热电联产集中供热系统节能技术分析与环保效益评价
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摘要
热电联产集中供热具有明显地节约能源、改善环境、提高供热质量、增加电力供应等综合效益。热电厂的建设是治理大气污染和提高能源利用率的重要措施，是集中供热的重要组成部分，是提高人民生活质量的公益性基础设施。本文以大连染料化工集团公司自备热电站为例，对热电联产集中供热系统进行了节能技术分析与环保效益评价，具体进行了以下方面的研究：
(1)根据我国能源利用现状及燃料供应以煤碳为主的特点，热电联产集中供热方式具有明显地节能和环保效益，是实现可持续发展的重要手段和措施。
(2)热电联产节能效益分析与计算的常规方法是热经济性指标法，即热力学第一定律计算法，这只是说明能量数量利用总的效果，没有阐明系统各组成部分的热力学完善程度。本文采用了(火用)分析与计算方法分析了系统中能量损失的数量和部位，为节能技术改造提供有效的依据。
(3)热电联产的热经济性和环保效益主要取决于原则性热力系统的拟定及主设备性能的选择，特别是锅炉和供热机组的类型和参数的优选。本文依据企业热负荷的数量和特点，优选装机方案和机组参数，并进行详尽的分析与计算，得出一些有益的结论。
(4)热力管网是热电联产集中供热系统的重要组成部分，本文根据热力管道的发展趋势，对直埋蒸汽管道的保温层厚度计算，提出采用界面温度控制法的见解，并进行编程计算，此外，还对直埋蒸汽主管道阻力损失进行编程计算的尝试。
Concentrated supply of heat and electricity combination has a great benefit on saving energy, improving environment, raising the quality of heat supply and increasing the electricity supply. The construction of the plant is an important measure of dealing with the air pollution and increasing the energy utilization ratio and a very important part of concentrated heat supply as well as basic public construction, which can improve citizen's life condition obviously. Taking Dalian Dye and Chemicals Co Ltd. self thermoelectric plant as an example, this passage has entered on the following discussion on the technical analysis of energy saving and benefit on environment protection.
(1) In view of China's present conditions of energy using and taking coal as the main energy supply, the method of concentrated heat supply of the thermoelectricity cogeneration has a great benefit on saving energy and environment continuing development.
(2) Based on the thermodynamic first rule, a practical method named heat economic quota method, is employed to analyze and calculate the heat supply of the thermoelectricity cogeneration. Although it explains the total benefit on energy using, it does not demonstrate the thermodynamics perfect condition. But exergy analysis method, based on the thermodynamics first and second rules, can satisfy the thermodynamics perfect condition. Throughout the analysis and calculation of thermoelectricity cogeneration, exergy analysis method, we can know the system's energy lose ratio and its reason, and endeavor to improve the technology for energy return.
(3) Heat economic of the thermoelectricity combination and the benefit to environment protection mainly depend on principle thermoelectricity system's conjecture and choice of the main equipment, especially including a boiler style and its heat supply solution and parameters. According to the power plant's heat load quantity and characters, the dissertation seriously chooses equipment fixing plan and unit parameters, after analysis and calculation, derives useful results.
(4) Thermal pipelines are important parts of concentrated heat supply of the thermoelectricity combination. According to the thermal lube service prospect, the paper calculates thickness of the buried steam pipe, proposes a new opinion of the interface temperature controlling method, and also attempt to determine the resistance loss of the minimal steam tubes and wrote its program.
(1)根据我国能源利用现状及燃料供应以煤碳为主的特点，热电联产集中供热方式具有明显地节能和环保效益，是实现可持续发展的重要手段和措施。
(2)热电联产节能效益分析与计算的常规方法是热经济性指标法，即热力学第一定律计算法，这只是说明能量数量利用总的效果，没有阐明系统各组成部分的热力学完善程度。本文采用了(火用)分析与计算方法分析了系统中能量损失的数量和部位，为节能技术改造提供有效的依据。
(3)热电联产的热经济性和环保效益主要取决于原则性热力系统的拟定及主设备性能的选择，特别是锅炉和供热机组的类型和参数的优选。本文依据企业热负荷的数量和特点，优选装机方案和机组参数，并进行详尽的分析与计算，得出一些有益的结论。
(4)热力管网是热电联产集中供热系统的重要组成部分，本文根据热力管道的发展趋势，对直埋蒸汽管道的保温层厚度计算，提出采用界面温度控制法的见解，并进行编程计算，此外，还对直埋蒸汽主管道阻力损失进行编程计算的尝试。
Concentrated supply of heat and electricity combination has a great benefit on saving energy, improving environment, raising the quality of heat supply and increasing the electricity supply. The construction of the plant is an important measure of dealing with the air pollution and increasing the energy utilization ratio and a very important part of concentrated heat supply as well as basic public construction, which can improve citizen's life condition obviously. Taking Dalian Dye and Chemicals Co Ltd. self thermoelectric plant as an example, this passage has entered on the following discussion on the technical analysis of energy saving and benefit on environment protection.
(1) In view of China's present conditions of energy using and taking coal as the main energy supply, the method of concentrated heat supply of the thermoelectricity cogeneration has a great benefit on saving energy and environment continuing development.
(2) Based on the thermodynamic first rule, a practical method named heat economic quota method, is employed to analyze and calculate the heat supply of the thermoelectricity cogeneration. Although it explains the total benefit on energy using, it does not demonstrate the thermodynamics perfect condition. But exergy analysis method, based on the thermodynamics first and second rules, can satisfy the thermodynamics perfect condition. Throughout the analysis and calculation of thermoelectricity cogeneration, exergy analysis method, we can know the system's energy lose ratio and its reason, and endeavor to improve the technology for energy return.
(3) Heat economic of the thermoelectricity combination and the benefit to environment protection mainly depend on principle thermoelectricity system's conjecture and choice of the main equipment, especially including a boiler style and its heat supply solution and parameters. According to the power plant's heat load quantity and characters, the dissertation seriously chooses equipment fixing plan and unit parameters, after analysis and calculation, derives useful results.
(4) Thermal pipelines are important parts of concentrated heat supply of the thermoelectricity combination. According to the thermal lube service prospect, the paper calculates thickness of the buried steam pipe, proposes a new opinion of the interface temperature controlling method, and also attempt to determine the resistance loss of the minimal steam tubes and wrote its program.
引文
[1] 中国节能投资公司．“热电联产项目可行性研究技术规定”，2001．1．
[2] 崔峨．“热力过程(火用)分析与计算方法”．大连海运学院出版社，1987．11．
[3] 赵伯英．“供热工程”．冶金工业出版社，1988．11．
[4] 李善化，康慧．“集中供热设计手册”．中国电力出版社，1996．3．
[5] 动力管道编写组．“动力管道手册”．机械工业出版社，1994．10．
[6] 大连理工大学能源工程研究所．热力管道热力计算原理与方法，1999(内部资料)．
[7] 大连理工大学能源工程研究所．玉溪卷烟厂能量及则分析测算分析与评价，1999(内部资料)．
[8] 崔峨，尹洪超．“热能系统分析与最优综合”．大连理工大学出版社，1994．7．
[9] 动力工程师手册编委会．“动力工程师手册”．机械工业出版社，1999．6．
[10] 沈阳有色冶金设计院，大连染料厂盐岛化工区热电站扩建工程可行性研究报告，1999(内部资料)
[11] Michel M. Abbott, Hendrick C. Van Ness, Therg and Problems of Thermodynamics, SI Edition, MCGraw-Hill Book Company, 1972.
[12] Mark W. Zemansky, Michel M. Abbott, Hendrick C. Van Ness, Basic Engineering Thermodynamics, Second Edition, MCGraw-Hill Book Company, 1975.
[13] 小型热电实用手册编写组．“小型热电站实用设计手册”．水利电力出版社，1989．
[14] 中国动力工程学会．“火力发电设备技术手册”．机械工业出版社，1998．12．
[15] 城镇直埋蒸汽管道技术规程编写组．城镇供热直埋蒸汽管道技术规程，2003(内部资料)．
[16] 奚士光等．“锅炉及锅炉房设备”．中国建筑出版社，1999．
[17] 大连市计划委员会，国家电力公司东北分公司，大连市21世纪集中供热规划问题研究报告，1999．
[18] 大连市计划委员会，大连理工大学21世纪研究发展中心．大连市21世纪能源政策研究，1998．
[19] 董元，新型节能燃料炉技术简介．工业炉，1992．5．
[20] 吴德荣，工业炉及其节能．北京：机械工业出版社，1990．10．
[21] 刘天新，张敬远，张自劭，煤炭监测新方法与动力配煤．中国物资出版社，1992．4．
[22] 崔峨，供热管道热力计算原理与方法．大连理工大学能源工程研究．
[23] 张德姜，王怀义，刘绍叶，工业管道安装设计手册．中国石化出版社，1994．4．
[24] 韩昭论，燃料及燃烧．北京：机械工业出版社，1983．5．
[25] 钱中贤，燃气燃烧原理．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1989．4．
[26] 陆钟武，宁宝林等，工业炉热工及构造．东北工学院出版社，1983．5．
[27] 傅忠诚，薛世达，李振鸣，燃气燃烧新装置，北京；中国建筑工业出版社，1984．5．
[28] 沙星中，杨南星，煤的气化与应用．华东理工大学出版社，1995．8．
[29] 施永生，傅中见，煤加压气化废水处理，北京：环境科学与工业出版中心．
[30] 程明一，阎洪环，石奇光，热力发电厂，中国电力出版社，1998，5．
[31] 工厂节能专辑，机械工业出版社，1984，12．
[2] 崔峨．“热力过程(火用)分析与计算方法”．大连海运学院出版社，1987．11．
[3] 赵伯英．“供热工程”．冶金工业出版社，1988．11．
[4] 李善化，康慧．“集中供热设计手册”．中国电力出版社，1996．3．
[5] 动力管道编写组．“动力管道手册”．机械工业出版社，1994．10．
[6] 大连理工大学能源工程研究所．热力管道热力计算原理与方法，1999(内部资料)．
[7] 大连理工大学能源工程研究所．玉溪卷烟厂能量及则分析测算分析与评价，1999(内部资料)．
[8] 崔峨，尹洪超．“热能系统分析与最优综合”．大连理工大学出版社，1994．7．
[9] 动力工程师手册编委会．“动力工程师手册”．机械工业出版社，1999．6．
[10] 沈阳有色冶金设计院，大连染料厂盐岛化工区热电站扩建工程可行性研究报告，1999(内部资料)
[11] Michel M. Abbott, Hendrick C. Van Ness, Therg and Problems of Thermodynamics, SI Edition, MCGraw-Hill Book Company, 1972.
[12] Mark W. Zemansky, Michel M. Abbott, Hendrick C. Van Ness, Basic Engineering Thermodynamics, Second Edition, MCGraw-Hill Book Company, 1975.
[13] 小型热电实用手册编写组．“小型热电站实用设计手册”．水利电力出版社，1989．
[14] 中国动力工程学会．“火力发电设备技术手册”．机械工业出版社，1998．12．
[15] 城镇直埋蒸汽管道技术规程编写组．城镇供热直埋蒸汽管道技术规程，2003(内部资料)．
[16] 奚士光等．“锅炉及锅炉房设备”．中国建筑出版社，1999．
[17] 大连市计划委员会，国家电力公司东北分公司，大连市21世纪集中供热规划问题研究报告，1999．
[18] 大连市计划委员会，大连理工大学21世纪研究发展中心．大连市21世纪能源政策研究，1998．
[19] 董元，新型节能燃料炉技术简介．工业炉，1992．5．
[20] 吴德荣，工业炉及其节能．北京：机械工业出版社，1990．10．
[21] 刘天新，张敬远，张自劭，煤炭监测新方法与动力配煤．中国物资出版社，1992．4．
[22] 崔峨，供热管道热力计算原理与方法．大连理工大学能源工程研究．
[23] 张德姜，王怀义，刘绍叶，工业管道安装设计手册．中国石化出版社，1994．4．
[24] 韩昭论，燃料及燃烧．北京：机械工业出版社，1983．5．
[25] 钱中贤，燃气燃烧原理．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1989．4．
[26] 陆钟武，宁宝林等，工业炉热工及构造．东北工学院出版社，1983．5．
[27] 傅忠诚，薛世达，李振鸣，燃气燃烧新装置，北京；中国建筑工业出版社，1984．5．
[28] 沙星中，杨南星，煤的气化与应用．华东理工大学出版社，1995．8．
[29] 施永生，傅中见，煤加压气化废水处理，北京：环境科学与工业出版中心．
[30] 程明一，阎洪环，石奇光，热力发电厂，中国电力出版社，1998，5．
[31] 工厂节能专辑，机械工业出版社，1984，12．