基于干涉原理和光纤布拉格光栅的复合参数光纤传感器
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摘要
传感技术是信息时代人类感知世界的“触角”。光纤传感技术已成为传感技术的重要分支，具有本质安全、抗电磁干扰能力强、适用于远程监测等优点，备受学术界和工业界重视。研究光纤传感技术的核心内容在于设计不同结构的光纤传感器件以探求该传感结构对外界环境参量变化的响应。近年来，光纤传感器的发展呈现出微型化、多参数、实时化、高精度以及网络化等发展趋势。本论文紧贴光纤传感技术发展需求，以复合参数光纤传感器为切入点，重点研究了光纤一体化Mach-Zender干涉仪（MZI）、高双折射光纤Sagnac干涉环和光纤布拉格光栅（FBG）的包层模耦合型等光纤传感技术，主要进行如下几方面的研究：
1．小芯径单模光纤MZI型复合参数光纤传感器
本文利用小芯径单模光纤与普通单模光纤制备出一体化的光纤Inline MZI，在此基础上设计了一种传感技术实现方案，可实现温度和应变的同时测量：
1）合理选择两种不同类型小芯径单模光纤的长度和熔接参数，采用普通商用光纤熔接机将其与普通单模光纤错位熔接制成一种新颖的复合参数光纤传感器。该传感结构的制备过程仅需要光纤熔接操作，实现过程简单、可靠。
2）利用所提出的复合参数传感器，进行温度和应变的同时测量，实验验证了传感器对温度和应变的同时测量性能。详细分析了影响传感器测量分辨率和造成测量误差的主要因素。
2．基于光纤Inline MZI的灵敏度增强型液体折射率传感器
利用小芯径单模光纤和普通单模光纤经错位熔接制成一体化的Inline MZI，将其应用于液体折射率传感，重点研究了提高测量灵敏度的方法。具体工作如下：
1）利用Inline MZI中包层模的有效折射率对外界环境敏感的特性，将其应用于液体折射率传感，通过实验验证了传感器的传感性能。相比同类型的传感器，该传感方案具有灵敏度高、操作性强以及测量方法简单等优点。
2）重点分析了传感器的测量增敏方法。研究了传感器长度对传感灵敏度的影响，提出利用电极放电对光纤进行拉锥处理的方法，以达到提高折射率测量灵敏度的目的。实验结果证实了该方法简单有效，可在不增加传感器长度的前提下有效提高液体折射率灵敏度。
3．高双折射光纤Sagnac干涉环复合参数传感器
高双折射光纤Sagnac干涉环传感器具有传感灵敏度高、结构简单以及对输入光的偏振态不敏感等优点。该项研究具体设计并实验演示了两种可同时实现环境温度和应变测量的双参数传感器：
1）掺铒光纤和高双折射Sagnac干涉环结合的复合参数光纤传感器。利用掺铒光纤的放大自发辐射光谱对温度敏感的特性，结合高双折射Sagnac干涉环来进行温度与应变同时测量。采用1480nm波长光源作为泵浦光源，通过检测干涉环透射光谱干涉峰的强度变化和中心波长漂移可以实现对温度和应变的同时测量。该方案中掺铒光纤不仅作为增益介质，而且承担了温度补偿模块的作用，同时省去了额外的宽带光源，进而可以大大简化传感系统设计。
2）高双折射Sagnac干涉环并联型复合参数传感器。利用液晶波长选择开关将两不同参数的高双折射Sagnac环并联起来，同时实现对环境温度和应变的测量。液晶波长选择开关可以将输入宽带光信号分配给两环，并根据实际测量的需要动态调整，增强了传感器设计的灵活性。
4．温度及应变无关的FBG型液体折射率传感器
对大部分应用而言，研究多参数效应是为了更好地实现对单一参数的测量。本工作利用电极放电的方法在光纤上制备出陡峭的锥区，结合FBG制成反射型液体折射率传感器。该传感器具有对温度和应变的补偿能力，可实现温度和应变无关的液体折射率测量，而且具有体积小、结构简单以及成本低等优点。该研究主要涉及下面两个方面：
1）所制备的非隔热型锥区可以将光纤纤芯中传播的部分光信号耦合进光纤包层形成包层模信号。经FBG反射回来的包层模信号被锥区重新耦合进纤芯。通过检测反射的包层模波长漂移实现对液体折射率的测量。
2）重点研究了该传感器的温度和应变补偿功能。实验结果表明，包层模和纤芯模信号的谐振波长具有几乎相同的温度和应变响应特性。可以通过检测纤芯模和包层模的波长差对温度和应变的变化进行补偿，以消除温度和应变变化对液体折射率测量的干扰。该方法简单有效，对此类型折射率传感器的实用化具有重要的意义。
Fiber-optic sensing technology is the sensing antenna in an information age. It hasattracted considerable interests due to the advantages of essential safety, immunity ofelectromagnetic interferences, suitable for remote monitoring system. Fiber-optic sensingtechnology has become an important branch of sensing technology. The research of newoptical fiber sensing structure and new sensing theory is the core content of fiber-opticsensor. Fiber-optic sensor exhibits the new characteristics of miniaturization, multipleparameters measuring, high resolution, and network trend. Our thesis focuses on themulti-parameters optical fiber sensors which based on inline Mach-Zehnder interferometer(MZI), high-birefringent Sagnac loop (Hi-Bi Sagnac loop), and cladding mode couplingof fiber Bragg grating (FBG).
We will briefly discuss our work in the following sub-topics:
1. Thin-core diameter fiber based MZI multi-parameter sensors
The inline-MZI is fabricated by combination of thin-core diameter fiber and normalsingle mode fiber. We propose a multi-parameter fiber-optic sensor for simultaneousmeasurement of strain and temperature:
1）The multi-parameter optical fiber sensor is fabricated by cascading two types ofthin-core diameter fiber. The whole manufacturing process only involves fiber splicing,so it exhibits the merit of low cost and ease of fabrication. The sensing performance ofsimultaneous measurement of strain and temperature is also evaluated.
2）The measuring resolution and sensing error of the proposed sensor are experimentallystudied. The major factors that affect sensing resolution are discussed in detail.
2. Sensitivity-enhanced liquid refractive index sensor by using taperedinline MZI
A sensitivity-enhanced fiber-optic refractive index (RI) sensor based on a taperedsingle-mode thin-core diameter fiber is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. Thedetailed content is as follows:
1）The sensing principle is that the effective refractive index of the cladding mode is sensitive to RI change of the surrounding medium. The sensing performance isexperimentally evaluated. And the proposed sensor features the advantages of highsensitivity, easy fabrication, and high operability.
2）We focus on improving sensing sensitivity. An abrupt taper (hundreds of micrometerslong) by electric-arc-heating method is utilized, plays an important role in improvingsensing sensitivity. The experimental result shows that although the fiber taper is short,it can significantly enhance the RI sensitivity.
3. Hi-Bi fiber Sagnac loop based multi-parameter optical fiber sensors
The Hi-Bi fiber Sagnac loop based fiber-optic sensors feature the merits of highsensitivity, easy manufacture, and independent on input polarization. We propose twodifferent multi-parameter sensors, which are suitable for simultaneous measurement oftemperature and strain.
1）The multi-parameter fiber-optic sensor by concatenating an erbium-doped fiber and aHi-Bi Sagnac loop is investigated. The sensor can be used in discrimination of strainand temperature. The light source with the central wavelength of1480nm is utilizedas pumping laser, and the simultaneous measurement of strain and temperature can berealized by monitoring the intensity and wavelength variation of the resonant peak.The erbium-doped fiber plays roles in both gain medium and temperaturecompensation. Extra wide-band source is eliminated, which simplify the proposedsensing system.
2）Two parallel connected Hi-Bi Saganc loops for simultaneous measurement oftemperature and strain is proposed. A liquid crystal wavelength selected switch (WSS)functions as connecting and dynamically assigning wavelength bands for the twoHi-Bi Sagnac loops.
4. Temperature and strain-independent fiber-optic refractometer usingcladding modes coupling of FBG
A temperature and strain-independent fiber-optic RI sensor based on the structure ofan abrupt taper followed by an FBG is experimentally demonstrated. The proposed sensorcan significantly eliminate temperature and strain cross-sensitivities. It also exhibits theadvantages of small size, simple fabrication, and low cost. The detailed content is as follow:
1）The arc-discharging induced non-adiabatic fiber taper, which is manufactured by acommercial fiber fused splicer, plays an important role in exciting and recoupling thecladding modes. The surrounding RI change can be determined by measuring thewavelength shifts of the cladding modes.
2）We focus on the temperature and strain compensation method. The experimentalresults show that the resonant wavelengths of core mode and cladding modes havenearly identical strain and temperature response. So the relative wavelength shift ismonitored to eliminate the temperature and strain cross sensitivity. The compensatingmethod is simple and effective, which greatly verifies the practicability of theproposed sensor.
1．小芯径单模光纤MZI型复合参数光纤传感器
本文利用小芯径单模光纤与普通单模光纤制备出一体化的光纤Inline MZI，在此基础上设计了一种传感技术实现方案，可实现温度和应变的同时测量：
1）合理选择两种不同类型小芯径单模光纤的长度和熔接参数，采用普通商用光纤熔接机将其与普通单模光纤错位熔接制成一种新颖的复合参数光纤传感器。该传感结构的制备过程仅需要光纤熔接操作，实现过程简单、可靠。
2）利用所提出的复合参数传感器，进行温度和应变的同时测量，实验验证了传感器对温度和应变的同时测量性能。详细分析了影响传感器测量分辨率和造成测量误差的主要因素。
2．基于光纤Inline MZI的灵敏度增强型液体折射率传感器
利用小芯径单模光纤和普通单模光纤经错位熔接制成一体化的Inline MZI，将其应用于液体折射率传感，重点研究了提高测量灵敏度的方法。具体工作如下：
1）利用Inline MZI中包层模的有效折射率对外界环境敏感的特性，将其应用于液体折射率传感，通过实验验证了传感器的传感性能。相比同类型的传感器，该传感方案具有灵敏度高、操作性强以及测量方法简单等优点。
2）重点分析了传感器的测量增敏方法。研究了传感器长度对传感灵敏度的影响，提出利用电极放电对光纤进行拉锥处理的方法，以达到提高折射率测量灵敏度的目的。实验结果证实了该方法简单有效，可在不增加传感器长度的前提下有效提高液体折射率灵敏度。
3．高双折射光纤Sagnac干涉环复合参数传感器
高双折射光纤Sagnac干涉环传感器具有传感灵敏度高、结构简单以及对输入光的偏振态不敏感等优点。该项研究具体设计并实验演示了两种可同时实现环境温度和应变测量的双参数传感器：
1）掺铒光纤和高双折射Sagnac干涉环结合的复合参数光纤传感器。利用掺铒光纤的放大自发辐射光谱对温度敏感的特性，结合高双折射Sagnac干涉环来进行温度与应变同时测量。采用1480nm波长光源作为泵浦光源，通过检测干涉环透射光谱干涉峰的强度变化和中心波长漂移可以实现对温度和应变的同时测量。该方案中掺铒光纤不仅作为增益介质，而且承担了温度补偿模块的作用，同时省去了额外的宽带光源，进而可以大大简化传感系统设计。
2）高双折射Sagnac干涉环并联型复合参数传感器。利用液晶波长选择开关将两不同参数的高双折射Sagnac环并联起来，同时实现对环境温度和应变的测量。液晶波长选择开关可以将输入宽带光信号分配给两环，并根据实际测量的需要动态调整，增强了传感器设计的灵活性。
4．温度及应变无关的FBG型液体折射率传感器
对大部分应用而言，研究多参数效应是为了更好地实现对单一参数的测量。本工作利用电极放电的方法在光纤上制备出陡峭的锥区，结合FBG制成反射型液体折射率传感器。该传感器具有对温度和应变的补偿能力，可实现温度和应变无关的液体折射率测量，而且具有体积小、结构简单以及成本低等优点。该研究主要涉及下面两个方面：
1）所制备的非隔热型锥区可以将光纤纤芯中传播的部分光信号耦合进光纤包层形成包层模信号。经FBG反射回来的包层模信号被锥区重新耦合进纤芯。通过检测反射的包层模波长漂移实现对液体折射率的测量。
2）重点研究了该传感器的温度和应变补偿功能。实验结果表明，包层模和纤芯模信号的谐振波长具有几乎相同的温度和应变响应特性。可以通过检测纤芯模和包层模的波长差对温度和应变的变化进行补偿，以消除温度和应变变化对液体折射率测量的干扰。该方法简单有效，对此类型折射率传感器的实用化具有重要的意义。
Fiber-optic sensing technology is the sensing antenna in an information age. It hasattracted considerable interests due to the advantages of essential safety, immunity ofelectromagnetic interferences, suitable for remote monitoring system. Fiber-optic sensingtechnology has become an important branch of sensing technology. The research of newoptical fiber sensing structure and new sensing theory is the core content of fiber-opticsensor. Fiber-optic sensor exhibits the new characteristics of miniaturization, multipleparameters measuring, high resolution, and network trend. Our thesis focuses on themulti-parameters optical fiber sensors which based on inline Mach-Zehnder interferometer(MZI), high-birefringent Sagnac loop (Hi-Bi Sagnac loop), and cladding mode couplingof fiber Bragg grating (FBG).
We will briefly discuss our work in the following sub-topics:
1. Thin-core diameter fiber based MZI multi-parameter sensors
The inline-MZI is fabricated by combination of thin-core diameter fiber and normalsingle mode fiber. We propose a multi-parameter fiber-optic sensor for simultaneousmeasurement of strain and temperature:
1）The multi-parameter optical fiber sensor is fabricated by cascading two types ofthin-core diameter fiber. The whole manufacturing process only involves fiber splicing,so it exhibits the merit of low cost and ease of fabrication. The sensing performance ofsimultaneous measurement of strain and temperature is also evaluated.
2）The measuring resolution and sensing error of the proposed sensor are experimentallystudied. The major factors that affect sensing resolution are discussed in detail.
2. Sensitivity-enhanced liquid refractive index sensor by using taperedinline MZI
A sensitivity-enhanced fiber-optic refractive index (RI) sensor based on a taperedsingle-mode thin-core diameter fiber is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. Thedetailed content is as follows:
1）The sensing principle is that the effective refractive index of the cladding mode is sensitive to RI change of the surrounding medium. The sensing performance isexperimentally evaluated. And the proposed sensor features the advantages of highsensitivity, easy fabrication, and high operability.
2）We focus on improving sensing sensitivity. An abrupt taper (hundreds of micrometerslong) by electric-arc-heating method is utilized, plays an important role in improvingsensing sensitivity. The experimental result shows that although the fiber taper is short,it can significantly enhance the RI sensitivity.
3. Hi-Bi fiber Sagnac loop based multi-parameter optical fiber sensors
The Hi-Bi fiber Sagnac loop based fiber-optic sensors feature the merits of highsensitivity, easy manufacture, and independent on input polarization. We propose twodifferent multi-parameter sensors, which are suitable for simultaneous measurement oftemperature and strain.
1）The multi-parameter fiber-optic sensor by concatenating an erbium-doped fiber and aHi-Bi Sagnac loop is investigated. The sensor can be used in discrimination of strainand temperature. The light source with the central wavelength of1480nm is utilizedas pumping laser, and the simultaneous measurement of strain and temperature can berealized by monitoring the intensity and wavelength variation of the resonant peak.The erbium-doped fiber plays roles in both gain medium and temperaturecompensation. Extra wide-band source is eliminated, which simplify the proposedsensing system.
2）Two parallel connected Hi-Bi Saganc loops for simultaneous measurement oftemperature and strain is proposed. A liquid crystal wavelength selected switch (WSS)functions as connecting and dynamically assigning wavelength bands for the twoHi-Bi Sagnac loops.
4. Temperature and strain-independent fiber-optic refractometer usingcladding modes coupling of FBG
A temperature and strain-independent fiber-optic RI sensor based on the structure ofan abrupt taper followed by an FBG is experimentally demonstrated. The proposed sensorcan significantly eliminate temperature and strain cross-sensitivities. It also exhibits theadvantages of small size, simple fabrication, and low cost. The detailed content is as follow:
1）The arc-discharging induced non-adiabatic fiber taper, which is manufactured by acommercial fiber fused splicer, plays an important role in exciting and recoupling thecladding modes. The surrounding RI change can be determined by measuring thewavelength shifts of the cladding modes.
2）We focus on the temperature and strain compensation method. The experimentalresults show that the resonant wavelengths of core mode and cladding modes havenearly identical strain and temperature response. So the relative wavelength shift ismonitored to eliminate the temperature and strain cross sensitivity. The compensatingmethod is simple and effective, which greatly verifies the practicability of theproposed sensor.
引文
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