GaN基发光二极管光取出分析与模拟
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摘要
发光二极管(LED)以其独特的优势已广泛用于显示、交通信号灯和光通信等领域。随着高亮度白光发光二极管(HB-WLED)技术的不断成熟,LED被认为是最有可能进入普通照明的一种“绿色光源”。与传统光源相比,LED具有节能环保、可靠性高、能耗低、效率高、寿命长等特点。近年来LED照明逐渐进入我们的生活,如手电、台灯已经普及到普通家庭,而汽车车灯、路灯甚至室内照明都开始投入市场。成本高、发光效率不高等问题是阻碍LED在照明领域发展的主要因素。目前利用多量子阱技术LED芯片的内量子效率已经做得很高,经分析解决发光效率问题的关键在怎样提高光取出效率。因此找到一些方法和途径来提高LED的光取出效率,成为国内外的研究热点。
提高光取出效率必然对LED芯片光学结构和封装光学结构重新设计和优化。为降低研发成本,缩短研发周期,理论分析和计算机分析的方法是关键。常用的理论分析方法有传输矩阵法(TM)、时域有限差分法(FDTD)、有限元法(FE)和光线追迹法(RT)等。文中针对不同层面的运用,分别建立计算机分析模型,编写计算机仿真程序。其中根据Snell law和Fresnel's law讨论影响LED光取出的基本因素,提出一种基于Monte Carlo的LED光取出计算机模拟方法,通过验证表明改进的方法有较高的模拟效率和准确度。
对于提高LED光取出效率,本文就封装折射率和新型结构等模型采用改进的Monte Carlo方法进行模拟,模拟结果表明高折射率涂装材料和新型结构有助于大部分结构LED的光取出;采用传输矩阵法对应用于波长在460 nm附近的GaN基蓝光LED的分布布拉格反射镜(DBR)进行分析,定量描述入射介质、入射角、波长蓝移等因数带来的影响,提出并分析几种宽反射角DBR构造方案,结果显示复合DBR提高全方位反射代价很大,要保证高的反射率,膜层周期数将成倍增加;运用光线追迹法分析并得到采用微结构微元提高光取出效率的最佳微元尺寸范围以及微元形状关系等。
With the unique advantages, LEDs are widely used in displays, traffic signals and optical communications etc. With the white high-brightness LEDs developing,LEDs are considered to be green light source for general lighting. Compared with traditional light source,there are many advantages in LEDs such as energy-saving,environmental protection, high reliability, high efficency, long life, etc. In recent years, LED lighting gradually go into our lives. When flashlight, table lamp has spread to ordinary households, the car headlights, street lamps and indoor lighting are beginning to enter the market. The development of LED lighting is blocked by the high cost and the low luminescence efficiency. Currently, the chip of LEDs has high internal quantum efficiency. For improving the luminous efficiency, the key problem is that how to improve light extraction efficiency. So to find some ways to increase the light extraction efficiency become a research hotspot.
Improving light extraction efficiency needs to re-design or optimize the chip and the package optical structure. For reducing development costs and shortening the development cycle,the theoretical analysis or computer analysis method is the key. There are many analytical methods, including the transfer matrix method, finite difference time-domain method, finite element method and ray-tracing method, etc. Several methods of computer analysis model were established. One of them which based on ray-tracing Monte Carlo simulation provides a good method to optimize the design of LED optical structure. Based on discussing Snell law and Fresnel's law on affecting the basic factors of light extaction of LEDs, a new computer simulation process of light extracton of LEDs based on Monte Carlo method is proposed. The proposed method performs well in the simulation efficiency and the accuracy.
For the method of improving light extraction efficiency, the refractive index of package and new strcture models are simulated by the proposed method based Monte Carlo simulation. Simulation results show that high refractive index coating material and the new structure will improve the light extraction efficicency of the most of LEDs’structure. The reflected spectra of GaN-based DBR for blue LED at 460 nm are studied by transfer matrix method. Many factors are described quantitatively such as the incident medium, the incident angle, blue shift of wavelength, etc. Several wide-angle of DBR construction program proposed and analyzed. The results show Coupled DBR increasing wide-angle reflection at the cost of reduce reflectivity or doubled the thickness of films. In addition, the micro-structure to improving the light extraction efficiency is analyzed by ray-tracing method. A number of parameters of the best micro-strcture are identified.
提高光取出效率必然对LED芯片光学结构和封装光学结构重新设计和优化。为降低研发成本,缩短研发周期,理论分析和计算机分析的方法是关键。常用的理论分析方法有传输矩阵法(TM)、时域有限差分法(FDTD)、有限元法(FE)和光线追迹法(RT)等。文中针对不同层面的运用,分别建立计算机分析模型,编写计算机仿真程序。其中根据Snell law和Fresnel's law讨论影响LED光取出的基本因素,提出一种基于Monte Carlo的LED光取出计算机模拟方法,通过验证表明改进的方法有较高的模拟效率和准确度。
对于提高LED光取出效率,本文就封装折射率和新型结构等模型采用改进的Monte Carlo方法进行模拟,模拟结果表明高折射率涂装材料和新型结构有助于大部分结构LED的光取出;采用传输矩阵法对应用于波长在460 nm附近的GaN基蓝光LED的分布布拉格反射镜(DBR)进行分析,定量描述入射介质、入射角、波长蓝移等因数带来的影响,提出并分析几种宽反射角DBR构造方案,结果显示复合DBR提高全方位反射代价很大,要保证高的反射率,膜层周期数将成倍增加;运用光线追迹法分析并得到采用微结构微元提高光取出效率的最佳微元尺寸范围以及微元形状关系等。
With the unique advantages, LEDs are widely used in displays, traffic signals and optical communications etc. With the white high-brightness LEDs developing,LEDs are considered to be green light source for general lighting. Compared with traditional light source,there are many advantages in LEDs such as energy-saving,environmental protection, high reliability, high efficency, long life, etc. In recent years, LED lighting gradually go into our lives. When flashlight, table lamp has spread to ordinary households, the car headlights, street lamps and indoor lighting are beginning to enter the market. The development of LED lighting is blocked by the high cost and the low luminescence efficiency. Currently, the chip of LEDs has high internal quantum efficiency. For improving the luminous efficiency, the key problem is that how to improve light extraction efficiency. So to find some ways to increase the light extraction efficiency become a research hotspot.
Improving light extraction efficiency needs to re-design or optimize the chip and the package optical structure. For reducing development costs and shortening the development cycle,the theoretical analysis or computer analysis method is the key. There are many analytical methods, including the transfer matrix method, finite difference time-domain method, finite element method and ray-tracing method, etc. Several methods of computer analysis model were established. One of them which based on ray-tracing Monte Carlo simulation provides a good method to optimize the design of LED optical structure. Based on discussing Snell law and Fresnel's law on affecting the basic factors of light extaction of LEDs, a new computer simulation process of light extracton of LEDs based on Monte Carlo method is proposed. The proposed method performs well in the simulation efficiency and the accuracy.
For the method of improving light extraction efficiency, the refractive index of package and new strcture models are simulated by the proposed method based Monte Carlo simulation. Simulation results show that high refractive index coating material and the new structure will improve the light extraction efficicency of the most of LEDs’structure. The reflected spectra of GaN-based DBR for blue LED at 460 nm are studied by transfer matrix method. Many factors are described quantitatively such as the incident medium, the incident angle, blue shift of wavelength, etc. Several wide-angle of DBR construction program proposed and analyzed. The results show Coupled DBR increasing wide-angle reflection at the cost of reduce reflectivity or doubled the thickness of films. In addition, the micro-structure to improving the light extraction efficiency is analyzed by ray-tracing method. A number of parameters of the best micro-strcture are identified.
引文
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