软件无线电中数字下变频技术的研究与实现
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摘要
软件无线电以通用的可编程逻辑器件或数字信号处理器构建硬件平台,以软件方式实现不同应用功能,是当前移动通信领域的研究热点之一。理想的软件无线电是将数字化处理尽可能靠近天线端,直接在射频进行数字化。由于受模数和数模转换器以及数字化处理芯片处理速度的限制,目前的软件无线电系统大多采用折中的中频数字化实现方案,通过增加专用的数字变频器或者采用可编程逻辑器件设计专门的数字下变频器,将射频信号变换到中频,再进行中频数字化处理。改变射频信号的采样频率,在应用上能带来极大灵活性。采用专用DDC芯片完成数字下变频,虽然具有抽取比大、性能稳定等优点,但价格昂贵,灵活性不强,不能充分体现软件无线电的优势。用可编程逻辑器件取代或部分取代专用ASIC芯片可提高数字下变频的灵活性。本文就是针对软件无线电的数字变频技术展开研究,通过对数字下变频的信号处理相关理论和关键模块的分析和设计,研究采用可编程逻辑器件设计数字下变频的实现技术。本文的主要研究工作包括以下几个方面的内容:
(1)在总结软件无线电系统中数字下变频技术的基本组成、技术特点和国内外现状的基础上,阐述了数字下变频设计相关的信号采样理论、多速率信号处理理论和数字信号正交变换理论。
(2)在掌握数字下变频基本原理的基础上,深入研究其实现的关键技术,包括数字混频技术、NCO优化设计技术以及用于抽取滤波的高效数字滤波器设计技术等,设计了两套数字下变频实现方案。
(3)针对本文所设计的数字下变频实现方案,结合某基于软件无线电技术设计的数字通信系统中数字下变频的实际需要,完成了各个功能模块的仿真研究和硬件仿真测试,并对测试结果进行了分析。
基于FPGA实现的数字下变频,能充分体现软件无线电系统高的灵活性和宽的适应性,本文所设计的数字下变频系统有一定的通用性。
Software Radio carry out each kind of function undertaken by software on the hardware platform composed of general PLD or digital signal processor. Software radio is one of the hotspots in mobile communication research. The ideal Software Radio is to make the digitization process as far as possible approaches the antenna. That is, analog-to-digital conversion is done in radio frequency. Due to the poor processing speed of A/D/A conversion and DSP processor, Software radio often adopts inter-specific schemes of digital intermediate frequency(IF). By using specific DDC&DUC or PDC (Programmable down Converter), the radio frequency signal is converted to intermediate frequency (IF) signal. Then the processing of digitized signal is undertaken in IF. It will be much flexible in the application that changing the sample frequency of radio frequency analogy signal. The analysis indicates that the specific DDC chip has many virtues, such as having great decimation ratio and steady performance. But it too expensive, less flexible and can’t exhibit the advantage of software radio.In this dissertation, signal processing of DDC is investigated. Based on the theory of DDC signal processing and the analysis and design on the key module, the technology of design DDC using PLD is focused on. The paper mainly includes some follows:
This thesis analysis signal sample theory in DDC, multi-speed signal processing theory as well as digital signal orthogonal theory based on the basic structure of DDC, technology characteristic and actuality of domestic and foreign. So the PLD complete or partially replace the specific ASIC chip to develop the flexibility of DDC.
In this paper, we deeply study the key techniques including digital mixing, design of optimum NCO and high-efficiency digital filter used for decimation based on the basic principle of DDC. We put forward two scheme of DDC in the thesis.
Focus on the scheme of DDC and adapt to the demand of DDC in the actual digital communication system based on the software radio, we accomplish the simulation and hardware testing of each function module and analyse the testing result.
The DDC based on the FPGA can show adequately the great flexible and broad adaptability of software radio. The DDC system in the paper has definite generality.
(1)在总结软件无线电系统中数字下变频技术的基本组成、技术特点和国内外现状的基础上,阐述了数字下变频设计相关的信号采样理论、多速率信号处理理论和数字信号正交变换理论。
(2)在掌握数字下变频基本原理的基础上,深入研究其实现的关键技术,包括数字混频技术、NCO优化设计技术以及用于抽取滤波的高效数字滤波器设计技术等,设计了两套数字下变频实现方案。
(3)针对本文所设计的数字下变频实现方案,结合某基于软件无线电技术设计的数字通信系统中数字下变频的实际需要,完成了各个功能模块的仿真研究和硬件仿真测试,并对测试结果进行了分析。
基于FPGA实现的数字下变频,能充分体现软件无线电系统高的灵活性和宽的适应性,本文所设计的数字下变频系统有一定的通用性。
Software Radio carry out each kind of function undertaken by software on the hardware platform composed of general PLD or digital signal processor. Software radio is one of the hotspots in mobile communication research. The ideal Software Radio is to make the digitization process as far as possible approaches the antenna. That is, analog-to-digital conversion is done in radio frequency. Due to the poor processing speed of A/D/A conversion and DSP processor, Software radio often adopts inter-specific schemes of digital intermediate frequency(IF). By using specific DDC&DUC or PDC (Programmable down Converter), the radio frequency signal is converted to intermediate frequency (IF) signal. Then the processing of digitized signal is undertaken in IF. It will be much flexible in the application that changing the sample frequency of radio frequency analogy signal. The analysis indicates that the specific DDC chip has many virtues, such as having great decimation ratio and steady performance. But it too expensive, less flexible and can’t exhibit the advantage of software radio.In this dissertation, signal processing of DDC is investigated. Based on the theory of DDC signal processing and the analysis and design on the key module, the technology of design DDC using PLD is focused on. The paper mainly includes some follows:
This thesis analysis signal sample theory in DDC, multi-speed signal processing theory as well as digital signal orthogonal theory based on the basic structure of DDC, technology characteristic and actuality of domestic and foreign. So the PLD complete or partially replace the specific ASIC chip to develop the flexibility of DDC.
In this paper, we deeply study the key techniques including digital mixing, design of optimum NCO and high-efficiency digital filter used for decimation based on the basic principle of DDC. We put forward two scheme of DDC in the thesis.
Focus on the scheme of DDC and adapt to the demand of DDC in the actual digital communication system based on the software radio, we accomplish the simulation and hardware testing of each function module and analyse the testing result.
The DDC based on the FPGA can show adequately the great flexible and broad adaptability of software radio. The DDC system in the paper has definite generality.
引文
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[2] Lacky R. J.,Upmal D W. Speakeasy: The Military Software Radio. IEEE Communications Magazine, 1995(5).
[3] Intersil Corporation Data Sheet. HSP50016. File Number: 3288.6,1999,(2).
[4] Intersil Corporation Data Sheet. HSP50214B. File Number: 4450.2,1999,(2).
[5] 邱天爽,魏东兴,唐洪等,通信中的自适应信号处理,电子工业出版社,2005.
[6] 张贤达,保铮,通信信号处理,国防工业出版社,2000 年.
[7] James E Gunn, Kenneth S. Barron, William Ruczczyk. A Low_Power DSP Core_Based Software Radio Architecture. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 1999,17(4):574~590.
[8] Mark Cummings, Shinichiro Haruyama. FPGA in the Software Radio. IEEE Communications Magazine, 1999,(2):108~112.
[9] 杨小牛,楼才义,徐建良,软件无线电原理与应用,电子工业出版社,2001 年.
[10] Tierney,C.M.Rader,B.Gold. A digital frequency synthesizer. IEEE Trans. Audio Electroacoust, Vol.AU-19,pp.48-57,1971.
[11] H.T.Nicholas,III,H.Samueli, A 150-MHz Direct Frequency Synthesizer in 1.25-Um CMOS with-90-dBC Spurious Performance, IEEE J.S.S.C,26(12): 1956-1969, Dec 1991.
[12] A.Yamgishi,et,al.2-V,2-GHz Low-Power Direct Digital Frequency Synthesizer Chip-set for Wireless Communication. IEEE.J.S.S.C,33(2):210-217,Feb 1997.
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[14] 徐阳,徐志伟,闵昊. 数字视频编码器用 DDS 的设计与实现,微电子学,2000,1.
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[17] Matthew P. Donadio, CIC Filter Introduction, www.m.p.donadio.ieee.org.
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[21] 姚天任,孙洪,现代数字信号处理,华中科技大学出版社,1999.
[22] Altera Corp,Stratix Device Handbook。Altera Corp,2002.
[23] 潘松,黄继业,王国栋,现代 DSP 技术,西安电子科技大学出版社,2003 年.
[24] 钮心忻,杨义先,软件无线电技术与应用,2000.
[25] Walter Tuttlebee 主编,杨小牛等译,软件无线电技术与实现,电子工业出版社,2004.
[26] 侯伯亨,顾新,VHDL 硬件描述语言与数字逻辑电路设计,西安电子科技大学出版社,1999.
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[32] 吴昊、郑志彬、张乃通.软件无线电.通信遥控.第 19 卷第 6 期.
[33] 刘波粒. 软件无线电及其实现方案的研究. 电讯技术.2004 年.
[34] 李玉柏、彭启琮.软件数字下变频的实现与算法分析.通信学报. 21(10) 2000 年.
[35] WajihA.Abu-A1-Saud,StudentMember,IEEE,andGordonL.Stuber,Fellow,IEEE.Modified.CIC.Filter.for.Sample.Rate.Conversion.in.Software.RadioSystems.IEEESIGNALPROCESSINGLETTERS,VOL.10,NO.5,2003.
[36] 宗孔德.多抽样率信号处理.清华大学出版社.1996 年.
[37] 吴启辉等. 第三代移动通信系统中的软件无线电技术. 移动通信. 2002.2:35-39.
[38] J. G. Proakis, Digital Communication, Third Edition, McGraw-Hill,1999.
[39] Mark Cummings. FPGA in the software radio, IEEE communication Magnize,1999.
[40] Jeffery H.Reed.A soft Radio Architecture for Reconfigurable Platforms[J].IEEE Commun.Mag.Feb.2000,140-144.
[41] Virtual Radios[J]. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communication,1999.17(4):591~602.
[42] Buracchini,Enrico.Software radio concept. IEEE Communications Magazine, Sep. 2000, 138-143.
[43] 刘东华、欧建平. 数字中频滤除技术及其在软件无线电中的应用. 无线通信技术.2000.2
[44] 申东、罗进文. 数字下变频器中多级抽取滤波器的设计与实现. 兰州交通大学学报(自然科学版)第 23 卷第 4 期.2004
[45] 李琳、张尔扬. 软件无线电技术综述. 电视技术. 1999 年 1 月.总第 199 期.
[46] 李义宁、赵杭生、朱爱华. CIC 滤波器实现过程中应注意的几点问题. 军事通信技术.2004.
[2] Lacky R. J.,Upmal D W. Speakeasy: The Military Software Radio. IEEE Communications Magazine, 1995(5).
[3] Intersil Corporation Data Sheet. HSP50016. File Number: 3288.6,1999,(2).
[4] Intersil Corporation Data Sheet. HSP50214B. File Number: 4450.2,1999,(2).
[5] 邱天爽,魏东兴,唐洪等,通信中的自适应信号处理,电子工业出版社,2005.
[6] 张贤达,保铮,通信信号处理,国防工业出版社,2000 年.
[7] James E Gunn, Kenneth S. Barron, William Ruczczyk. A Low_Power DSP Core_Based Software Radio Architecture. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 1999,17(4):574~590.
[8] Mark Cummings, Shinichiro Haruyama. FPGA in the Software Radio. IEEE Communications Magazine, 1999,(2):108~112.
[9] 杨小牛,楼才义,徐建良,软件无线电原理与应用,电子工业出版社,2001 年.
[10] Tierney,C.M.Rader,B.Gold. A digital frequency synthesizer. IEEE Trans. Audio Electroacoust, Vol.AU-19,pp.48-57,1971.
[11] H.T.Nicholas,III,H.Samueli, A 150-MHz Direct Frequency Synthesizer in 1.25-Um CMOS with-90-dBC Spurious Performance, IEEE J.S.S.C,26(12): 1956-1969, Dec 1991.
[12] A.Yamgishi,et,al.2-V,2-GHz Low-Power Direct Digital Frequency Synthesizer Chip-set for Wireless Communication. IEEE.J.S.S.C,33(2):210-217,Feb 1997.
[13] Q2334 dual direct digital synthesizer technical data sheet, Qualcom Inc, San Diego,CA,June,1990.
[14] 徐阳,徐志伟,闵昊. 数字视频编码器用 DDS 的设计与实现,微电子学,2000,1.
[15] A.Madisetti, A.Y.Kwentus, A.N.Willson. A 100 MHz, 16-b Direct Digital Frequency Synthesizer with a 100-dBc Spurious-Free Dynamic Range. IEEE J.S.S.C, 34(8):1034-1043, August 1997.
[16] 李滔,韩秋月. 基于流水线 CORDIC 算法的三角函数发生器,电子技术应用,1999(6).
[17] Matthew P. Donadio, CIC Filter Introduction, www.m.p.donadio.ieee.org.
[18] E.B.Hogenauer. An economical class of digital filters for decimation and interpolation. IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, ASSP-29(2):155-162,1981. Steel R. Mobile Radio Communications. Pentech Press,1992.
[19] Steel R. Mobile Radio Communications. Pentech Press,1992.
[20] 郭梯云,邬国扬,李建东. 移动通信,西安电子科技大学出版社,1995.
[21] 姚天任,孙洪,现代数字信号处理,华中科技大学出版社,1999.
[22] Altera Corp,Stratix Device Handbook。Altera Corp,2002.
[23] 潘松,黄继业,王国栋,现代 DSP 技术,西安电子科技大学出版社,2003 年.
[24] 钮心忻,杨义先,软件无线电技术与应用,2000.
[25] Walter Tuttlebee 主编,杨小牛等译,软件无线电技术与实现,电子工业出版社,2004.
[26] 侯伯亨,顾新,VHDL 硬件描述语言与数字逻辑电路设计,西安电子科技大学出版社,1999.
[27] 张欣,VLSI 数字信号处理—设计与实现,科学出版社,2003.
[28] 任小东,CPLD/FPGA 高级应用开发指南,电子工业出版社,2003.
[29] 孙增军、周晨阳.软件无线电技术.数据通信.2000 年第 1 期.
[30] 颜彪、周平、许宗泽.软件无线电的关键技术.电力系统通信.2001 年第 6 期.
[31] 肖维民、许希斌、朱健、姚彦.软件无线电综述.电子学报.1998 年 2 月第 2 期.
[32] 吴昊、郑志彬、张乃通.软件无线电.通信遥控.第 19 卷第 6 期.
[33] 刘波粒. 软件无线电及其实现方案的研究. 电讯技术.2004 年.
[34] 李玉柏、彭启琮.软件数字下变频的实现与算法分析.通信学报. 21(10) 2000 年.
[35] WajihA.Abu-A1-Saud,StudentMember,IEEE,andGordonL.Stuber,Fellow,IEEE.Modified.CIC.Filter.for.Sample.Rate.Conversion.in.Software.RadioSystems.IEEESIGNALPROCESSINGLETTERS,VOL.10,NO.5,2003.
[36] 宗孔德.多抽样率信号处理.清华大学出版社.1996 年.
[37] 吴启辉等. 第三代移动通信系统中的软件无线电技术. 移动通信. 2002.2:35-39.
[38] J. G. Proakis, Digital Communication, Third Edition, McGraw-Hill,1999.
[39] Mark Cummings. FPGA in the software radio, IEEE communication Magnize,1999.
[40] Jeffery H.Reed.A soft Radio Architecture for Reconfigurable Platforms[J].IEEE Commun.Mag.Feb.2000,140-144.
[41] Virtual Radios[J]. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communication,1999.17(4):591~602.
[42] Buracchini,Enrico.Software radio concept. IEEE Communications Magazine, Sep. 2000, 138-143.
[43] 刘东华、欧建平. 数字中频滤除技术及其在软件无线电中的应用. 无线通信技术.2000.2
[44] 申东、罗进文. 数字下变频器中多级抽取滤波器的设计与实现. 兰州交通大学学报(自然科学版)第 23 卷第 4 期.2004
[45] 李琳、张尔扬. 软件无线电技术综述. 电视技术. 1999 年 1 月.总第 199 期.
[46] 李义宁、赵杭生、朱爱华. CIC 滤波器实现过程中应注意的几点问题. 军事通信技术.2004.