基于临界折射纵波和表面波的压力容器压力测量方法研究
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摘要
压力容器广泛应用于现代工业中,为了保证其有效而安全地运行,需要测量和监控容器内的压力值。传统的压力测量方法大多需要在压力容器壁上开孔引压,这将引起所开孔区域的应力集中,给容器运行和维护带来安全隐患。因此有必要研究一种不需开孔的非侵入式压力检测方法。超声波在介质中的传播速度与介质的应力和温度有关。研究表明,基于表面波的压力容器压力测量方法是可行的。但是仅采用表面波,该种压力测量方法难以应用于球形压力容器等对象。本文提出了基于超声临界折射纵波和表面波的压力测量方法。分别建立了临界折射纵波和表面波的传播时间变化量与容器内压力、温度的关系模型。在此基础上,提出了两波参比式压力测量方法；提出了基于零相位数字滤波器的互相关时延估计方法。本文的主要研究成果和创新点如下：
(1)推导了临界折射纵波和表面波的传播时间变化量与容器内压力、温度之间的关系模型。详细分析了应力、温度这两个主要因素对超声波波速和超声传播距离的影响,结合圆柱形压力容器与球形压力容器的应力分布特点,经过适当的简化处理,建立了这两类容器中临界折射纵波和表面波的传播时间变化量与压力、温度的关系模型。在此基础上,为了降低温度的影响,提出了两波参比式压力测量模型。
(2)提出了基于零相位数字滤波器的广义互相关时延估计方法,提高了互相关时延估计的精度。由于超声信号中包含有相关的噪声成分,因此需要对超声信号进行预先滤波处理。针对普通数字滤波器会造成信号相位失真的问题,提出采用零相位滤波器对信号进行滤波处理。比较了基于零相位滤波器和基于希尔伯特黄变换这两种广义互相关时廷估计方法的性能,比较结果表明基于零相位滤波器的时廷估计方法具有良好的稳定性和可靠性,而且更加简单快速。
(3)设计了一种复合探头,可用于临界折射纵波和表面波的激发与接收。比较了复合探头和普通商用超声波探头的温度稳定性,实验结果表明复合探头组的温度稳定性要优于普通临界折射纵波和表面波探头组的温度稳定性。采用复合探头组进行参比式压力测量,有利于降低温度变化不均匀给压力测量带来的误差,并且可以减少探头数量,使得测量过程更加简单。
(4)以水压力罐和气稳压罐为实验对象,采用临界折射纵波和表面波,进行了参比式压力测量实验研究。实验结果表明,测量模型正确,采用参比式测量方法可以有效降低温度对压力测量的影响,压力测量结果具有良好的精度。
Pressure vessels are widely used in modern industry. To guarantee that they are working properly, it is essential to measure and monitor the pressure in the vessels. Conventional methods for pressure measurement commonly require drilling a hole in the wall of the vessels, which usually cause local stress concentration, and lead to potential safety problems. Therefore, a nondestructive method without drilling holes to measure the pressure is desirable. The propagation velocity of ultrasonic wave is related to the stress and the temperature of the propagation media. Research results show that nondestructive pressure measurement is feasible using surface wave. Howerve, using only surface wave, this method is difficult to apply to spherical pressure vessels. In the thesis, a new pressure measurement method using critically refracted longitudinal wave (LCR wave) and sureface wave is proposed. A model among the change of ultrasonic wave's propagation time and the temperature and the pressure of vessels is established. According to this model, a reference method by LCR wave and surface wave is proposed. A correlative time estimation method based on the zero-phase digital filter is presented. The main contents and innovations of the thesis are summarized as follows:
(1) Models among the propagation time of ultrasonic waves and the pressure of vessels and the temperature are developed respectively for LCR wave and surface wave. The influence of stress and temperature to the velocity and the propagation distance of ultrasonic waves is analysised. According to the stress distribution of cylinder pressure vessels and spherical pressure vessels, models among the propagation time of ultrasonic waves and the pressure of vessels and the temperature are developed through appropriate simplification, respectively for LCR wave and surface wave. A reference method for inducing the influence of temperature is presented.
(2) A general cross correlation method based on zero-phase digital filter is applied to improve the accuracy of time delay estimation. Ultrasonic signals contain the correlative noise, therefore, pre-filtering of signal is needed. Zero-phase digital filter which can effectively eliminate the phase distortion that caused by common digital filter is proposed to process the signals. Compared to Hilbert-Huang Transform, the experimental result shows that the general cross correlation method based on zero-phase digital filter is more stable and simple.
(3) A combined transducer is designed to generate or receive the LCR wave and surface wave. Comparison tests between the combined transducers and the custom-used transducers show that the combined transducers have better repeatability. Using the combined transducers in the experiments can reduce the influence of unevenness of temperature distribution to pressure measurement, with less transducers needed, also leading to a more simple and more convenient measurement.
(4) A water vessel and an air vessel have been chosen as specimen. The reference pressure measurement experiments are carried out. The results show that the model established in the thesis is correct. The results also show that the reference method is effective, the influence of temperature variation could be reduced and the pressure measurement could gain high accuracy.
(1)推导了临界折射纵波和表面波的传播时间变化量与容器内压力、温度之间的关系模型。详细分析了应力、温度这两个主要因素对超声波波速和超声传播距离的影响,结合圆柱形压力容器与球形压力容器的应力分布特点,经过适当的简化处理,建立了这两类容器中临界折射纵波和表面波的传播时间变化量与压力、温度的关系模型。在此基础上,为了降低温度的影响,提出了两波参比式压力测量模型。
(2)提出了基于零相位数字滤波器的广义互相关时延估计方法,提高了互相关时延估计的精度。由于超声信号中包含有相关的噪声成分,因此需要对超声信号进行预先滤波处理。针对普通数字滤波器会造成信号相位失真的问题,提出采用零相位滤波器对信号进行滤波处理。比较了基于零相位滤波器和基于希尔伯特黄变换这两种广义互相关时廷估计方法的性能,比较结果表明基于零相位滤波器的时廷估计方法具有良好的稳定性和可靠性,而且更加简单快速。
(3)设计了一种复合探头,可用于临界折射纵波和表面波的激发与接收。比较了复合探头和普通商用超声波探头的温度稳定性,实验结果表明复合探头组的温度稳定性要优于普通临界折射纵波和表面波探头组的温度稳定性。采用复合探头组进行参比式压力测量,有利于降低温度变化不均匀给压力测量带来的误差,并且可以减少探头数量,使得测量过程更加简单。
(4)以水压力罐和气稳压罐为实验对象,采用临界折射纵波和表面波,进行了参比式压力测量实验研究。实验结果表明,测量模型正确,采用参比式测量方法可以有效降低温度对压力测量的影响,压力测量结果具有良好的精度。
Pressure vessels are widely used in modern industry. To guarantee that they are working properly, it is essential to measure and monitor the pressure in the vessels. Conventional methods for pressure measurement commonly require drilling a hole in the wall of the vessels, which usually cause local stress concentration, and lead to potential safety problems. Therefore, a nondestructive method without drilling holes to measure the pressure is desirable. The propagation velocity of ultrasonic wave is related to the stress and the temperature of the propagation media. Research results show that nondestructive pressure measurement is feasible using surface wave. Howerve, using only surface wave, this method is difficult to apply to spherical pressure vessels. In the thesis, a new pressure measurement method using critically refracted longitudinal wave (LCR wave) and sureface wave is proposed. A model among the change of ultrasonic wave's propagation time and the temperature and the pressure of vessels is established. According to this model, a reference method by LCR wave and surface wave is proposed. A correlative time estimation method based on the zero-phase digital filter is presented. The main contents and innovations of the thesis are summarized as follows:
(1) Models among the propagation time of ultrasonic waves and the pressure of vessels and the temperature are developed respectively for LCR wave and surface wave. The influence of stress and temperature to the velocity and the propagation distance of ultrasonic waves is analysised. According to the stress distribution of cylinder pressure vessels and spherical pressure vessels, models among the propagation time of ultrasonic waves and the pressure of vessels and the temperature are developed through appropriate simplification, respectively for LCR wave and surface wave. A reference method for inducing the influence of temperature is presented.
(2) A general cross correlation method based on zero-phase digital filter is applied to improve the accuracy of time delay estimation. Ultrasonic signals contain the correlative noise, therefore, pre-filtering of signal is needed. Zero-phase digital filter which can effectively eliminate the phase distortion that caused by common digital filter is proposed to process the signals. Compared to Hilbert-Huang Transform, the experimental result shows that the general cross correlation method based on zero-phase digital filter is more stable and simple.
(3) A combined transducer is designed to generate or receive the LCR wave and surface wave. Comparison tests between the combined transducers and the custom-used transducers show that the combined transducers have better repeatability. Using the combined transducers in the experiments can reduce the influence of unevenness of temperature distribution to pressure measurement, with less transducers needed, also leading to a more simple and more convenient measurement.
(4) A water vessel and an air vessel have been chosen as specimen. The reference pressure measurement experiments are carried out. The results show that the model established in the thesis is correct. The results also show that the reference method is effective, the influence of temperature variation could be reduced and the pressure measurement could gain high accuracy.
引文
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