，而南江黄羊肌
肉的失水率、贮存损失、熟肉率均高于北川白山羊，但两者的差
异均不显著中 h 0．05入在宰后 Zh内测定的肌肉 pH值两者差异
不显著，两种羊三个不同部位肌肉（臂三头肌、背最长肌、股二
头肌）的剪切值在 5刀6刀kg N儿m‘乙间，肌肉纤维直径为 31．5《7刀
卜血根，两者的差异不显著一列刀5人
5．北川旧山羊肌肉的平均水分含量为 乃．39士0．43％，平均
粗蛋白质含量为ZI．17士0．80％，粗脂肪为2．20土0．16O，灰分为l．38
f 上0．“％；而南江黄羊相应的值分别为％．m土0．96％，Zo．咒士
0．50％，2．＊土0．＊％，1．34土0．＊％，两者差异不显著（p＞0＊5），
而且两品种相对应的三个不同部位肌肉平均含水量、粗蛋白、粗
脂肪和灰分差异也不显著印＞0．05卜北川白山羊肌肉中蛋白质。
氨基酸的种类齐全，含量丰富，品质优于同龄的南江黄羊。
4
因此，无论从体尺、体重、生长发育速度等种质特性方面看，
北川白山羊均优于南江黄羊，而在平均宰前话重、嗣体重、肌肉
重、胭体产肉率等方面也优于南江黄羊。两品种间肉质指标差异
并不显著。北川白山羊前期生长发育快，周岁体重大，屠宰性能
好，是一个较为理想的肉用山羊品种。应加大培育和开发力度。
1. The body sizes at 2,4,6,8 monthsage of Beichuan White Goats
are higher than that of the contemporary control goats. The weight of
the treated group and the control group are significantly and positively
correlated with their body size traits, such as withers height, body length,
chest girth , the depth of chest and paunch et al.(p<0.01 or 0.01
height and length, the girth of chest and paunch and the shank
cicurnference can predict the body weight.
2. Under extensive conditions, the birth weight, the body weight
from one to eight months age and daily gains at 1,4,6,8 months age of
Beichuan White Goats are singnificantly higher than those of the
Nanjiang Mongalian Goats(p<0.0l or 0.0 l
The birth weight and the postnatal body weight of Beichuan White
Goats are significantly and positively correlated with the body weight at
each month(p<0.0 1). There is no significant and negative correlation for
Nanjiang MongaLian Goats between the birth weight and the postnatal
weight, but the correlation coefficient among the postnatal body weight
is very significant(p<0.01).
3. The average live weight, the weight of the carcass and the meat,
the meat percentage of the carcass and the meat-bone ratio of the
Beichuan White Goats are significantly higher than those of the control
group. There is no significant difference between the treated group and
the control group of the dressing percentage, the bone weight, the
internal fat weight and the percentage and the ho-eye area. The
difference of the meat-bone ratio of the breech and hindquarter, bisket
and rib, and the forleg are very significant.
4. The difference of the water holding and lossing percentage, drip
lossing percentage and the cooked meat percentage ,the pH value
between the treated and the control group is not significant. The
shearing values of meat in three parts rank from 5.5 to 6.0kg/cm2. The
diameter of meat fiber vary from 31.5 to 37.Oum , but there is no
significant difference.
5. The average water percentage , crude protein , crude fat and
ashes percentage of Beichuan White Goats meat are 75.39?43 21.17
?.80 220+0.16 and 1.38?.45 respectively , but the control group
is 76.1 ?.96 20 78+0.50, 2.50?.42 and 1.34?.40 respectively.
The amino acids kinds and content of Beichuan White Goatsmeat
protein are abundant. The protein quantity of Beichuan White Goats is
superior to that of the Nanjiang Mongalian Goats.
Therefore, BeiChuan White Goat is superior to NangJiang
Mongalian Goat in the breed characteristics such as body sizes, weights,
42
speeds of growth and development. At the same time, in the respects of
the average live weight, the weight of the carcass and the meat.
BeiChuan White Goat is still superior to NanJiang Mongahian Goat. The
difference between the two breed meat quality index is not remarkable.
It is a much better breed of production for meat than others, so we
should strengthen our exertion to cultivate and develop BeiChuan White
Goat.
质特性和肉品质缺乏系统研究。因此，该项目于1997年被列入四
川省教委重点科研课题。为此，本研究于1998年开始，通过对北
川白山羊中心产区自然生态条件、体形外貌、种质特性的调查和
与饲养在北川县的南江黄羊在生产性能、肉品质方面的对比研究，
为该品种的进一步选育提高及杂交利用提供理论依据。研究结果
表明：
1．北川白山羊二、四、六、八月龄的体尺均超过南江黄羊，
表现为体躯容积的宽度、深度的性状差异显著（0.01＜p＜0.05）。
其中体高、体长、胸围、胸深、腰围、腹围、腹深、尻高和管围
等性状与体重呈显著或极显著的相关（0.01＜p＜0.05或＜0.01）。用
体高、腹围、管围、胸围等体尺能可靠地预测各月龄体重。因此，
在选育品种时应以上述指标作为育种的主要指标。
2．北川白山羊初生重以及各月龄的体重，一月龄、四月龄、
六月龄、八月龄的日增重均显著或极显著地高于同龄的南江黄羊
（p＜0.01或0.01＜p＜0.05）；北川白山羊的初生重及各月龄体重间呈
极显著的正相关（p＜0.01）。南江黄羊的初生重同生后各月龄体重
间呈不显著的负相关（p＞0.05），而生后各月龄体重间相关根显著
（p＜0.01）。从体尺、生长发育速度来看，北川白山羊优于南江黄羊。
而肉用品种主要的指标是早期生长发育速度快，饲养期短。因此，
北川白山羊是一个较为理想的肉用山羊品种。
3．北1！l白山羊的平均宰前活重、胭体重、肌肉重、嗣体产
肉率、肉骨比均显著或极显著地高于南江黄羊门刀1印叼刀5或
p功．01人 而南江黄羊的骨骼重占胭体重的比率显著地高于北川白
山羊川．01＜p＜0刀5人两者的屠宰率、嗣体骨骼重量、内脏脂肪
重量和比例、眼肌面积等指标的差异不显著中＞0刀5）；两者腿
臀部、胸肋部和前肢肉骨比也存在显著的差异；非胭体组成部分
的重量和占活重的比例差异均不显著（p＞0刀5人因此，北）；旧
山羊的产肉潜力更大。
4．北）！怕山羊肌肉的系水力高于南江黄羊，而南江黄羊肌
肉的失水率、贮存损失、熟肉率均高于北川白山羊，但两者的差
异均不显著中 h 0．05入在宰后 Zh内测定的肌肉 pH值两者差异
不显著，两种羊三个不同部位肌肉（臂三头肌、背最长肌、股二
头肌）的剪切值在 5刀6刀kg N儿m‘乙间，肌肉纤维直径为 31．5《7刀
卜血根，两者的差异不显著一列刀5人
5．北川旧山羊肌肉的平均水分含量为 乃．39士0．43％，平均
粗蛋白质含量为ZI．17士0．80％，粗脂肪为2．20土0．16O，灰分为l．38
f 上0．“％；而南江黄羊相应的值分别为％．m土0．96％，Zo．咒士
0．50％，2．＊土0．＊％，1．34土0．＊％，两者差异不显著（p＞0＊5），
而且两品种相对应的三个不同部位肌肉平均含水量、粗蛋白、粗
脂肪和灰分差异也不显著印＞0．05卜北川白山羊肌肉中蛋白质。
氨基酸的种类齐全，含量丰富，品质优于同龄的南江黄羊。
4
因此，无论从体尺、体重、生长发育速度等种质特性方面看，
北川白山羊均优于南江黄羊，而在平均宰前话重、嗣体重、肌肉
重、胭体产肉率等方面也优于南江黄羊。两品种间肉质指标差异
并不显著。北川白山羊前期生长发育快，周岁体重大，屠宰性能
好，是一个较为理想的肉用山羊品种。应加大培育和开发力度。
1. The body sizes at 2,4,6,8 monthsage of Beichuan White Goats
are higher than that of the contemporary control goats. The weight of
the treated group and the control group are significantly and positively
correlated with their body size traits, such as withers height, body length,
chest girth , the depth of chest and paunch et al.(p<0.01 or 0.01
cicurnference can predict the body weight.
2. Under extensive conditions, the birth weight, the body weight
from one to eight months age and daily gains at 1,4,6,8 months age of
Beichuan White Goats are singnificantly higher than those of the
Nanjiang Mongalian Goats(p<0.0l or 0.0 l
The birth weight and the postnatal body weight of Beichuan White
Goats are significantly and positively correlated with the body weight at
each month(p<0.0 1). There is no significant and negative correlation for
Nanjiang MongaLian Goats between the birth weight and the postnatal
weight, but the correlation coefficient among the postnatal body weight
is very significant(p<0.01).
3. The average live weight, the weight of the carcass and the meat,
the meat percentage of the carcass and the meat-bone ratio of the
Beichuan White Goats are significantly higher than those of the control
group. There is no significant difference between the treated group and
the control group of the dressing percentage, the bone weight, the
internal fat weight and the percentage and the ho-eye area. The
difference of the meat-bone ratio of the breech and hindquarter, bisket
and rib, and the forleg are very significant.
4. The difference of the water holding and lossing percentage, drip
lossing percentage and the cooked meat percentage ,the pH value
between the treated and the control group is not significant. The
shearing values of meat in three parts rank from 5.5 to 6.0kg/cm2. The
diameter of meat fiber vary from 31.5 to 37.Oum , but there is no
significant difference.
5. The average water percentage , crude protein , crude fat and
ashes percentage of Beichuan White Goats meat are 75.39?43 21.17
?.80 220+0.16 and 1.38?.45 respectively , but the control group
is 76.1 ?.96 20 78+0.50, 2.50?.42 and 1.34?.40 respectively.
The amino acids kinds and content of Beichuan White Goatsmeat
protein are abundant. The protein quantity of Beichuan White Goats is
superior to that of the Nanjiang Mongalian Goats.
Therefore, BeiChuan White Goat is superior to NangJiang
Mongalian Goat in the breed characteristics such as body sizes, weights,
42
speeds of growth and development. At the same time, in the respects of
the average live weight, the weight of the carcass and the meat.
BeiChuan White Goat is still superior to NanJiang Mongahian Goat. The
difference between the two breed meat quality index is not remarkable.
It is a much better breed of production for meat than others, so we
should strengthen our exertion to cultivate and develop BeiChuan White
Goat.
引文
1 四川省北川县农业区划委员会．北川县农业资源调查区划报告．1997
2 绵阳市北川白山羊开发有限责任公司．北川县建设三十万只山羊综合开发工程可行性论证报告．1995
3 中国家畜家禽品种志编委员．中国羊品种志．1984：84-118
4 王楚端等．著名肉用品种南非波尔山羊．中国养羊．1995(3)：4446
5 罗军．山羊肉的组织学特性及其与肉用性能关系的研究．中国养羊，1992(2)：38-40
6 四川省畜牧食品局．加入WTO对四川畜牧业的影响及对策研究(初稿)，2000．10
7 贾幼陵．中国畜牧业发展概况与前景，畜牧业及畜产品加工研究进展．中国农业科技出版社，1996
8 吴常信等．到2000年实现新增1000万吨肉类的战略思想与策略措施，畜牧业及畜产品加工研究进展．中国农业科技出版社，1996
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10 黄飞泽等．北川白山羊品种简介．四川草原，1997(1)：57-58
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13 张孝若编译．肉和肉制品的质量概念．肉类工业，1994(3)：20-23
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46 刘国庆．加强动物蛋白资源开发研究．肉类研究，1994(4)：3-5
47 蒋爱民主编．畜产食品工艺及进展．陕西：陕西科学技术出版社，1998
48 蒋爱民主编．肉制品工艺学．陕西：陕西科学技术出版社，1996
49 刘振中等．槐山羊出栏及其产肉性能观测．中国养羊，1991(1)：39-37
50 范青松等．河东农区改良羊产肉性能测定分析报告，1990(4)：36-37
51 董大钧主编．SAS统计分析应用指南．电子工业出版社，1993
52 孙竹珑．藏山羊肌肉组织学特性的研究．西南民族学院学报．自然科学版，1991，17(3)：48-54
53 蒋源．肉在不同温度下乳酸及其pH值变化的研究．肉禽蛋，1990(6)：11-13
54 王茜飞．川西北高原型藏山羊适宜屠宰期的研究．四川畜牧兽医，1999(4)：4-5
55 蔡建平译．肉食品保水力的测定技术．肉类工业，1991(1)：25-28
56 林志宏．猪肉的系水力与肉色．肉类工业，1992(2)：29-30
57 孙善发等．贵白山羊产肉性能的研究．四川畜牧兽医，1994(4)：23-25
58 武和平等．布尔山羊种质特性的研究．甘肃畜牧兽医，1998，7(1)：4-6
59 李同春．大力推行羔羊肉生产的重要意义．肉类工业，1994(1)：8-9
60 罗军．公绵羊的肉用潜力．中国养羊，1989(2)：39-40
61 Huang wenxiu. Goat meat production in China, Proceedings of a workshop held in Tando Jam, Pakistan, 1988, 119-124.
62 Campell., Q.P., Unpublished data quoted by Naude and Hofmeyr, 1981.
63 Campell., Q.P., The development of a meat producing goat in south Africa, Proc. 2nd world congress on sheep and beef cattle breeding, 1984.
64 Casey, N.H. Carass growh characteristics of four South African sheep breeds and the boer goat. DSc (Agric) thesis,University of Pretoria, 1982.
65 Stepher and Andrews. The materials of New Zealand Boer breeding centre (Unpublic presented).
66 Herselman et al. Heat energy for growing goats and sheep grazing different pastures in the summer. Amercian Society of Animal Science. 1997, 77(5): 1258-1265
67 Ezeibe, M.C.O. et al. Reproductive ability of female goats following recovery
from clinical peste despetits ruminants. Small-rumin-res. Amsterdam 1999, 32(2) : 187-189
68 FAO Production Yearbook. 1995,49
69 Goonewardene, L.A. et al. A preliminary evaluation of growth carcass traits in Alpine and Boer goat crosses. Agricultural Institute of Canada. 1998,78(2) :229-232
70 Rhee, K.S. et al. Composition and stability of goat meat patties as affected by breed type and feeding regimen. Institute of Food Technologists. 1997, 62(5) :949-953
71 Casey, N. H. and Naude, R.T., Differential growth profiles of muscle and fat depots, 1984, Proc. 2nd world congress on sheep and beef cattle breeding
72 Hass, H. J.. Growth of Boer goat crosses in comparision with indigenous small East African goats in Kenya, Tropenlandwirt 79． 1978,7-12
73 M. J. Gibbt et al.. Performance of British Sannen, BOER x British Sannen and Anglo-Nubian castrated male kids from 8 weeks to slaughter at 28, 33 or 38kg live weight, Anim. Prod., 1993,57:263-271
74 Hansen R. G. and Wyse B.W.. Using the TNQ to evaluate foods, Nutrition News, 1979(42) :1 Feb/March
75 Lapido J. K.. Body composition of male goat and the characterization of their depot fat, Dissertation Abstracts Intemation, 1973 (34) :55-57
76 Casey N. H. and Van Niekerk W.A.. Fatty acid compostion of subcutaneous and kidney fat depots of Boer goats and the reponse to varying levels of maize meat, 1985,Afr.J. Sci.,Vol.l5(60)
77 Murray-PJ et al. Goat meat production and its consequences for human nurtrition. Twenty-first Annual Scientific Meeting, Brisbane, Queensland, 1997, (21) :28-36
78 Madruga-MS et al. Castration and slaughter age effects on nutritive value of the "mestico" goat meat. Meat-Science, 1999,52(2) : 119-125
79 Van niekerk, W. A. et al. Acomparisio of fiber digestibility between the Dorper sheep and the Boer goat, S. Afr. Anim. Sci. Congress. 1985
80 Heinze PH. et al. Influence of breed and age on collagen content and solubility of some outne goat muscle Paoer preseted. 32nd Meeting Bur. Maeat Res., 1986
81 Simela-L et al. Carcass characteristics of the maketed Mtable goat from southwestern Zimbabwe. Small-Ruminant-Research. 1999,32(2) :173-179
82 Dhanda-JS et al. The influence of goat genotype on the production of Capretto and chevon carcasses, growth and carcass characteristics. Meat-Science. 1999,52(4) :355-361
83 C.Devendra. Nutrition and meat production, proceedings of a workshop held in Tando Jam, Pakistan. 1988, 30-44．
84 Smit, C.H., et al. Studies on indigenous smallstock. Part I:Reproductive and preweaning performance of veld goats and improved Boer goats, S. Afr. Anim. Sci. Congress. 1986
85 M.mITCHELL, phD. Inheritance of goat colar, Dairy goat journal, 1987． 67(8) :494-496
86 R.M.Acharya. Goat breeding and meat production, Proceedings of a workshop held in Tando Jam, Pakistan. 1988:14-30
87 Devendra C., Burns M. Goat production in the tropics, 1970,Common-wealth Agricultural Bureau, Famham Royal Bucks, England.
88 Me Gregor-BA.Carcass quality and commercial acceptance of Angora kids fed supplementary energy and slaughtered at four months of age. Animal-Production-in-Anstralia. Proceedings-of-the-Australian-Society-of-Animal-Production. 1996(21) : 135-138
89 Glimp-HA et al. Influence of cull ewe body condition on carcass composition SID-Sheep-and-Goat-Research-Journal. 1998,14(3) : 180-184
90 Jeremiah-LE et al. The influence of lamb chronological age, slaughter weight and gender on consumer acceptance. SID-Sheep-and-Goat-Research-Journal. 1998,14(3) :206-213
91 Owen, J.E. and Norman G. A. Studies on the meat production characteristics of Btswana goat and sheep. Part II:General body composition. Carcass measurents and joint composition. Meat Science. 1977(1) :283
92 Owen J. E. and Norman, G.A. et al. Studies on the meat production characteristics of Btswana goats and sheep. Part Ⅲ: Carcass tissue composition and distribution. Meat Science. 1978, (2) :59
93 Bazin S.Grille de notation de I'etatd'engraissement des vaches Pic-Noires.
Document ITEB, 149 rue de Berey 75595,1984, PAris Cedex 12
94 Dawa-O and Tawah-cl. Carcass charateristics of adult sheep and goat breeds in the subhumid and semi-arid zones of Cameroon. Bulletin-of-Animal-Health-and-Production-in-Africa. 1996,44(3) : 145-149
95 Molnar-G et al. Meat quality characteristics of Hungarian sheep genotypes. REU-Technical-Series. 1998(50) :68-73
96 Gruszecki-T et al. Dependency between some traits describing slanghter value of goat's carcass REU-Technical-Series. 1998(50) :213-219
97 Santucci P and Branca A. et al. Body conditions scoring of goats in extensive conditions. Goat nutrition, Chap. 20． 1991,24-55
98 Hervieu J. et al. Definition des notes detat corperal des caprins. Reqseaux de recherches Agrimed at FAO de recherches cooperatives surles production Ovines caprines. 1990
99 Perez-Razo et al. Factors affecting kid survival in five goat breeds. Agricultural Institute of Canada, 1998． 78(3) :407-411．
100 El-Muola-IHA et al. Meat production from female goat kids compared with males. Journal-of-Agricultural-Science. 1999:223-226
101 Mundi-JPS et al. Isolation and characterization of Yersinia enterocolitica from meat and food animals. Indian-Joumal-of-Comparative-Microbiology. 1999(20) : 76-77
2 绵阳市北川白山羊开发有限责任公司．北川县建设三十万只山羊综合开发工程可行性论证报告．1995
3 中国家畜家禽品种志编委员．中国羊品种志．1984：84-118
4 王楚端等．著名肉用品种南非波尔山羊．中国养羊．1995(3)：4446
5 罗军．山羊肉的组织学特性及其与肉用性能关系的研究．中国养羊，1992(2)：38-40
6 四川省畜牧食品局．加入WTO对四川畜牧业的影响及对策研究(初稿)，2000．10
7 贾幼陵．中国畜牧业发展概况与前景，畜牧业及畜产品加工研究进展．中国农业科技出版社，1996
8 吴常信等．到2000年实现新增1000万吨肉类的战略思想与策略措施，畜牧业及畜产品加工研究进展．中国农业科技出版社，1996
9 孟岳成等．九十年代世界肉品生产概况．肉类工业，1994(4)：43-46
10 黄飞泽等．北川白山羊品种简介．四川草原，1997(1)：57-58
11 王教勋等．我国南部山羊品种产肉性能资源和商业杂交提高途径．四川畜牧兽医，1999(5)：21-22
12 胡来根等．山羊肉肉质特性的研究．中国养羊，1992(4)：41-42
13 张孝若编译．肉和肉制品的质量概念．肉类工业，1994(3)：20-23
14 马长伟．国外肉品风味研究进展．肉类研究，1995(2)：13-17
15 周光宏．论肉的营养成分及烹调加工对肉食品营养价值的影响．中国畜产与食品，1995
16 孟宪敏等．对山羊膻味成分的探讨．37届国际肉类科学技术会议论文集．西德肉类科学院出版，1991
17 阎连吉．肉类食品工艺学，中国商业出版社，1992．
18 马俪珍等．羊肉生产加工研究的动态．首届中国肉类科技大会论文集，1997：26-28
19 罗建湘．山羊肉的特性．肉类研究，1996
20 山西农业大学主编．养羊学(第二版)．农业出版社，1992
21 李志农．中国养羊学．农业出版社，1993
22 张有川．中国山羊品种资源．中国养羊，1987：26-28
23 农业部全国畜牧兽医总站种畜禽管理处等．家畜家禽新品种(种群)资源调查技术规范提纲，1996
24 W.C福特等著．四川省畜牧局编译．影响胴体品质的因素：胴体组成和成分．第四次国际山羊会议论文集，1991：233-253
25 全国猪育种协作组肉质研究专题组．猪肉质测定方法，猪肉品质研究参考资料汇编(第二册)，1988：43-45
26 王教勋等．北川白山羊选育方案，1995
27 黄正泽等．北川白山羊品种资源调查报告，1998
28 郑丕留．中国家畜品种及其生态学特征，1985：100-111
29 《四川家畜家禽品种志》编辑委员会．四川家畜家禽品种志，1987：47-68
30 南江黄羊新品种鉴定委员会．南江黄羊新品种审定意见，1995
31 蒋爱民主编．畜产食品工艺学．北京：中国农业出版社，2000
32 F.Colomer-Rocher等．山羊胴体的评价，分割和组织分离标准方法与程序．中国养羊，1988(4)：44-45
33 李全民等．羊胴体的切块．中国养羊，1993(2)：39-40
34 王维春．南江黄羊的一些种质特性．中国养羊，1997(4)：1-2
35 陈韬等．云南山羊肉质研究．畜牧与兽医，1999，31(5)：14-16
36 陈韬等．放牧条件下云岭山羊屠宰性能及肉质．云南农业大学学报，1994，14(1)：58-62
37 陈韬、彭和禄．云南三个地方山羊品种产肉性能及肉质比较．国中养羊，1998，18(2)：35-37
38 陈韬、严达伟．马关无角山羊肉质特性，甘肃畜牧兽医，1998，28(4)：3-5
39 陈韬、陈文．龙陵黄山羊屠宰性能及肉质研究．云南农业大学学报，1996，11(3)：162-167
40 王杰等．川西北高原山谷地区藏山羊屠宰性能研究．西南民族学院学报，自然版，1995，21(1)：33-38
41 林嘉等．浙江三元杂种山羊肉质理化特性的研究．中国养羊，1993，13(3)：31-34
42 胡来根等．山羊肉的品质及其生产．肉禽蛋，1991(6)：31-32
43 罗军等．羯山羊肉用性能及肉质特性指标关系的多元分析．畜牧兽医杂志，1990(2)：4-9
44 周占琴等．山羊肉的常量元素．微量元素及胆固醇含量．食品科学，1993(2)：30-34
45 郭殿文．肉的营养质量指数．肉类研究，1994(2)：10-12
46 刘国庆．加强动物蛋白资源开发研究．肉类研究，1994(4)：3-5
47 蒋爱民主编．畜产食品工艺及进展．陕西：陕西科学技术出版社，1998
48 蒋爱民主编．肉制品工艺学．陕西：陕西科学技术出版社，1996
49 刘振中等．槐山羊出栏及其产肉性能观测．中国养羊，1991(1)：39-37
50 范青松等．河东农区改良羊产肉性能测定分析报告，1990(4)：36-37
51 董大钧主编．SAS统计分析应用指南．电子工业出版社，1993
52 孙竹珑．藏山羊肌肉组织学特性的研究．西南民族学院学报．自然科学版，1991，17(3)：48-54
53 蒋源．肉在不同温度下乳酸及其pH值变化的研究．肉禽蛋，1990(6)：11-13
54 王茜飞．川西北高原型藏山羊适宜屠宰期的研究．四川畜牧兽医，1999(4)：4-5
55 蔡建平译．肉食品保水力的测定技术．肉类工业，1991(1)：25-28
56 林志宏．猪肉的系水力与肉色．肉类工业，1992(2)：29-30
57 孙善发等．贵白山羊产肉性能的研究．四川畜牧兽医，1994(4)：23-25
58 武和平等．布尔山羊种质特性的研究．甘肃畜牧兽医，1998，7(1)：4-6
59 李同春．大力推行羔羊肉生产的重要意义．肉类工业，1994(1)：8-9
60 罗军．公绵羊的肉用潜力．中国养羊，1989(2)：39-40
61 Huang wenxiu. Goat meat production in China, Proceedings of a workshop held in Tando Jam, Pakistan, 1988, 119-124.
62 Campell., Q.P., Unpublished data quoted by Naude and Hofmeyr, 1981.
63 Campell., Q.P., The development of a meat producing goat in south Africa, Proc. 2nd world congress on sheep and beef cattle breeding, 1984.
64 Casey, N.H. Carass growh characteristics of four South African sheep breeds and the boer goat. DSc (Agric) thesis,University of Pretoria, 1982.
65 Stepher and Andrews. The materials of New Zealand Boer breeding centre (Unpublic presented).
66 Herselman et al. Heat energy for growing goats and sheep grazing different pastures in the summer. Amercian Society of Animal Science. 1997, 77(5): 1258-1265
67 Ezeibe, M.C.O. et al. Reproductive ability of female goats following recovery
from clinical peste despetits ruminants. Small-rumin-res. Amsterdam 1999, 32(2) : 187-189
68 FAO Production Yearbook. 1995,49
69 Goonewardene, L.A. et al. A preliminary evaluation of growth carcass traits in Alpine and Boer goat crosses. Agricultural Institute of Canada. 1998,78(2) :229-232
70 Rhee, K.S. et al. Composition and stability of goat meat patties as affected by breed type and feeding regimen. Institute of Food Technologists. 1997, 62(5) :949-953
71 Casey, N. H. and Naude, R.T., Differential growth profiles of muscle and fat depots, 1984, Proc. 2nd world congress on sheep and beef cattle breeding
72 Hass, H. J.. Growth of Boer goat crosses in comparision with indigenous small East African goats in Kenya, Tropenlandwirt 79． 1978,7-12
73 M. J. Gibbt et al.. Performance of British Sannen, BOER x British Sannen and Anglo-Nubian castrated male kids from 8 weeks to slaughter at 28, 33 or 38kg live weight, Anim. Prod., 1993,57:263-271
74 Hansen R. G. and Wyse B.W.. Using the TNQ to evaluate foods, Nutrition News, 1979(42) :1 Feb/March
75 Lapido J. K.. Body composition of male goat and the characterization of their depot fat, Dissertation Abstracts Intemation, 1973 (34) :55-57
76 Casey N. H. and Van Niekerk W.A.. Fatty acid compostion of subcutaneous and kidney fat depots of Boer goats and the reponse to varying levels of maize meat, 1985,Afr.J. Sci.,Vol.l5(60)
77 Murray-PJ et al. Goat meat production and its consequences for human nurtrition. Twenty-first Annual Scientific Meeting, Brisbane, Queensland, 1997, (21) :28-36
78 Madruga-MS et al. Castration and slaughter age effects on nutritive value of the "mestico" goat meat. Meat-Science, 1999,52(2) : 119-125
79 Van niekerk, W. A. et al. Acomparisio of fiber digestibility between the Dorper sheep and the Boer goat, S. Afr. Anim. Sci. Congress. 1985
80 Heinze PH. et al. Influence of breed and age on collagen content and solubility of some outne goat muscle Paoer preseted. 32nd Meeting Bur. Maeat Res., 1986
81 Simela-L et al. Carcass characteristics of the maketed Mtable goat from southwestern Zimbabwe. Small-Ruminant-Research. 1999,32(2) :173-179
82 Dhanda-JS et al. The influence of goat genotype on the production of Capretto and chevon carcasses, growth and carcass characteristics. Meat-Science. 1999,52(4) :355-361
83 C.Devendra. Nutrition and meat production, proceedings of a workshop held in Tando Jam, Pakistan. 1988, 30-44．
84 Smit, C.H., et al. Studies on indigenous smallstock. Part I:Reproductive and preweaning performance of veld goats and improved Boer goats, S. Afr. Anim. Sci. Congress. 1986
85 M.mITCHELL, phD. Inheritance of goat colar, Dairy goat journal, 1987． 67(8) :494-496
86 R.M.Acharya. Goat breeding and meat production, Proceedings of a workshop held in Tando Jam, Pakistan. 1988:14-30
87 Devendra C., Burns M. Goat production in the tropics, 1970,Common-wealth Agricultural Bureau, Famham Royal Bucks, England.
88 Me Gregor-BA.Carcass quality and commercial acceptance of Angora kids fed supplementary energy and slaughtered at four months of age. Animal-Production-in-Anstralia. Proceedings-of-the-Australian-Society-of-Animal-Production. 1996(21) : 135-138
89 Glimp-HA et al. Influence of cull ewe body condition on carcass composition SID-Sheep-and-Goat-Research-Journal. 1998,14(3) : 180-184
90 Jeremiah-LE et al. The influence of lamb chronological age, slaughter weight and gender on consumer acceptance. SID-Sheep-and-Goat-Research-Journal. 1998,14(3) :206-213
91 Owen, J.E. and Norman G. A. Studies on the meat production characteristics of Btswana goat and sheep. Part II:General body composition. Carcass measurents and joint composition. Meat Science. 1977(1) :283
92 Owen J. E. and Norman, G.A. et al. Studies on the meat production characteristics of Btswana goats and sheep. Part Ⅲ: Carcass tissue composition and distribution. Meat Science. 1978, (2) :59
93 Bazin S.Grille de notation de I'etatd'engraissement des vaches Pic-Noires.
Document ITEB, 149 rue de Berey 75595,1984, PAris Cedex 12
94 Dawa-O and Tawah-cl. Carcass charateristics of adult sheep and goat breeds in the subhumid and semi-arid zones of Cameroon. Bulletin-of-Animal-Health-and-Production-in-Africa. 1996,44(3) : 145-149
95 Molnar-G et al. Meat quality characteristics of Hungarian sheep genotypes. REU-Technical-Series. 1998(50) :68-73
96 Gruszecki-T et al. Dependency between some traits describing slanghter value of goat's carcass REU-Technical-Series. 1998(50) :213-219
97 Santucci P and Branca A. et al. Body conditions scoring of goats in extensive conditions. Goat nutrition, Chap. 20． 1991,24-55
98 Hervieu J. et al. Definition des notes detat corperal des caprins. Reqseaux de recherches Agrimed at FAO de recherches cooperatives surles production Ovines caprines. 1990
99 Perez-Razo et al. Factors affecting kid survival in five goat breeds. Agricultural Institute of Canada, 1998． 78(3) :407-411．
100 El-Muola-IHA et al. Meat production from female goat kids compared with males. Journal-of-Agricultural-Science. 1999:223-226
101 Mundi-JPS et al. Isolation and characterization of Yersinia enterocolitica from meat and food animals. Indian-Joumal-of-Comparative-Microbiology. 1999(20) : 76-77