保险人合同解除权研究
摘要
保险是人类为抵御风险而创造的制度,它集合多数个人以形成危险共同体的方式,提供经济帮助并分散消化危险。在现代社会,保险日益成为化解风险、提供社会保障的重要手段。我国1995年颁布了《保险法》并在2002年进行了修正,该法对保险合同、保险公司、保险的经营监管、法律责任等方面作了比较详尽的规定。保险人合同解除权制度是我国保险法的重要内容,合同解除权制度本身具有双向性:一方面能够维护保险人的合法权益,另一面则可能导致保险人利用其强势地位滥用解除权,损害投保人或被保险人利益。我国目前仍处于保险业发展的初期,保险人凭借其经济和技术上的优势制造各类格式合同、滥用解除权的情形屡见不鲜,这样的做法无疑会使投保人“有险而无忧”的愿望落空,降低了保险人的诚信度,影响了保险业的发展。因此,如何规范及限制保险人行使合同解除权成为本文研究的重点。
本文共分五部分。第一部分,保险人合同解除权的性质与特征。该部分从保险人合同解除权的概念入手,分析了该解除权的性质和特征并对保险人合同解除权行使的两大理论依据——最大诚信原则、对价平衡原则进行了阐述,最后提出保险人合同解除权制度构建之根本目的在于保护投保人的法益。第二部分,保险人合同解除权行使的条件。该部分是本文的核心内容,根据我国《保险法》及《最高人民法院关于审理保险纠纷案件若干问题的解释(征求意见稿)》中的相关规定,本文对保险人合同解除权行使的条件归纳为根本违约、违反如实告知义务、客观危险增加和保险合同经过复效期四个方面,并分别进行了比较详尽的分析,对我国立法上相应规定的不足或不合理之处进行了评述并提出立法建议。第三部分,保险人合同解除权行使的方式及限制。该部分分别对保险人合同解除权行使的主体、相对人、方式及行使的限制进行了阐述,在行使的限制部分引入了弃权和禁止反言规则。第四部分,保险人合同解除权行使的法律后果。该部分对合同解除权行使后的溯及力问题和损害赔偿问题进行了分析,主要体现为保险合同解除后保险费的返还问题,本文分情况就此问题进行了讨论。第五部分,结语。
Insurance is the system which the human being creates in order to resist dangers. It gathers people together to make up a group, when a member of the group has an accident, he or she can get some economic compensations and the danger will be dispersed in this way. In modern society, insurance has been becoming one of the most important ways of reconciling dangers and providing the indemnification. China enacted the Insurance Law in 1995 and modified it in 2002. The Insurance Law covers exhaustive stipulations on the insurance contract, insurance company, insurance management, insurance supervision and legal liabilities. Insurance contract rescinding system is an important part of the Insurance Law. The contract rescinding system itself has a bi-directional capability: for one thing, it can defend insurer’s legitimate rights and interests. On the other hand, it may give insurers an excuse to abuse the rescinding right and cause damage to the applicants or the insured. As the insurance industry of China is still on its initial stage, insurers often make adhesive contracts and abuse the rescinding right by taking advantage of their economic or technical status. Such actions no doubt will shatter the hope of the insured, which means“no worry with the insurance.”Furthermore, these deeds may reduce the insurer’s reliabilities and affect the development of the insurance industry of our country.
Five parts are included in this article. The first part introduces the concept and character of insurer’s contract rescinding right. This part starts with the concept and character of the right, then goes on to explain two main theory bases of insurer’s contract rescinding right: the principle of utmost good faith and the principle of balance of consideration. At last, the author brings up the idea that the fundamental purpose of insurer’s contract rescinding right system is to protect the applicant’s legitimate rights and interests. The second part inquires into different categories of the cause of the insurer’s contract rescinding right. It is the central part of this article. According to the Insurance Law and other regulations concerned, the article divides the reasons into four groups, which contains: fundamental breach, fail to perform the obligation of making an honest disclosure, the objective danger increases and the time pass of an effective duration. Besides, some comments about the drawbacks of the law or regulations concerned are given. The third part is about the way and the restriction of the implementation of the insurer’s contract rescinding right. This part respectively discusses the main body, the relative person, the way and the restriction of the implementation. The waiver and estoppel regulations are led into this part as a successful system in Anglo-American insurance law. The fourth part discussed the legal consequences of implementing the insurer’s right to rescind a contract. This part gives an analysis to the effect of the implementation and the matter of damage compensation, which mainly belongs to the matter of returning of the insurance premium. The last part is the conclusion remark.
本文共分五部分。第一部分,保险人合同解除权的性质与特征。该部分从保险人合同解除权的概念入手,分析了该解除权的性质和特征并对保险人合同解除权行使的两大理论依据——最大诚信原则、对价平衡原则进行了阐述,最后提出保险人合同解除权制度构建之根本目的在于保护投保人的法益。第二部分,保险人合同解除权行使的条件。该部分是本文的核心内容,根据我国《保险法》及《最高人民法院关于审理保险纠纷案件若干问题的解释(征求意见稿)》中的相关规定,本文对保险人合同解除权行使的条件归纳为根本违约、违反如实告知义务、客观危险增加和保险合同经过复效期四个方面,并分别进行了比较详尽的分析,对我国立法上相应规定的不足或不合理之处进行了评述并提出立法建议。第三部分,保险人合同解除权行使的方式及限制。该部分分别对保险人合同解除权行使的主体、相对人、方式及行使的限制进行了阐述,在行使的限制部分引入了弃权和禁止反言规则。第四部分,保险人合同解除权行使的法律后果。该部分对合同解除权行使后的溯及力问题和损害赔偿问题进行了分析,主要体现为保险合同解除后保险费的返还问题,本文分情况就此问题进行了讨论。第五部分,结语。
Insurance is the system which the human being creates in order to resist dangers. It gathers people together to make up a group, when a member of the group has an accident, he or she can get some economic compensations and the danger will be dispersed in this way. In modern society, insurance has been becoming one of the most important ways of reconciling dangers and providing the indemnification. China enacted the Insurance Law in 1995 and modified it in 2002. The Insurance Law covers exhaustive stipulations on the insurance contract, insurance company, insurance management, insurance supervision and legal liabilities. Insurance contract rescinding system is an important part of the Insurance Law. The contract rescinding system itself has a bi-directional capability: for one thing, it can defend insurer’s legitimate rights and interests. On the other hand, it may give insurers an excuse to abuse the rescinding right and cause damage to the applicants or the insured. As the insurance industry of China is still on its initial stage, insurers often make adhesive contracts and abuse the rescinding right by taking advantage of their economic or technical status. Such actions no doubt will shatter the hope of the insured, which means“no worry with the insurance.”Furthermore, these deeds may reduce the insurer’s reliabilities and affect the development of the insurance industry of our country.
Five parts are included in this article. The first part introduces the concept and character of insurer’s contract rescinding right. This part starts with the concept and character of the right, then goes on to explain two main theory bases of insurer’s contract rescinding right: the principle of utmost good faith and the principle of balance of consideration. At last, the author brings up the idea that the fundamental purpose of insurer’s contract rescinding right system is to protect the applicant’s legitimate rights and interests. The second part inquires into different categories of the cause of the insurer’s contract rescinding right. It is the central part of this article. According to the Insurance Law and other regulations concerned, the article divides the reasons into four groups, which contains: fundamental breach, fail to perform the obligation of making an honest disclosure, the objective danger increases and the time pass of an effective duration. Besides, some comments about the drawbacks of the law or regulations concerned are given. The third part is about the way and the restriction of the implementation of the insurer’s contract rescinding right. This part respectively discusses the main body, the relative person, the way and the restriction of the implementation. The waiver and estoppel regulations are led into this part as a successful system in Anglo-American insurance law. The fourth part discussed the legal consequences of implementing the insurer’s right to rescind a contract. This part gives an analysis to the effect of the implementation and the matter of damage compensation, which mainly belongs to the matter of returning of the insurance premium. The last part is the conclusion remark.
引文
[1]郑玉波.民法总则[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,2003,50.
[2]李玉泉.保险法[M].北京:法律出版社,2003.
[3] [英]M.A.克拉克.保险合同法[M].何美欢,吴志攀.北京:北京大学出版社,2002,84.
[4]王军.美国合同法[M].北京:对外经济贸易大学出版社, 2004,19-23.
[5]曹兴权.保险缔约信息义务制度研究[C].北京:中国检察出版社,2004,27.
[6]樊启荣.保险契约告知义务制度论[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,2004,28-29.
[7]江朝国.保险法理论基础[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,2002,38.
[8]覃有土.保险法概论[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2001,204.
[9]王利明.论根本违约与合同解除的关系[J].中国法学1995,(3).
[10] Bernard Larocque. Nullity of an Insurance Contract and Criminal History[J].Clear and Specific Questions Must Be Asked, In Fact and In Law, March2005,2.
[11] Clive Turner. Australian Commercial Law[M]. Lawbook Co,2005,25th edition,584.
[12]梁宇贤.保险法新论[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2004,116.
[13]崔建远.合同法[M].北京:法律出版社,2000,239.
[14]周新军.关于根本违约及其与大陆法系相关违约形态的比较研究和思考[J].河北法学,2004,(7):55-56.
[15]李新天,汤薇.试论我国保险合同的解除制度[J].法学评论,2005,(4):150.
[16]汤俊湘.保险学[M].台北:三民书局,1984,98.
[17]施文森.保险法总论[M].台北:三民书局,1994 ,158.
[18] [日]野津务.保险契约法论[M].东京:有斐阁,1942,421.
[19]陈伦伦.中英保险法中如实告知义务的比较分析[J].上海金融,2004,(5):44.
[20]陈云中.论人寿保险告知义务违反成立要件及其效果[J].台湾寿险季刊(一),(3):30.
[21]江朝国.保险法论文集(二)[M].台北:瑞兴图书股份有限公司,1997,186.
[22]周玉华.保险合同与保险索赔理赔[M].北京:人民法院出版社,2001,211-212.
[23]梁慧星.民商法论丛(第30卷)[M].北京:法律出版社,2004,24-25.
[24] EmernsonCammack:RichandD,Irwin,Inc,1966,87.转引自樊启荣.保险契约告知义务制度研究[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社2004,268.
[25]施文森.保险法[M].台北:三民书局,1985,256.
[26] [英]丹宁勋爵.法律的训诫[M].杨百揆等.北京:群众出版社,1985,195.
[27] Alberto Monti & ICER. The Law of Insurance Contracts in the People’s Republic of China-A Comparative Analysis of Policyholders’Rights,Global Jurist Topics ,2001,Volume 1,Issue 3
[28]陈欣.保险法[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2000.
[29]王利明,崔建远.合同法新论总则(修订版) [M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,2001.
[30]梁慧星.民法总论[M].北京:法律出版社,1996.
[31]杨桢.英美契约法论[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2003.
[32]邓成明.中外保险法律制度比较研究[M].北京:知识产权出版社,2002.
[33]张晓永.人身保险法[M].北京:中国人民公安大学出版社,2004.
[34]贾邦俊.合同义务扩张的种类及比较研究[J].现代财经,2001.
[35]梅迪库斯.德国民法总论[M].邵建东.北京:法律出版社2000,11.
[36] [日]田中诚二.保险法[M].东京:千仓书房,1974.
[37] [德]康拉德·茨威格特,海因·克茨.合同法中的自由与强制[M].孙宪忠,梁慧星.民商法论丛(第9卷)[M].北京:法律出版社,1997.
[38] Semin Park. The duty of Disclosure in Insurance Contract law[M]. Dartmouth Publishing Company,1998.
[39] Muriell L,Crawford. Life Health Insurance Law[M]. IRWIN,1974.
[2]李玉泉.保险法[M].北京:法律出版社,2003.
[3] [英]M.A.克拉克.保险合同法[M].何美欢,吴志攀.北京:北京大学出版社,2002,84.
[4]王军.美国合同法[M].北京:对外经济贸易大学出版社, 2004,19-23.
[5]曹兴权.保险缔约信息义务制度研究[C].北京:中国检察出版社,2004,27.
[6]樊启荣.保险契约告知义务制度论[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,2004,28-29.
[7]江朝国.保险法理论基础[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,2002,38.
[8]覃有土.保险法概论[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2001,204.
[9]王利明.论根本违约与合同解除的关系[J].中国法学1995,(3).
[10] Bernard Larocque. Nullity of an Insurance Contract and Criminal History[J].Clear and Specific Questions Must Be Asked, In Fact and In Law, March2005,2.
[11] Clive Turner. Australian Commercial Law[M]. Lawbook Co,2005,25th edition,584.
[12]梁宇贤.保险法新论[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2004,116.
[13]崔建远.合同法[M].北京:法律出版社,2000,239.
[14]周新军.关于根本违约及其与大陆法系相关违约形态的比较研究和思考[J].河北法学,2004,(7):55-56.
[15]李新天,汤薇.试论我国保险合同的解除制度[J].法学评论,2005,(4):150.
[16]汤俊湘.保险学[M].台北:三民书局,1984,98.
[17]施文森.保险法总论[M].台北:三民书局,1994 ,158.
[18] [日]野津务.保险契约法论[M].东京:有斐阁,1942,421.
[19]陈伦伦.中英保险法中如实告知义务的比较分析[J].上海金融,2004,(5):44.
[20]陈云中.论人寿保险告知义务违反成立要件及其效果[J].台湾寿险季刊(一),(3):30.
[21]江朝国.保险法论文集(二)[M].台北:瑞兴图书股份有限公司,1997,186.
[22]周玉华.保险合同与保险索赔理赔[M].北京:人民法院出版社,2001,211-212.
[23]梁慧星.民商法论丛(第30卷)[M].北京:法律出版社,2004,24-25.
[24] EmernsonCammack:RichandD,Irwin,Inc,1966,87.转引自樊启荣.保险契约告知义务制度研究[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社2004,268.
[25]施文森.保险法[M].台北:三民书局,1985,256.
[26] [英]丹宁勋爵.法律的训诫[M].杨百揆等.北京:群众出版社,1985,195.
[27] Alberto Monti & ICER. The Law of Insurance Contracts in the People’s Republic of China-A Comparative Analysis of Policyholders’Rights,Global Jurist Topics ,2001,Volume 1,Issue 3
[28]陈欣.保险法[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2000.
[29]王利明,崔建远.合同法新论总则(修订版) [M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,2001.
[30]梁慧星.民法总论[M].北京:法律出版社,1996.
[31]杨桢.英美契约法论[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2003.
[32]邓成明.中外保险法律制度比较研究[M].北京:知识产权出版社,2002.
[33]张晓永.人身保险法[M].北京:中国人民公安大学出版社,2004.
[34]贾邦俊.合同义务扩张的种类及比较研究[J].现代财经,2001.
[35]梅迪库斯.德国民法总论[M].邵建东.北京:法律出版社2000,11.
[36] [日]田中诚二.保险法[M].东京:千仓书房,1974.
[37] [德]康拉德·茨威格特,海因·克茨.合同法中的自由与强制[M].孙宪忠,梁慧星.民商法论丛(第9卷)[M].北京:法律出版社,1997.
[38] Semin Park. The duty of Disclosure in Insurance Contract law[M]. Dartmouth Publishing Company,1998.
[39] Muriell L,Crawford. Life Health Insurance Law[M]. IRWIN,1974.