顶管施工中土体性状及环境效应分析
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摘要
顶管施工对土体扰动是不可避免的，土体变形是土体受扰动的结果，而土体变形则会对周围环境造成危害。本文以杭州市石桥路顶管工程为背景，通过现场测试、三维有限元模拟计算以及理论分析对顶管施工中土体扰动与地层移动以及对地下管线的影响进行了系统深入的分析研究，得出了一些有益的结论。主要研究内容和工作包括：
1．对顶管施工产生的土体扰动进行了理论分析，在前人的基础上提出了更加符合实际情况的受扰动土体分区图。对顶管施工扰动的机理及其特征、扰动的影响范围、扰动区土体的应力变化、扰动区土体的性质变化等进行了研究。分析了注浆对土体的扰动，包括注浆的作用机理、浆液在土体中的渗透以及注浆效果的影响因素等。
2．对顶管施工引起的土体扰动进行了现场监测，研究了顶管工程现场测试技术。现场测试内容包括地面变形、深层土体变形、土压力变化、孔隙水压力变化、地下水位变化、土体标准贯入试验、管道内力变化、管土接触应力变化以及顶管施工现场记录(包括顶力、土压力、平面偏差、高程偏差等)。对现场测试结果进行分析，研究了顶管掘进时周围土体土压力、孔隙水压力、地下水位随掘进机通过前后的分布及变化规律。
3．分析了顶管施工引起地面变形的原因和变形机理。通过对顶管工程现场测试数据的分析，研究了顶管施工引起的管道周围土体的移动规律，包括地面横截面和纵向截面变形规律、深层土体沿管道轴线方向和垂直于管壁方向移动规律。另外还探讨了深层土体移动的影响因素。
4．分析了顶管施工对周围环境(包括邻近建筑物、构筑物、地下管线及道路等)造成的影响。采用ANSYS程序进行了三维有限元建模，模拟了顶管施工对相邻平行地下管线和垂直交叉地下管线产生的影响，研究了地下管道的位移模式，对影响地下管线位移的主要因素进行了分析，提出了顶管施工中对邻近地下管线的保护措施以及减小地层移动的控制措施。
Pipe jacking construction disturbs soil inevitably,which would results in soil deformation and does harm to its surroundings. This thesis based on the pipe jacking construction project along Shiqiao Road in Hangzhou. By in-situ test,three dimention FEM numerical solution and theoretical analysis,a systematic research is made on the disturbance of soil,ground movements and the influence on underground pipelines induced by pipe jacking. Some useful conclusions are obtained in the thesis. The main content of the thesis is as follows:
1. The disturbance of soil induced by pipe jacking is studied with theoretical method. Based on the former research,the disturbed soil is divided into different zones according to their degrees of disturbance,which is more accorded with fact. The disturbance mechanism and characteristics of soil and its influence extent induced by pipe jacking are studied. The variation of stresses and properties in the disturbed soil during jacking process is also analyzed. The disturbance of soil induced by injection is analyzed,include the injection mechanism,the seepage behavior of mud slurry on soil around pipe and the influence factors of injection effect.
2. The in-situ monitoring is made on the disturbance of soil induced by pipe jacking construction. The in-situ testing includes surface deformations,sub-surface movements,earth pressures,pore water pressures,underground water levels,SPT,stresses of pipes and pipe-soil contact stresses. In addition,the total jacking forces,deviations in line and level of the pipe line and earth pressures in the earth pressure balance machines (EPBM) are also recorded. The results of field-testing are analyzed,and the variety of testing datum include earth pressures,pore water pressures and underground water levels during the course of the shield through it are studied.
3. The reasons inducing the surface deformation and deformation mechanism during pipe jacking are studied. By analysis the results of in-situ monitoring in the process of pipe jacking,the law of surface deformation perpendicular to pipe axis and along pipe axis,the sub-surface movements perpendicular to the axis of pipe and along the axis of pipe are studied. In addition,the influence factors of sub-surface movements are also analyzed.
4. The influence on its surroundings including neighborhood buildings,constructions,underground pipelines and roads induced by pipe jacking construction are investigated. The deformation of parallel buried pipelines and perpendicularly crossing buried pipelines induced by pipe jacking is analyzed by 3-D FEM. The displacement pattern of buried pipelines and its influence factors are studied. The
measures for protecting neighborhood underground pipelines and relevantly controlling measures for minishing the ground movements during pipe jacking are advanced.
1．对顶管施工产生的土体扰动进行了理论分析，在前人的基础上提出了更加符合实际情况的受扰动土体分区图。对顶管施工扰动的机理及其特征、扰动的影响范围、扰动区土体的应力变化、扰动区土体的性质变化等进行了研究。分析了注浆对土体的扰动，包括注浆的作用机理、浆液在土体中的渗透以及注浆效果的影响因素等。
2．对顶管施工引起的土体扰动进行了现场监测，研究了顶管工程现场测试技术。现场测试内容包括地面变形、深层土体变形、土压力变化、孔隙水压力变化、地下水位变化、土体标准贯入试验、管道内力变化、管土接触应力变化以及顶管施工现场记录(包括顶力、土压力、平面偏差、高程偏差等)。对现场测试结果进行分析，研究了顶管掘进时周围土体土压力、孔隙水压力、地下水位随掘进机通过前后的分布及变化规律。
3．分析了顶管施工引起地面变形的原因和变形机理。通过对顶管工程现场测试数据的分析，研究了顶管施工引起的管道周围土体的移动规律，包括地面横截面和纵向截面变形规律、深层土体沿管道轴线方向和垂直于管壁方向移动规律。另外还探讨了深层土体移动的影响因素。
4．分析了顶管施工对周围环境(包括邻近建筑物、构筑物、地下管线及道路等)造成的影响。采用ANSYS程序进行了三维有限元建模，模拟了顶管施工对相邻平行地下管线和垂直交叉地下管线产生的影响，研究了地下管道的位移模式，对影响地下管线位移的主要因素进行了分析，提出了顶管施工中对邻近地下管线的保护措施以及减小地层移动的控制措施。
Pipe jacking construction disturbs soil inevitably,which would results in soil deformation and does harm to its surroundings. This thesis based on the pipe jacking construction project along Shiqiao Road in Hangzhou. By in-situ test,three dimention FEM numerical solution and theoretical analysis,a systematic research is made on the disturbance of soil,ground movements and the influence on underground pipelines induced by pipe jacking. Some useful conclusions are obtained in the thesis. The main content of the thesis is as follows:
1. The disturbance of soil induced by pipe jacking is studied with theoretical method. Based on the former research,the disturbed soil is divided into different zones according to their degrees of disturbance,which is more accorded with fact. The disturbance mechanism and characteristics of soil and its influence extent induced by pipe jacking are studied. The variation of stresses and properties in the disturbed soil during jacking process is also analyzed. The disturbance of soil induced by injection is analyzed,include the injection mechanism,the seepage behavior of mud slurry on soil around pipe and the influence factors of injection effect.
2. The in-situ monitoring is made on the disturbance of soil induced by pipe jacking construction. The in-situ testing includes surface deformations,sub-surface movements,earth pressures,pore water pressures,underground water levels,SPT,stresses of pipes and pipe-soil contact stresses. In addition,the total jacking forces,deviations in line and level of the pipe line and earth pressures in the earth pressure balance machines (EPBM) are also recorded. The results of field-testing are analyzed,and the variety of testing datum include earth pressures,pore water pressures and underground water levels during the course of the shield through it are studied.
3. The reasons inducing the surface deformation and deformation mechanism during pipe jacking are studied. By analysis the results of in-situ monitoring in the process of pipe jacking,the law of surface deformation perpendicular to pipe axis and along pipe axis,the sub-surface movements perpendicular to the axis of pipe and along the axis of pipe are studied. In addition,the influence factors of sub-surface movements are also analyzed.
4. The influence on its surroundings including neighborhood buildings,constructions,underground pipelines and roads induced by pipe jacking construction are investigated. The deformation of parallel buried pipelines and perpendicularly crossing buried pipelines induced by pipe jacking is analyzed by 3-D FEM. The displacement pattern of buried pipelines and its influence factors are studied. The
measures for protecting neighborhood underground pipelines and relevantly controlling measures for minishing the ground movements during pipe jacking are advanced.
引文
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[2] 方从启．基于半解析元法研究顶管施工引起的地层运动[博士学位论文D]．上海：同济大学，1998年9月
[3] 孙钧．城市工程活动引起土体沉降对环境公害的预测与控制．北京：“二十一世纪城乡建设中的关键科学问题”学术论文集，1996
[4] 候学渊，钱达仁，杨林德，编．软土工程施工新技术[M]．安徽科学技术出版社，1999
[5] 孙钧．城市地下工程活动的环境土工学问题(上)．地下工程与隧道，1999(3)：2-6
[6] 孙钧，方从启．城市地下工程活动的环境土工学问题(中)．地下工程与隧道，1999(4)：7-9
[7] Peck, R.B . Deep excavations and tunneling in soft ground, 7th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and foundation Engineering, State-of-the-Art, Volume, Mexico City, pp.225-290
[8] O'Reilly, M. P. and New, B. M . Settlements above Tunnels in the United Kingdom-their magnitude and prediction, Proceedings of Tunnelling'82 Symposium. IMM, London, 1982
[9] Lee,K.M., Rowe,R.K., and Lo, K.Y., Subsidence owing to tunneling. Ⅰ: Estimating the gap parameter, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol.29, pp.929-940, 1992
[10] Verruijt, A., and Booker, J.R., Surface settlements due to deformation of a tunnel in an elastic half plane, Geotechniques ,Vol.46, No.4, pp.753-756, 1996
[11] N.Loganathan & H.G＞Poulos. Analytical Prediction for Tunneling-Induced Ground Movement in Clays, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 1998(9), pp.846～856
[12] Pipley, K.J. The performance of jacked pipes, Dphil. Thesis, University of Oxford, 1989
[13] Norris. P . The behaviour of jacked concrete pipes during site installation, Dphil. Thesis, University of Oxford, 1992
[14] Zhou, JianQing . Numerical analysis and laboratory test of concrete jacking pipes, Dphil. Thesis, University of Oxford, 1998
[15] Marshall, M.A . Pipe-Jacked Tunnelling: Jacking Loads and Ground Movements, Dphil. Thesis, University of Oxford, 1999
[16] G.W.E.Milligan and P. Norris, Site based research in pipe jacking - objectives, procedures and a case history, Trenchless Technology Research, Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology. Vol. 11. No.1, pp. 3-24,1996
[17] 顶管施工法的试验研究(译)．国外公路，1997，Vol．17(6)：52-55
[18] G.W.E.Milligan, P.Norris . Pipe-soil interaction during pipe jacking. Proc.Instn Civ. Engrs Geotech 4Engng, 1999. 137. Jan, pp. 27～44
[19] brud, H,陈志斌．混凝土顶管管道的改进设计(译)．岩土钻凿工程，2000(2)：107-110
[20] The state-of-the-art review by Dr George Milligan on "Lubrication and Soil Conditioning in Tunnelling, Pipe Jacking and Microtunnelling", 1998
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