氧化铝基复合陶瓷的制备和性能测试
|
摘要
氧化铝陶瓷是应用最广泛的一种结构陶瓷材料，然而其低的断裂强度、相对较差的抗热震和抗蠕变能力大大限制了它的应用。TiC具有高熔点(3067℃)和高硬度(HV=2800)，在Al_2O_3陶瓷中掺入TiC后又可抑制Al_2O_3晶粒的生长，使复合陶瓷具有更高硬度和强度，而且分散的TiC粒子可以阻碍裂纹的扩展，对断裂韧性的提高也有一定的作用。
目前关于TiC-Al_2O_3复合陶瓷的研究大多数为微米级或亚微米级粉体之间的复合，纳米TiC-Al_2O_3复合陶瓷的研究还比较少见。TiC和Al_2O_3常用的复合方式是将TiC和Al_2O_3粉末机械混合，TiC-Al_2O_3复合陶瓷绝大多数采用热压烧结(HP)制备，烧结工艺一般为1600～1750℃×30MPa×1h，并且通常采用氮气或氩气作保护气氛。
本论文研究了烧结温度和原料粉末粒度对氧化铝基复合陶瓷组织和力学性能的影响。对不同粒度的原料粉末制备的Al_2O_3-TiC复合陶瓷，随着原料粉末的逐步变细，复合陶瓷的抗弯强度和断裂韧性都逐步提高，但原料粉末的细化对硬度却没有与此对应的影响。对氧化铝基体添加了不同含量的TiC，研究TiC的添加量对Al_2O_3-TiC复合陶瓷组织和性能的影响。当TiC的添加量为30wt.％时，Al_2O_3-TiC复合陶瓷有最佳的力学性能，抗弯强度为567MPa，断裂韧性为4.96MPa.m~(1/2)。对Al_2O_3-TiC复合陶瓷添加了少量的纳米Y_2O_3添加剂，改变Y_2O_3的添加量，研究Y_2O_3的添加对氧化铝基复合陶瓷烧结性能的影响。当Y_2O_3的添加量为0.35wt.％时，Al_2O_3-TiC复合陶瓷的致密度有所提高，但随着Y_2O_3的添加量的增加，Al_2O_3-TiC复合陶瓷的致密度却逐步降低。本论文还讨论了TiC、TiN和Ti(C，N)的添加对复合陶瓷性能的影响。
Al2O3-based ceramics are essential structural materials, which have been widely used as cutting tools, because of their high strength, hardness, chemical stability and excellent wear resistance. But lower fracture toughness limits their applications. TiC ha a high melting temperature and high resistance to corrosion and oxidation. Since the addition of TiC to the AI2O3 matrix can increase some mechanical properties, the properties of TiC particles reinforced Al2O3-based ceramics were widely studied.
The common method used to fabricate the Al2O3-TiC ceramics is to add TiC particles directly into Al2O3 matrix by ball milling. Preparation of Al2O3-based ceramics by HP attracts more attention. Conventional hot-pressing of Al2O3-based ceramics is carried out at 1650~ 1750C and 30 MPa for 1 h under argon atmosphere in an hot-pressing furnace.
Al2O3-TiC ceramics with various size of starting powders were hot pressing using 30 wt.% TiC content. The Vickers hardness, bending strength and fracture toughness were studied. The experiment results show that the starting powders size has a significant effect on the properties of Al2O3-TiC ceramics. The Al2O3-TiC ceramics with various additions of TiC, from 15 to 35 wt.%, were manufactured. The effects of TiC particles on.the mechanical properties were studied. The experimental results show that the Al2O3-TiC ceramic with a content of 30 wt.% TiC content has the best mechanical properties. In the present study, Y2O3 was introduced into Al2O3-TiC ceramics. The experiments show that the additions of Y2O3 is effective in the densification of Al2O3-TiC ceramics with 0.35 wt.% Y2O3 content and the additions of > 0.35 wt.% Y2O3 is observed to be harmful.
目前关于TiC-Al_2O_3复合陶瓷的研究大多数为微米级或亚微米级粉体之间的复合，纳米TiC-Al_2O_3复合陶瓷的研究还比较少见。TiC和Al_2O_3常用的复合方式是将TiC和Al_2O_3粉末机械混合，TiC-Al_2O_3复合陶瓷绝大多数采用热压烧结(HP)制备，烧结工艺一般为1600～1750℃×30MPa×1h，并且通常采用氮气或氩气作保护气氛。
本论文研究了烧结温度和原料粉末粒度对氧化铝基复合陶瓷组织和力学性能的影响。对不同粒度的原料粉末制备的Al_2O_3-TiC复合陶瓷，随着原料粉末的逐步变细，复合陶瓷的抗弯强度和断裂韧性都逐步提高，但原料粉末的细化对硬度却没有与此对应的影响。对氧化铝基体添加了不同含量的TiC，研究TiC的添加量对Al_2O_3-TiC复合陶瓷组织和性能的影响。当TiC的添加量为30wt.％时，Al_2O_3-TiC复合陶瓷有最佳的力学性能，抗弯强度为567MPa，断裂韧性为4.96MPa.m~(1/2)。对Al_2O_3-TiC复合陶瓷添加了少量的纳米Y_2O_3添加剂，改变Y_2O_3的添加量，研究Y_2O_3的添加对氧化铝基复合陶瓷烧结性能的影响。当Y_2O_3的添加量为0.35wt.％时，Al_2O_3-TiC复合陶瓷的致密度有所提高，但随着Y_2O_3的添加量的增加，Al_2O_3-TiC复合陶瓷的致密度却逐步降低。本论文还讨论了TiC、TiN和Ti(C，N)的添加对复合陶瓷性能的影响。
Al2O3-based ceramics are essential structural materials, which have been widely used as cutting tools, because of their high strength, hardness, chemical stability and excellent wear resistance. But lower fracture toughness limits their applications. TiC ha a high melting temperature and high resistance to corrosion and oxidation. Since the addition of TiC to the AI2O3 matrix can increase some mechanical properties, the properties of TiC particles reinforced Al2O3-based ceramics were widely studied.
The common method used to fabricate the Al2O3-TiC ceramics is to add TiC particles directly into Al2O3 matrix by ball milling. Preparation of Al2O3-based ceramics by HP attracts more attention. Conventional hot-pressing of Al2O3-based ceramics is carried out at 1650~ 1750C and 30 MPa for 1 h under argon atmosphere in an hot-pressing furnace.
Al2O3-TiC ceramics with various size of starting powders were hot pressing using 30 wt.% TiC content. The Vickers hardness, bending strength and fracture toughness were studied. The experiment results show that the starting powders size has a significant effect on the properties of Al2O3-TiC ceramics. The Al2O3-TiC ceramics with various additions of TiC, from 15 to 35 wt.%, were manufactured. The effects of TiC particles on.the mechanical properties were studied. The experimental results show that the Al2O3-TiC ceramic with a content of 30 wt.% TiC content has the best mechanical properties. In the present study, Y2O3 was introduced into Al2O3-TiC ceramics. The experiments show that the additions of Y2O3 is effective in the densification of Al2O3-TiC ceramics with 0.35 wt.% Y2O3 content and the additions of > 0.35 wt.% Y2O3 is observed to be harmful.
引文
[1] 张长瑞，郝元凯．陶瓷基复合材料[M]，长沙：国防科技大学出版社，2001
[2] 刘宁．Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷的制备及成分、组织性能的研究[D]，武汉：华中理工大学，1994
[3] 张建良，毛裕文，洪彦若．碳纤维补强氧化铝陶瓷的研究[J]．硅酸盐学报，1994，22(1)：97-101
[4] 张玉峰，郭景坤，黄效先等．Y-7ZP／Al_2O_3复相陶瓷的液相烧结及显微结构[J]．无机材料学报，1998，13(4)：599-606
[5] 詹国栋．氧化锆陶瓷基复合材料的增韧与疲劳[D]，武汉：华中理工大学，1993
[6] Sternitzke M. Structural ceramic nanocomposites [J]. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc.,1997,17 (9):1061-1082
[7] Steams L. C., Zhao J., Harrnmar M. P.. Processing and microstructure development in Al_2O_3-SiC nanocomposites [J]. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 1992,10(6):473-477
[8] 高濂，王宏志，洪金生等．SiC-ZrO_2(3Y)-Al_2O_3纳米复相陶瓷的力学性能和显微结构[J]．无机材料学报，1999，14(5)：795-799
[9] 高濂，王宏志，洪金生等．放电等离子快速烧结SiC-Al_2O_3纳米复相陶瓷[J]．无机材料学报，1999，14(1)：55-59
[10] 蔡克峰，南策文，袁润章．TiC-Al_2O_3复合陶瓷的研究进展[J]．材料导报，1995，1：45-48
[11] 田明原，施尔畏，仲维卓等．纳米陶瓷与纳米陶瓷粉末[J]．无机材料学报，1998，13(2)：129-137
[12] 李广海．纳米和纳米复合氧化铝陶瓷的烧结，增强和增韧的研究[D]，合肥：中科院固体物理研究所，1997．
[13] 高家化，沈志坚，丁子上．陶瓷基纳米复合材料[J]．复合材料学报，1994，11(1)：1-7
[14] 李华．纳米TiN改性TiC基金属陶瓷材料及刀具性能的研究：[硕士论文]，合肥：合肥工业大学材料科学与工程学院，2001
[15] 王昕，孙康宁，尹衍升等．纳米复合陶瓷材料研究进展[J]．复合材料学报．1999，16(1)：105-109
[16] Cahn R W. Materials science. Nanostructures come of age [J]. Nature. 1992,359(6396):591-592
[17] T. Hirano, K. Izaki, K. Niihara. Microstructure and thermal conductivity of Si_3N_4/SiC nanocomposites fabricated from amorphous Si-C-N precursor powders [J]. Nanostructured Materials. 1995,5,809-818
[18] 周泽华，丁培道．Ti(C，N)基金属陶瓷中添加成分的研究现状[J]．材料导报，2000，14(4)：21-22
[19] M. Lee, M. R Borom. Rapid rate sintering of Al_2O_3-TiC composites for cutting tool
??application [J]. Adv. Ceram. Mater.,1988,3(1): 38-44
[20] Mukerji J. , Biswas S. K. Synthesis, properties and oxidation of alumina-titanium nitride composites [J]. J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 1990,73(1):142-145
[21] Gogotsi Y. G., Porz F..Mechanical properties and oxidation behavior of Al_2O_3-AIN-TiN composites [J]. J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 1992,75(8):2251-2259
[22] Bellosi A., De Portu Goffredo, Guicciardi S. Preparation and properties of electroconductive Al_2O_3-based composites [J]. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 1992,10:307-315
[23] Tsugeki K., Kato T. ,Koyanagi Y., et al. Eiectroconductivity of sintered bodies of α-Al_2O_3-TiN composites prepared by CVD reaction in a fluidized bed [J]. J. Mater. Sci., 1993, 28(1):3168-3172
[24] 李景国，高濂，郭景坤．原位氮化法制备纳米TiN-Al_2O_3复合粉体[J]．无机材料学报，2002，17(3)：437-442
[25] 高纪明，陈松年，肖汉宁等．氧化铝／碳化钛复合材料的无压烧结[J]．湖南大学学报，1996，23(4)：45-50
[26] K. F. Cai. et al. Preparation, microstrutures and properties of Al_2O_3-TiC composites [J].Ceram. Int., 2002,28:217-222
[27] Culter R. A. et al. Ceram. Eng. Sci. Proc.,1985,6(7-8):715
[28] 张卫方，韩杰才，张幸红等．致密TiC-Al_2O_3复合陶瓷材料的自蔓延高温合成[J]．无机材料学报，1999，14(3)：487-490
[29] Cutler R. A., Kevin M. R. Synthesis, sintering, microstructure and mechanical properties of ceramics made by exothermic reactions [J]. J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 1992,75(1): 36-43
[30] 刘阳，胡晓力，张伟南等．微波烧结TiC-Al_2O_3复合材料[J]．陶瓷学报，2002，23(1)：34-37
[31] Wahi R. P., Ilschner B. Fracture behavior of composites based on Al_2O_3-TiC [J]. J. Mater. Sci., 1980,15(4):875-885
[32] Guo S.Y., Li J., Mao D. S.. Friction-wear behavior of Al_2O_3-TiC-Co advanced ceramic during in-situ SEM [J]. Wear,1997, 203-204:319-324
[33] Zbigniew S. Rak, Jerzy Czechowski. Manufacture and properties of Al_2O_3-TiN particulate composites [J]. Key Eng. Mater., 1997,(132-136):2048-2051
[34] Gong. J. H., Miao. H. Z. Zhao. Z. et al. Effect of TiC particle size on the toughness characteristics of Al_2O_3-TiC composites [J]. Mater. Lett., 2001,49:235-238
[35] Yasuhiro Goto. et al. Mechanical properties of unidirectionally oriented SiC_w whisker-reinforced Si_3N_4 fabricated by extrusion and hot-pressing [J]. J. M. Soc., 1993,76(6): 1420-1424
[36] 曾照强，胡晓清，林旭平等．添加Cr_2O_3对TiC-Al_2O_3陶瓷烧结及纳米结构的影响[J]．硅
??酸盐学报，1998，26(2)：178-181
[37] 李晋尧．粉末冶金技术[M]，北京：冶金工业出版社，1985
[38] Chae K. W.,Kim.D.Y., Kim. B. C. Effect of Y_2O_3 additions on the densification of an Al_2O_3-TiC composite [J]. J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 1993,76(7): 1857-1860
[39] 霍震武，司文捷，刘大鹏等．掺杂对高纯氧化铝致密化速率的影响[J]．硅酸盐通报，2002，(2)：8-11
[40] 郦剑，茅东升，黄立萍等．Al_2O_3-TiC-Co(ATC)改性陶瓷的性能及其耐磨性[J]．金属学报，1998，34(3)：332-336
[41] 仝建峰，陈大明，陈宇航．纳米SiC对Al_2O_3／TiC基多相陶瓷材料显微结构的影响[J]．硅酸盐通报，2002，(4)：8-11
[42] 黄传真．新型复相刀具材料的研制及切削可靠性研究[D]，济南：山东工业大学，1994
[43] 郝春成，崔作林，尹衍升等．颗粒增韧陶瓷的研究进展[J]．材料导报，2002，16(2)：28-30
[44] 王宏志，高濂，郭景坤．SiC颗粒尺寸对Al_2O_3-SiC纳米复合陶瓷的影响[J]．无机材料学报，1999，14(4)：679-683
[45] 徐利华，方中华，沈志坚．ZrO_2增韧TiC-Al_2O_3系陶瓷复合材料的力学性能及其耐磨性[J]．硅酸盐通报，1995，2：12
[46] 郭景坤，冯楚德．纳米陶瓷的最新进展[J]．材料研究学报，1995，9(5)：412-419
[47] 郭景坤．中国先进陶瓷研究及其展望[J]．材料研究学报，1997，11(6)：594-599
[48] 李景国．TiN纳米粉体和TiN-Al_2O_3纳米复合材料的制备及性能研究[D]，上海：中国科学院上海硅酸盐研究所，2002
[49] 黄培云．粉末冶金原理[M]，北京：冶金工业出版社，1997
[50] 崔国文．缺陷、扩散与烧结[M]，北京：清华大学出版社，1990
[51] 张立德，牟季美．纳米材料与纳米结构[M]，北京：科学出版社，2001
[52] 李世普．特种陶瓷工艺学[M]，武汉：武汉工业大学出版社，1997，129
[53] 赵岳．细晶Si_3N_4／Al_2O_3复合陶瓷材料的制备及力学性能的研究：[硕士论文]，合肥：合肥工业大学材料科学与工程学院，2002
[54] 束德林．金属力学性能[M]，北京：机械工业出版社，1997．
[55] 龚江宏．陶瓷材料断裂力学[M]，北京：清华大学出版社，2001．
[56] 周玉．陶瓷材料学[M]，哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学出版社，1995：342．
[57] 李喜坤，修稚萌，孙旭东等．常压烧结制备Al_2O_3／TiCN复合陶瓷材料[J]．硅酸盐学报，2003，31(11)：1069-1074
[58] 金瑞格 W D．陶瓷导论．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1982：458
[59] 王宏志，高濂，郭景坤．氧化铝基纳米复合陶瓷显微结构的研究．硅酸盐学报，1999，20(1)1-7
[60] Jingguo Li, Lian Gao, Jingkun Guo. Mechanical properties and electrical conductivity of TiN-Al_2O_3 nanocomposites [J]. J. Euro. Ceram. Soc., 2003,23:69-74
[61] Chae K. W.,Kim.D.Y., Kim. B. C. Effect of Y_2O_3 additions on the densification of an Al_2O_3-TiC composite [J]. J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 1993, 76(7): 1857-1860
[62] Limin Chen, Erich Kny. Reaction hot-pressed sub-micro Al_2O_3+TiC ceramic composite [J]. Int. J. Ref. Met. Ha. Mater., 2000, 18:163-167
[63] Fang Jianxin, Thompson A M, Hamper M P, et al. Effect of yttrium and lanthanum on the final-stage sintering behavior of ultrahigh-purity alumina[J]. J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 1997, 80 (8): 2005-2012
[64] 郭瑞松，郭多力，齐海涛等．添加稀土氧化物对氧化铝复相陶瓷的影响．硅酸盐学报，2002，30(1)：112-116
[65] Schmid H K, Aslam M, Assmann S, et al. Microstructure characterization of Al_2O_3-SiC nanocomposites[J]. J. Euro. Ceram. Soc., 1998,6:39-49
[2] 刘宁．Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷的制备及成分、组织性能的研究[D]，武汉：华中理工大学，1994
[3] 张建良，毛裕文，洪彦若．碳纤维补强氧化铝陶瓷的研究[J]．硅酸盐学报，1994，22(1)：97-101
[4] 张玉峰，郭景坤，黄效先等．Y-7ZP／Al_2O_3复相陶瓷的液相烧结及显微结构[J]．无机材料学报，1998，13(4)：599-606
[5] 詹国栋．氧化锆陶瓷基复合材料的增韧与疲劳[D]，武汉：华中理工大学，1993
[6] Sternitzke M. Structural ceramic nanocomposites [J]. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc.,1997,17 (9):1061-1082
[7] Steams L. C., Zhao J., Harrnmar M. P.. Processing and microstructure development in Al_2O_3-SiC nanocomposites [J]. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 1992,10(6):473-477
[8] 高濂，王宏志，洪金生等．SiC-ZrO_2(3Y)-Al_2O_3纳米复相陶瓷的力学性能和显微结构[J]．无机材料学报，1999，14(5)：795-799
[9] 高濂，王宏志，洪金生等．放电等离子快速烧结SiC-Al_2O_3纳米复相陶瓷[J]．无机材料学报，1999，14(1)：55-59
[10] 蔡克峰，南策文，袁润章．TiC-Al_2O_3复合陶瓷的研究进展[J]．材料导报，1995，1：45-48
[11] 田明原，施尔畏，仲维卓等．纳米陶瓷与纳米陶瓷粉末[J]．无机材料学报，1998，13(2)：129-137
[12] 李广海．纳米和纳米复合氧化铝陶瓷的烧结，增强和增韧的研究[D]，合肥：中科院固体物理研究所，1997．
[13] 高家化，沈志坚，丁子上．陶瓷基纳米复合材料[J]．复合材料学报，1994，11(1)：1-7
[14] 李华．纳米TiN改性TiC基金属陶瓷材料及刀具性能的研究：[硕士论文]，合肥：合肥工业大学材料科学与工程学院，2001
[15] 王昕，孙康宁，尹衍升等．纳米复合陶瓷材料研究进展[J]．复合材料学报．1999，16(1)：105-109
[16] Cahn R W. Materials science. Nanostructures come of age [J]. Nature. 1992,359(6396):591-592
[17] T. Hirano, K. Izaki, K. Niihara. Microstructure and thermal conductivity of Si_3N_4/SiC nanocomposites fabricated from amorphous Si-C-N precursor powders [J]. Nanostructured Materials. 1995,5,809-818
[18] 周泽华，丁培道．Ti(C，N)基金属陶瓷中添加成分的研究现状[J]．材料导报，2000，14(4)：21-22
[19] M. Lee, M. R Borom. Rapid rate sintering of Al_2O_3-TiC composites for cutting tool
??application [J]. Adv. Ceram. Mater.,1988,3(1): 38-44
[20] Mukerji J. , Biswas S. K. Synthesis, properties and oxidation of alumina-titanium nitride composites [J]. J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 1990,73(1):142-145
[21] Gogotsi Y. G., Porz F..Mechanical properties and oxidation behavior of Al_2O_3-AIN-TiN composites [J]. J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 1992,75(8):2251-2259
[22] Bellosi A., De Portu Goffredo, Guicciardi S. Preparation and properties of electroconductive Al_2O_3-based composites [J]. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 1992,10:307-315
[23] Tsugeki K., Kato T. ,Koyanagi Y., et al. Eiectroconductivity of sintered bodies of α-Al_2O_3-TiN composites prepared by CVD reaction in a fluidized bed [J]. J. Mater. Sci., 1993, 28(1):3168-3172
[24] 李景国，高濂，郭景坤．原位氮化法制备纳米TiN-Al_2O_3复合粉体[J]．无机材料学报，2002，17(3)：437-442
[25] 高纪明，陈松年，肖汉宁等．氧化铝／碳化钛复合材料的无压烧结[J]．湖南大学学报，1996，23(4)：45-50
[26] K. F. Cai. et al. Preparation, microstrutures and properties of Al_2O_3-TiC composites [J].Ceram. Int., 2002,28:217-222
[27] Culter R. A. et al. Ceram. Eng. Sci. Proc.,1985,6(7-8):715
[28] 张卫方，韩杰才，张幸红等．致密TiC-Al_2O_3复合陶瓷材料的自蔓延高温合成[J]．无机材料学报，1999，14(3)：487-490
[29] Cutler R. A., Kevin M. R. Synthesis, sintering, microstructure and mechanical properties of ceramics made by exothermic reactions [J]. J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 1992,75(1): 36-43
[30] 刘阳，胡晓力，张伟南等．微波烧结TiC-Al_2O_3复合材料[J]．陶瓷学报，2002，23(1)：34-37
[31] Wahi R. P., Ilschner B. Fracture behavior of composites based on Al_2O_3-TiC [J]. J. Mater. Sci., 1980,15(4):875-885
[32] Guo S.Y., Li J., Mao D. S.. Friction-wear behavior of Al_2O_3-TiC-Co advanced ceramic during in-situ SEM [J]. Wear,1997, 203-204:319-324
[33] Zbigniew S. Rak, Jerzy Czechowski. Manufacture and properties of Al_2O_3-TiN particulate composites [J]. Key Eng. Mater., 1997,(132-136):2048-2051
[34] Gong. J. H., Miao. H. Z. Zhao. Z. et al. Effect of TiC particle size on the toughness characteristics of Al_2O_3-TiC composites [J]. Mater. Lett., 2001,49:235-238
[35] Yasuhiro Goto. et al. Mechanical properties of unidirectionally oriented SiC_w whisker-reinforced Si_3N_4 fabricated by extrusion and hot-pressing [J]. J. M. Soc., 1993,76(6): 1420-1424
[36] 曾照强，胡晓清，林旭平等．添加Cr_2O_3对TiC-Al_2O_3陶瓷烧结及纳米结构的影响[J]．硅
??酸盐学报，1998，26(2)：178-181
[37] 李晋尧．粉末冶金技术[M]，北京：冶金工业出版社，1985
[38] Chae K. W.,Kim.D.Y., Kim. B. C. Effect of Y_2O_3 additions on the densification of an Al_2O_3-TiC composite [J]. J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 1993,76(7): 1857-1860
[39] 霍震武，司文捷，刘大鹏等．掺杂对高纯氧化铝致密化速率的影响[J]．硅酸盐通报，2002，(2)：8-11
[40] 郦剑，茅东升，黄立萍等．Al_2O_3-TiC-Co(ATC)改性陶瓷的性能及其耐磨性[J]．金属学报，1998，34(3)：332-336
[41] 仝建峰，陈大明，陈宇航．纳米SiC对Al_2O_3／TiC基多相陶瓷材料显微结构的影响[J]．硅酸盐通报，2002，(4)：8-11
[42] 黄传真．新型复相刀具材料的研制及切削可靠性研究[D]，济南：山东工业大学，1994
[43] 郝春成，崔作林，尹衍升等．颗粒增韧陶瓷的研究进展[J]．材料导报，2002，16(2)：28-30
[44] 王宏志，高濂，郭景坤．SiC颗粒尺寸对Al_2O_3-SiC纳米复合陶瓷的影响[J]．无机材料学报，1999，14(4)：679-683
[45] 徐利华，方中华，沈志坚．ZrO_2增韧TiC-Al_2O_3系陶瓷复合材料的力学性能及其耐磨性[J]．硅酸盐通报，1995，2：12
[46] 郭景坤，冯楚德．纳米陶瓷的最新进展[J]．材料研究学报，1995，9(5)：412-419
[47] 郭景坤．中国先进陶瓷研究及其展望[J]．材料研究学报，1997，11(6)：594-599
[48] 李景国．TiN纳米粉体和TiN-Al_2O_3纳米复合材料的制备及性能研究[D]，上海：中国科学院上海硅酸盐研究所，2002
[49] 黄培云．粉末冶金原理[M]，北京：冶金工业出版社，1997
[50] 崔国文．缺陷、扩散与烧结[M]，北京：清华大学出版社，1990
[51] 张立德，牟季美．纳米材料与纳米结构[M]，北京：科学出版社，2001
[52] 李世普．特种陶瓷工艺学[M]，武汉：武汉工业大学出版社，1997，129
[53] 赵岳．细晶Si_3N_4／Al_2O_3复合陶瓷材料的制备及力学性能的研究：[硕士论文]，合肥：合肥工业大学材料科学与工程学院，2002
[54] 束德林．金属力学性能[M]，北京：机械工业出版社，1997．
[55] 龚江宏．陶瓷材料断裂力学[M]，北京：清华大学出版社，2001．
[56] 周玉．陶瓷材料学[M]，哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学出版社，1995：342．
[57] 李喜坤，修稚萌，孙旭东等．常压烧结制备Al_2O_3／TiCN复合陶瓷材料[J]．硅酸盐学报，2003，31(11)：1069-1074
[58] 金瑞格 W D．陶瓷导论．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1982：458
[59] 王宏志，高濂，郭景坤．氧化铝基纳米复合陶瓷显微结构的研究．硅酸盐学报，1999，20(1)1-7
[60] Jingguo Li, Lian Gao, Jingkun Guo. Mechanical properties and electrical conductivity of TiN-Al_2O_3 nanocomposites [J]. J. Euro. Ceram. Soc., 2003,23:69-74
[61] Chae K. W.,Kim.D.Y., Kim. B. C. Effect of Y_2O_3 additions on the densification of an Al_2O_3-TiC composite [J]. J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 1993, 76(7): 1857-1860
[62] Limin Chen, Erich Kny. Reaction hot-pressed sub-micro Al_2O_3+TiC ceramic composite [J]. Int. J. Ref. Met. Ha. Mater., 2000, 18:163-167
[63] Fang Jianxin, Thompson A M, Hamper M P, et al. Effect of yttrium and lanthanum on the final-stage sintering behavior of ultrahigh-purity alumina[J]. J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 1997, 80 (8): 2005-2012
[64] 郭瑞松，郭多力，齐海涛等．添加稀土氧化物对氧化铝复相陶瓷的影响．硅酸盐学报，2002，30(1)：112-116
[65] Schmid H K, Aslam M, Assmann S, et al. Microstructure characterization of Al_2O_3-SiC nanocomposites[J]. J. Euro. Ceram. Soc., 1998,6:39-49