具有高适应性的锂电池充电器IC的研究与设计
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摘要
锂电池由于具有体积小、质量轻、寿命长、能量密度高等优点,在便携式电子设备中得到了广泛应用。锂电池充电器作为电源管理系统的重要组成部分,其能否为锂电池安全高效地充电,对锂电池的性能及应用来说至关重要。为了对锂电池安全、可靠、快速、高效地充电,本文结合锂电池的基本特性以及常用的充电方法,设计了一款针对单节锂电池的充电器IC。
本文采用了以恒流恒压充电法为基础的三阶段法:第一阶段使用小电流对电池进行预处理,对出现过放电的电池进行修复和保护;第二阶段采用较大的恒定电流对电池充电,实现快速充电的目的;第三阶段采用恒压充电,确保电池充满。此充电器IC的最大特点是其高适用性,可以使用各种不同的适配器和USB端口进行供电,尤其是当其结合电流限制适配器时,兼有线性式充电和脉冲式充电的优点,使充电效率大大提高。此外,本设计增加了芯片温度控制、电池温度检测与保护、电源状态检测和充电定时等功能等,实现了对充电过程的智能控制。
本文采用0.5μm CMOS N阱工艺,降低了成本。通过HSPICE仿真可知,在各种工艺角,-40℃~125℃的温度范围和4.3V~6.5V的电源电压输入范围内,电池最终充电电压达到4.1V±0.56%。充电器IC结合限定电流为0.5A的电流限制适配器进行恒流充电时,其充电效率高达96%以上。此IC还具有外部电路简单的特点,只需与外部少数电容、电阻配合使用,就可以完成充电功能。
文中首先对锂电池的组成及化学原理进行了简单介绍,然后介绍锂电池的特性及常用的充电方法,接着说明充电器IC的整体结构和原理,最后着重介绍内部具体电路的设计与实现,并给出了HSPICE仿真结果。
Because of small size, light weight, long life and high energy densities, Li-ion and Li-polymer battery have become increasingly popular in portable electronic devices. Charger is an important component in the battery power management system. In order to charge battery safely, reliably, fast and efficiently, based on the Li-ion and Li-polymer battery’s character and general charging method, a charger IC for single Li-ion or Li-polymer battery is designed.
The charging mode based on the CC/CV has been adopted, in which the process has been divided into three phases. At the first phase, the battery is pre-charged with a trickle current to repair and protect the over-discharged battery; at the secondary phase, the battery will be charged by a large constant current to allow the fast charging; at the last phase, the constant voltage charging is adopted to guarantee the battery fully charged. The particular characteristic of this IC is high applicability, because its power supply can use different adapters or USB ports, especially when using the current-limited adapter, it integrates the advantages of linear charging mode and pulse charging mode, which improves charging efficiency. Besides, the modules such as the chip temperature control, battery temperature detection and protection, power status detection and charge timing are also added to the system to allow the intelligent control of the charging process.
The process of 0.5μm CMOS with N well has been applied, which reduces the cost. Through HSPICE simulation, battery’s final float voltage reaches 4.1V±0.56% at different process corners, the temperature between -40℃and 125℃, and input voltage between 4.3V and 6.5V. The charging efficiency is up to 96% in constant current charging phase when the IC is supplied by a current-limited adapter whose limited current is 0.5A. This IC simplifies the outside circuit so that it can accomplish all the charging functions only at the cooperation of few additional capacitances and resistances.
In this paper, the composition and chemical principle of the Li-ion and Li-polymer battery are firstly presented, which are followed by their characteristic and common charging approaches introduction. And then, the whole structure and principle of this chager is illuminated. At last, the design and realization of actual circuits are emphasized, the HSPICE simulation results are provided as well.
本文采用了以恒流恒压充电法为基础的三阶段法:第一阶段使用小电流对电池进行预处理,对出现过放电的电池进行修复和保护;第二阶段采用较大的恒定电流对电池充电,实现快速充电的目的;第三阶段采用恒压充电,确保电池充满。此充电器IC的最大特点是其高适用性,可以使用各种不同的适配器和USB端口进行供电,尤其是当其结合电流限制适配器时,兼有线性式充电和脉冲式充电的优点,使充电效率大大提高。此外,本设计增加了芯片温度控制、电池温度检测与保护、电源状态检测和充电定时等功能等,实现了对充电过程的智能控制。
本文采用0.5μm CMOS N阱工艺,降低了成本。通过HSPICE仿真可知,在各种工艺角,-40℃~125℃的温度范围和4.3V~6.5V的电源电压输入范围内,电池最终充电电压达到4.1V±0.56%。充电器IC结合限定电流为0.5A的电流限制适配器进行恒流充电时,其充电效率高达96%以上。此IC还具有外部电路简单的特点,只需与外部少数电容、电阻配合使用,就可以完成充电功能。
文中首先对锂电池的组成及化学原理进行了简单介绍,然后介绍锂电池的特性及常用的充电方法,接着说明充电器IC的整体结构和原理,最后着重介绍内部具体电路的设计与实现,并给出了HSPICE仿真结果。
Because of small size, light weight, long life and high energy densities, Li-ion and Li-polymer battery have become increasingly popular in portable electronic devices. Charger is an important component in the battery power management system. In order to charge battery safely, reliably, fast and efficiently, based on the Li-ion and Li-polymer battery’s character and general charging method, a charger IC for single Li-ion or Li-polymer battery is designed.
The charging mode based on the CC/CV has been adopted, in which the process has been divided into three phases. At the first phase, the battery is pre-charged with a trickle current to repair and protect the over-discharged battery; at the secondary phase, the battery will be charged by a large constant current to allow the fast charging; at the last phase, the constant voltage charging is adopted to guarantee the battery fully charged. The particular characteristic of this IC is high applicability, because its power supply can use different adapters or USB ports, especially when using the current-limited adapter, it integrates the advantages of linear charging mode and pulse charging mode, which improves charging efficiency. Besides, the modules such as the chip temperature control, battery temperature detection and protection, power status detection and charge timing are also added to the system to allow the intelligent control of the charging process.
The process of 0.5μm CMOS with N well has been applied, which reduces the cost. Through HSPICE simulation, battery’s final float voltage reaches 4.1V±0.56% at different process corners, the temperature between -40℃and 125℃, and input voltage between 4.3V and 6.5V. The charging efficiency is up to 96% in constant current charging phase when the IC is supplied by a current-limited adapter whose limited current is 0.5A. This IC simplifies the outside circuit so that it can accomplish all the charging functions only at the cooperation of few additional capacitances and resistances.
In this paper, the composition and chemical principle of the Li-ion and Li-polymer battery are firstly presented, which are followed by their characteristic and common charging approaches introduction. And then, the whole structure and principle of this chager is illuminated. At last, the design and realization of actual circuits are emphasized, the HSPICE simulation results are provided as well.
引文
[1] Walter A V S, Bruno S. Advances in Lithium-ion Batteries [M]. New York: Kluwer Acadimic/ Plenum Publishers,2002:185-232
[2] 贾明武.前途光明的朝阳产业——论电池及充电器发展趋势.移动通信, 2003, Z1:44-46
[3] 王玉. 2006全球IT市场十大热点.计算机世界报,2006,16
[4] 林玉兰,吕迎阳,梁广等.基于半导体温差发电模块的锂电池充电装置.电源技术,2006,01:38-40,43
[5] 杨捷.锂离子电池的特点与使用.现代电视技术,2003,05:93-94
[6] 彭颖.一种锂离子电池充电器芯片的设计:[硕士毕业论文]. 武汉:华中科技大学,2005
[7] Elias MFM, Nor KM, Rahim NA, Arof AK. Lithium-ion battery charger for high energy application. Power Engineering Conference, 2003:283 – 288
[8] 杨恒,邹丽娟. 脉冲充电器. 电子技术,2004,09:58-61
[9] Elena E. Potanina, Vladislav Y.Potanin, Ph.D. Li-ion Battery Charger with Three-Parameter Regulator Loop. IEEE 2005:2836-2840
[10] 戴永年,杨斌,姚耀春等.锂离子电池的发展状况.电池,2005,03:193-195
[11] Chia-Chun Tsai, Chin-Yen Lin, Yuh-Shyan Hwang, Wen-Ta Lee and Trong-Yen Lee. A Multi-Mode LDO-Based Li-ion Battery Charger in 0.35umCMOS Technology. The 2004 IEEE Asia-Pacific Conference on Circuits and Systems, 2004:49-52
[12] 戴维德.充电器IC概述.今日电子,2005,02:46-48
[13] Matt Schindler. Switch-mode, linear and pulse charging techniques for Li+ Battery in mobile phones and PDAs. Application Note 913, Dec27, 2001
[14] 向德军.用于铅酸蓄电池的大容量智能充电系统的研究:[硕士毕业论文].武汉:武汉大学,2004
[15] Razavi,B. Design of Analog COMS Integrated Circuits
[16] PAUL R.GRAY. Analysis and Design of Analog Integrated Circuits
[17] E.Allen. COMS Analog Circuit Design
[18] Philip K.T.Mok, Ka Nang Leung. Design Considerations of Recent Advanced Low-Votage Low-Temperature-Coefficient CMOS Bandgap Voltage Reference. IEEE 2004 CustomIntegrated Circuits Conference:635-642
[19] Popa C. Superior-order curvature-correction CMOS smart temperature sensor. ASDAM, 2002,10:373-376
[20] Rincon-Mora G A. A 1.1-V Current-Mode and Piecewise-Linear Curvature-Corrected Bandgap Reference, IEEE J Solid-State Circuits, 1998,33 (10):1551-1554
[21] 王红义,王松林,来新泉等.CMOS电压基准的设计原理.微电子学,2003,33(5):415-418
[22] 郭向阳. DC/DC锂电池充电器芯片的设计与研究:[硕士毕业论文].成都:电子科技大学,2006
[23] 任智谋. DC-DC电源芯片的研究与设计:[硕士毕业论文].成都:电子科技大学,2005
[24] Spady, D. A CMOS bandgap voltage reference with absolute value and temperature drift trims. IEEE Circuits and Systems, 2005,23-26:3853-3856
[25] Deval, Y. Tomas, J. Begueret, J.B. Dugalleix, S. Dom, J.P. 1-volt ratio metric temperature stable current reference.IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, 1997 June 9-12
[26] Fiori, F. Crovetti, P.S. A new compact temperature-compensated CMOS current reference. IEEE Transactions On Circuits And Systems—II: EXPRESS BRIEFS, 2005,52(11):724-728
[27] Min Chen, Gabriel A.Rincon-Mora.Accurate,Compact and Power-Efficient Li-Ion Battery Charger Circuit. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems-Ⅱ: Express Briefs, 2006, 53(11):1180-1184
[28] Elena E.Potanina,Vladislav Y.Potanin,Ph.D. Li-Ion Battery Charger with Three-Parameter Regulation Loop:2836-2840
[29] Derek Bernardon,Markus Muellauer. A High-Precision Low-Drop Linear Regulator for Battery Charging Application
[30] 刘振丰.一种BiCMOS过热保护电路:[研究生学位论文].成都:西南交通大学,2005
[31] 陈良生,洪志良,闵昊等. CMOS工艺下的温度检测电路的设计. 固体电子学研究与进展, 2005,25(2):231-234
[2] 贾明武.前途光明的朝阳产业——论电池及充电器发展趋势.移动通信, 2003, Z1:44-46
[3] 王玉. 2006全球IT市场十大热点.计算机世界报,2006,16
[4] 林玉兰,吕迎阳,梁广等.基于半导体温差发电模块的锂电池充电装置.电源技术,2006,01:38-40,43
[5] 杨捷.锂离子电池的特点与使用.现代电视技术,2003,05:93-94
[6] 彭颖.一种锂离子电池充电器芯片的设计:[硕士毕业论文]. 武汉:华中科技大学,2005
[7] Elias MFM, Nor KM, Rahim NA, Arof AK. Lithium-ion battery charger for high energy application. Power Engineering Conference, 2003:283 – 288
[8] 杨恒,邹丽娟. 脉冲充电器. 电子技术,2004,09:58-61
[9] Elena E. Potanina, Vladislav Y.Potanin, Ph.D. Li-ion Battery Charger with Three-Parameter Regulator Loop. IEEE 2005:2836-2840
[10] 戴永年,杨斌,姚耀春等.锂离子电池的发展状况.电池,2005,03:193-195
[11] Chia-Chun Tsai, Chin-Yen Lin, Yuh-Shyan Hwang, Wen-Ta Lee and Trong-Yen Lee. A Multi-Mode LDO-Based Li-ion Battery Charger in 0.35umCMOS Technology. The 2004 IEEE Asia-Pacific Conference on Circuits and Systems, 2004:49-52
[12] 戴维德.充电器IC概述.今日电子,2005,02:46-48
[13] Matt Schindler. Switch-mode, linear and pulse charging techniques for Li+ Battery in mobile phones and PDAs. Application Note 913, Dec27, 2001
[14] 向德军.用于铅酸蓄电池的大容量智能充电系统的研究:[硕士毕业论文].武汉:武汉大学,2004
[15] Razavi,B. Design of Analog COMS Integrated Circuits
[16] PAUL R.GRAY. Analysis and Design of Analog Integrated Circuits
[17] E.Allen. COMS Analog Circuit Design
[18] Philip K.T.Mok, Ka Nang Leung. Design Considerations of Recent Advanced Low-Votage Low-Temperature-Coefficient CMOS Bandgap Voltage Reference. IEEE 2004 CustomIntegrated Circuits Conference:635-642
[19] Popa C. Superior-order curvature-correction CMOS smart temperature sensor. ASDAM, 2002,10:373-376
[20] Rincon-Mora G A. A 1.1-V Current-Mode and Piecewise-Linear Curvature-Corrected Bandgap Reference, IEEE J Solid-State Circuits, 1998,33 (10):1551-1554
[21] 王红义,王松林,来新泉等.CMOS电压基准的设计原理.微电子学,2003,33(5):415-418
[22] 郭向阳. DC/DC锂电池充电器芯片的设计与研究:[硕士毕业论文].成都:电子科技大学,2006
[23] 任智谋. DC-DC电源芯片的研究与设计:[硕士毕业论文].成都:电子科技大学,2005
[24] Spady, D. A CMOS bandgap voltage reference with absolute value and temperature drift trims. IEEE Circuits and Systems, 2005,23-26:3853-3856
[25] Deval, Y. Tomas, J. Begueret, J.B. Dugalleix, S. Dom, J.P. 1-volt ratio metric temperature stable current reference.IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, 1997 June 9-12
[26] Fiori, F. Crovetti, P.S. A new compact temperature-compensated CMOS current reference. IEEE Transactions On Circuits And Systems—II: EXPRESS BRIEFS, 2005,52(11):724-728
[27] Min Chen, Gabriel A.Rincon-Mora.Accurate,Compact and Power-Efficient Li-Ion Battery Charger Circuit. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems-Ⅱ: Express Briefs, 2006, 53(11):1180-1184
[28] Elena E.Potanina,Vladislav Y.Potanin,Ph.D. Li-Ion Battery Charger with Three-Parameter Regulation Loop:2836-2840
[29] Derek Bernardon,Markus Muellauer. A High-Precision Low-Drop Linear Regulator for Battery Charging Application
[30] 刘振丰.一种BiCMOS过热保护电路:[研究生学位论文].成都:西南交通大学,2005
[31] 陈良生,洪志良,闵昊等. CMOS工艺下的温度检测电路的设计. 固体电子学研究与进展, 2005,25(2):231-234