大尺度平板水膜流动行为的数值模拟和试验研究
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摘要
核电站的安全性对于核电的长期发展具有重要的意义。各国纷纷建造在安全性能上更加出色的第三代反应堆，我国引进的是西屋公司设计的第三代核电站AP1000。AP1000采用非能动安全壳冷却系统（PCCS）来保证事故工况下安全壳结构的完整。我国自主设计的大型先进压水堆CAP1400在水箱容量和安全壳高度方面都有提高，只有对水膜在安全壳上流动中的物理现象及其对实际工程应用产生的影响有深刻的认识和掌握，才能为我国自主设计大型先进压水堆相关非能动安全壳冷却系统提供基础理论和技术支撑。
针对目前的研究现状，本文对大尺度平板降膜流动行为进行了实验研究，得到了较可靠的降膜流动参数的实验关联式，并开展3维的数值模拟，给出最佳实践指导。最后基于实验和数值研究的结果对PCCS的应用方案提出初步建议。
本论文开展的主要工作包括：
1.大尺度平板降膜流动行为实验：自行设计和建立大尺度的平板降膜流动实验台架，研究雷诺数、平板倾角、空气剪应力、平板表面特性、入口条件对降膜连续流动行为和破断行为的影响。通过分析降膜的膜厚统计特性和表面波特性来了解不同流动阶段降膜的运动规律。通过对实验数据合理的分析和整理，得到了降膜流动参数的实验关联式。
2.平板降膜流动行为3维数值模拟：建立适用于平板降膜流动行为计算的数值模型，对有、无空气剪应力作用下降膜的连续流动行为和破断进行3维的CFD计算，通过与实验的对比验证了数值模型的有效性。揭示了诸如壁面剪应力和速度分布等实验无法测量的参数的变化规律。
3.平板降膜表面独立波流动传热特性数值研究：结合实验测量，对平板降膜的表面波建立合适的数值模型，计算得到独立波内部的流场和温度场，并揭示了独立波尺度变化、空气剪应力作用对其内部流动和传热的影响机理。
4.对PCCS系统提出初步应用方案：基于大尺度平板降膜实验研究和3维降膜流动行为的数值模拟，对PCCS系统的涂层材料，入口形式提出应用方案。对围堰V型槽的结构和尺寸提出参数优化模型。
本文旨在探索大尺度平板的降膜流动传热特性，研究不同因素对降膜流动传热行为的影响。并预示CFD方法研究降膜流动行为的可行性。本文的结论对于了解PCCS系统的水膜流动行为有一定的贡献，对于其他PCCS相关研究数学模型的建立有一定的价值。
The safety performance of nuclear power plant is of great significance forlong term development of nuclear power. Many countries are buildingadvanced nuclear power plant of generation III. China is constructing theWestinghouse AP1000. AP1000containment utilizes passive containmentcooling system (PCCS) to provide the ultimate heat sink for decay heatremoval and to ensure the integrity of the containment. Based on AP1000technologies, the large advanced pressurized water reactor CAP1400is nowbeing designed in China with larger containment size and larger containmentcooling tank. The present study will provide theoretical foundations andtechnical supports for the design of PCCS of CAP1400through a deepunderstanding of mechanisms involved in water film behavior.
Aiming at the research status, this paper conducts experimental studies onwater film behavior on large scale flat plate. Some reliable empirical relationsof parameters of film flow are obtained. The best practice guideline is giventhrough three dimensional numerical simulations. Based on the results of theexperimental data and simulation calculations, some primary suggestions onPCCS application are made.
The main tasks of the present study consist of four parts, as summarizedbelow:
1. Experimental study on water film behavior on large scale flat plate.The experimental facility is designed and constructed. The effect ofReynolds number, plate inclination, count-current air flow, surfacecharacteristics, and entrance condition on the film behavior is studied,such as film thickness; surface wave characteristics and film break up. Based on experimental data empirical correlations describing film flowparameters are developed
2. Three-dimensional numerical simulation on water film behavior.A numerical model is established to simulate water film behavior on flatplate. The water film characteristics and break up behavior with andwithout count-current air flow are investigated. Numerical results arecompared with experimental data. The numerical study providescomplementary information to experimental data.
3. Numerical study on flow and heat transfer behavior of surface wave.Numerical model is established to simulate flow and heat transfer behaviorin the solitary wave of the falling water film. The flow and temperaturefield inside the solitary wave provides evident to understand the effect ofsolitary wave scale and count-current air flow on the flow and heat transferperformance inside solitary wave.
4. Application to PCCS.Based on both experimental and numerical studies, proposals are made onimprovement of heat removal capability of PCCS, such as surface coatingmaterial and geometric structure of entrance section, including distributionunit, of the falling water injection.
This thesis is devoted to investigate flow and heart transfer characteristics offalling water film of PCCS. The effects of different factors are investigatedexperimentally and numerically. Based on comparison with experimental data,the applicability of the numerical approach used is proved. The resultsachieved in the thesis contribute significantly to a better understanding ofimportant mechanisms involved in water film flow of PCCS, and provideuseful knowledge to the establishment of mathematical and numerical modelsfor future investigation on PCCS related phenomena.
针对目前的研究现状，本文对大尺度平板降膜流动行为进行了实验研究，得到了较可靠的降膜流动参数的实验关联式，并开展3维的数值模拟，给出最佳实践指导。最后基于实验和数值研究的结果对PCCS的应用方案提出初步建议。
本论文开展的主要工作包括：
1.大尺度平板降膜流动行为实验：自行设计和建立大尺度的平板降膜流动实验台架，研究雷诺数、平板倾角、空气剪应力、平板表面特性、入口条件对降膜连续流动行为和破断行为的影响。通过分析降膜的膜厚统计特性和表面波特性来了解不同流动阶段降膜的运动规律。通过对实验数据合理的分析和整理，得到了降膜流动参数的实验关联式。
2.平板降膜流动行为3维数值模拟：建立适用于平板降膜流动行为计算的数值模型，对有、无空气剪应力作用下降膜的连续流动行为和破断进行3维的CFD计算，通过与实验的对比验证了数值模型的有效性。揭示了诸如壁面剪应力和速度分布等实验无法测量的参数的变化规律。
3.平板降膜表面独立波流动传热特性数值研究：结合实验测量，对平板降膜的表面波建立合适的数值模型，计算得到独立波内部的流场和温度场，并揭示了独立波尺度变化、空气剪应力作用对其内部流动和传热的影响机理。
4.对PCCS系统提出初步应用方案：基于大尺度平板降膜实验研究和3维降膜流动行为的数值模拟，对PCCS系统的涂层材料，入口形式提出应用方案。对围堰V型槽的结构和尺寸提出参数优化模型。
本文旨在探索大尺度平板的降膜流动传热特性，研究不同因素对降膜流动传热行为的影响。并预示CFD方法研究降膜流动行为的可行性。本文的结论对于了解PCCS系统的水膜流动行为有一定的贡献，对于其他PCCS相关研究数学模型的建立有一定的价值。
The safety performance of nuclear power plant is of great significance forlong term development of nuclear power. Many countries are buildingadvanced nuclear power plant of generation III. China is constructing theWestinghouse AP1000. AP1000containment utilizes passive containmentcooling system (PCCS) to provide the ultimate heat sink for decay heatremoval and to ensure the integrity of the containment. Based on AP1000technologies, the large advanced pressurized water reactor CAP1400is nowbeing designed in China with larger containment size and larger containmentcooling tank. The present study will provide theoretical foundations andtechnical supports for the design of PCCS of CAP1400through a deepunderstanding of mechanisms involved in water film behavior.
Aiming at the research status, this paper conducts experimental studies onwater film behavior on large scale flat plate. Some reliable empirical relationsof parameters of film flow are obtained. The best practice guideline is giventhrough three dimensional numerical simulations. Based on the results of theexperimental data and simulation calculations, some primary suggestions onPCCS application are made.
The main tasks of the present study consist of four parts, as summarizedbelow:
1. Experimental study on water film behavior on large scale flat plate.The experimental facility is designed and constructed. The effect ofReynolds number, plate inclination, count-current air flow, surfacecharacteristics, and entrance condition on the film behavior is studied,such as film thickness; surface wave characteristics and film break up. Based on experimental data empirical correlations describing film flowparameters are developed
2. Three-dimensional numerical simulation on water film behavior.A numerical model is established to simulate water film behavior on flatplate. The water film characteristics and break up behavior with andwithout count-current air flow are investigated. Numerical results arecompared with experimental data. The numerical study providescomplementary information to experimental data.
3. Numerical study on flow and heat transfer behavior of surface wave.Numerical model is established to simulate flow and heat transfer behaviorin the solitary wave of the falling water film. The flow and temperaturefield inside the solitary wave provides evident to understand the effect ofsolitary wave scale and count-current air flow on the flow and heat transferperformance inside solitary wave.
4. Application to PCCS.Based on both experimental and numerical studies, proposals are made onimprovement of heat removal capability of PCCS, such as surface coatingmaterial and geometric structure of entrance section, including distributionunit, of the falling water injection.
This thesis is devoted to investigate flow and heart transfer characteristics offalling water film of PCCS. The effects of different factors are investigatedexperimentally and numerically. Based on comparison with experimental data,the applicability of the numerical approach used is proved. The resultsachieved in the thesis contribute significantly to a better understanding ofimportant mechanisms involved in water film flow of PCCS, and provideuseful knowledge to the establishment of mathematical and numerical modelsfor future investigation on PCCS related phenomena.
引文
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