α半水石膏在氯化钾盐溶液中的稳定性
|
摘要
α半水石膏因其性能优良而有广泛的应用领域。常压盐溶液法工艺是将二水石膏配制成盐溶液体系,在常压下转化生成α半水石膏。盐溶液中石膏相变规律并不清楚,α半水石膏的稳定性缺乏明确的判断。因此研究一些具有代表性的盐溶液体系中的石膏相变以及α半水石膏的稳定性,对于盐溶液法制备α半水石膏具有重要意义。实验主要研究了常压、80-105℃之间,0.0-10.0wt%的氯化钾盐溶液中二水石膏、α半水石膏和无水石膏三种石膏相的溶解度及其相变过程。实验过程中采用固定的固液比,石膏原料置于预定温度的不同浓度的氯化钾溶液中,得到三种石膏相的溶解度及旺半水石膏水化、重结晶、脱水反应的历程,绘制出理论相转化图和实际相转化图,确定α半水石膏的稳定区间。
在0.0-10.0wt%氯化钾盐溶液中,二水石膏在85、90、95、100℃的氯化钾盐溶液中的最人溶解度分别为0.67、0.71、0.66、0.69g CaSO_4/100ml,α半水石膏在90、95、100℃的氯化钾盐溶液中的最人溶解度为0.68、0.63、0.59g CaSO_4/100ml,无水石膏在85、90、95、100℃的氯化钾盐溶液中的最人溶解度分别为0.65、0.97、0.85、0.91g CaSO_4/100ml。同一温度下,氯化钾浓度升高,二水石膏的溶解度逐渐升高,而α半水石膏和无水石膏的溶解度先升高后下降。这可能是温度和氯化钾共同作用的结果。
常压、80-105℃的氯化钾盐溶液中,α半水石膏的相变分为四个方式:水化,重结晶,先水化后脱水,直接脱水。α半水石膏的相变具体历程取决于反应温度和氯化钾盐溶液的浓度。α半水石膏在氯化钾盐溶液中可划为4个相区。二水石膏在Ⅰ区是稳定相,在Ⅲ区是亚稳相;无水石膏在Ⅲ和Ⅳ两个区是稳定,同时伴随有钾石膏的生成;α半水石膏仅在Ⅱ区是亚稳的。氯化钾盐溶液中存在α半水石膏亚稳态窗口:反应温度在89-105℃之问,氯化钾盐溶液的浓度相应的设定在0.0-3.0%范围内,同时反应时间需要控制在5-6hr内。
通过α半水石膏的反应制得的实际相转化图和通过溶解平衡法绘制的理论相转化图之间有一定的偏差,并且在理论相转化图中α半水石膏存在两个亚稳区。如果要得到比较纯的α半水石膏产品,必须严格、精确的控制反应温度和氯化钾盐溶液的浓度在Ⅱ区。
a-calcium sulfate hemihydrate(α-HH) has been applied in comprehensive areas due to its superior workability and high strength.It could be prepared through salt solution method under atmospheric pressure.Considering the uncertainties of the phase-transition among CaSO_4 phases and the stability ofα-HH in salt solutions,it is need to investigate phase-transitions of CaSO_4 phases andα-HH's stablility in some representative salt solutions.The solubility and phase-transitions of calcium sulfate dihydrate(DH),α-HH, calcium sulfate anhydrite(AH) in KC1 solutions(0.0-10.0%) were studied under conditions of atmospheric pressure and(80-105)℃.The gypsum in a fixed ratio to the solution was added into KC1 solutions at an expected temperature with different concentration.The purpose was to measure the solubility of three gypsum phases in KC1 solutions,to sketch out the path forα-HH's recrystallization,hydration or dehydration, the theoretical and actual phase-transition diagrams.Finally,the stability ofα-HH in KC1 solutions could be presented.
In 0.0-10.0wt%KC1 solutions,the maximal solubility for DH at 85,90,95,100℃was (0.67,0.71,0.66,0.69) g CaSO_4l00ml respectively,the maximal solubility forα-HH at 90,95,100℃were(0.68,0.63,0.59) g CaSO4/100ml correspondingly,and the maximal solubility for AH at 85,90,95,100℃was(0.65,0.97,0.85,0.91) g CaSO_4/100ml respectively.At the same temperature,the solubility of DH increased with KC1 concentration,the solubility ofα-HH and AH increased with KC1 concentration,after passing a maximum,the solubility would decline.This may be related with the combined effect of temperature and KCl concentration.
It was found that the stability ofα-HH in KC1 solution relied heavily on KC1 concentration and temperature.The phase-transition for calcium sulfate is successfully outlined as a function of KC1 concentration and temperature.DH is stable in regionⅠand metastable in regionⅢ.AH is stable in regionsⅢandⅣ,coexisted with potassium pentacalcium sulfate monohydrate(goergerite).Only in regionⅡ,α-HH is metastable.A narrow operating window forα-HH's recrystallization has been determined.This window is limited by KC1 concentration and reaction temperature,even the reaction time.This window is outlined as 0.0-3.0wt%concentration for KC1 solution and 89-105℃for reaction temperature,and in general the reaction time should be controlled within certain time,for example,5-6h.
Meanwhile,there are discrepancies between the actual phase-transition diagram gained byα-HH's reaction in KC1 aqueous solution and the theoretical phase-transition diagram obtained by solubility measurement.In the theoretical diagram,there are two regions forα-HH to be metastable,but in higher concentration region it would dehydrate to AH in a short time.
在0.0-10.0wt%氯化钾盐溶液中,二水石膏在85、90、95、100℃的氯化钾盐溶液中的最人溶解度分别为0.67、0.71、0.66、0.69g CaSO_4/100ml,α半水石膏在90、95、100℃的氯化钾盐溶液中的最人溶解度为0.68、0.63、0.59g CaSO_4/100ml,无水石膏在85、90、95、100℃的氯化钾盐溶液中的最人溶解度分别为0.65、0.97、0.85、0.91g CaSO_4/100ml。同一温度下,氯化钾浓度升高,二水石膏的溶解度逐渐升高,而α半水石膏和无水石膏的溶解度先升高后下降。这可能是温度和氯化钾共同作用的结果。
常压、80-105℃的氯化钾盐溶液中,α半水石膏的相变分为四个方式:水化,重结晶,先水化后脱水,直接脱水。α半水石膏的相变具体历程取决于反应温度和氯化钾盐溶液的浓度。α半水石膏在氯化钾盐溶液中可划为4个相区。二水石膏在Ⅰ区是稳定相,在Ⅲ区是亚稳相;无水石膏在Ⅲ和Ⅳ两个区是稳定,同时伴随有钾石膏的生成;α半水石膏仅在Ⅱ区是亚稳的。氯化钾盐溶液中存在α半水石膏亚稳态窗口:反应温度在89-105℃之问,氯化钾盐溶液的浓度相应的设定在0.0-3.0%范围内,同时反应时间需要控制在5-6hr内。
通过α半水石膏的反应制得的实际相转化图和通过溶解平衡法绘制的理论相转化图之间有一定的偏差,并且在理论相转化图中α半水石膏存在两个亚稳区。如果要得到比较纯的α半水石膏产品,必须严格、精确的控制反应温度和氯化钾盐溶液的浓度在Ⅱ区。
a-calcium sulfate hemihydrate(α-HH) has been applied in comprehensive areas due to its superior workability and high strength.It could be prepared through salt solution method under atmospheric pressure.Considering the uncertainties of the phase-transition among CaSO_4 phases and the stability ofα-HH in salt solutions,it is need to investigate phase-transitions of CaSO_4 phases andα-HH's stablility in some representative salt solutions.The solubility and phase-transitions of calcium sulfate dihydrate(DH),α-HH, calcium sulfate anhydrite(AH) in KC1 solutions(0.0-10.0%) were studied under conditions of atmospheric pressure and(80-105)℃.The gypsum in a fixed ratio to the solution was added into KC1 solutions at an expected temperature with different concentration.The purpose was to measure the solubility of three gypsum phases in KC1 solutions,to sketch out the path forα-HH's recrystallization,hydration or dehydration, the theoretical and actual phase-transition diagrams.Finally,the stability ofα-HH in KC1 solutions could be presented.
In 0.0-10.0wt%KC1 solutions,the maximal solubility for DH at 85,90,95,100℃was (0.67,0.71,0.66,0.69) g CaSO_4l00ml respectively,the maximal solubility forα-HH at 90,95,100℃were(0.68,0.63,0.59) g CaSO4/100ml correspondingly,and the maximal solubility for AH at 85,90,95,100℃was(0.65,0.97,0.85,0.91) g CaSO_4/100ml respectively.At the same temperature,the solubility of DH increased with KC1 concentration,the solubility ofα-HH and AH increased with KC1 concentration,after passing a maximum,the solubility would decline.This may be related with the combined effect of temperature and KCl concentration.
It was found that the stability ofα-HH in KC1 solution relied heavily on KC1 concentration and temperature.The phase-transition for calcium sulfate is successfully outlined as a function of KC1 concentration and temperature.DH is stable in regionⅠand metastable in regionⅢ.AH is stable in regionsⅢandⅣ,coexisted with potassium pentacalcium sulfate monohydrate(goergerite).Only in regionⅡ,α-HH is metastable.A narrow operating window forα-HH's recrystallization has been determined.This window is limited by KC1 concentration and reaction temperature,even the reaction time.This window is outlined as 0.0-3.0wt%concentration for KC1 solution and 89-105℃for reaction temperature,and in general the reaction time should be controlled within certain time,for example,5-6h.
Meanwhile,there are discrepancies between the actual phase-transition diagram gained byα-HH's reaction in KC1 aqueous solution and the theoretical phase-transition diagram obtained by solubility measurement.In the theoretical diagram,there are two regions forα-HH to be metastable,but in higher concentration region it would dehydrate to AH in a short time.
引文
[1]川崎重工业株式会社.日本脱硫石膏利用状况和中国脱硫石膏利用前景[J].新型建筑材料.1999(12):37-40
[2]Heiner Hamm.排烟脱硫石膏的应用:欧洲石膏工业的任务(1)[J].建筑人造板.1997(4):33-35
[3]Heiner Hamm.排烟脱硫石膏的应用:欧洲石膏工业的任务(2)[J].建筑人造板.1998(1):40-43
[4]林芳辉,彭家惠,从钢等.脱硫石膏粉煤灰胶结材水化硬化机理及耐水性研究[J].硅酸盐学报.1995,23(2):219-223
[5]从钢,林家辉,彭志辉.脱硫石膏空心砌块研制[J].新型建筑材料.1997(1):34-37
[6]彭家惠,林芳辉,彭志辉.石膏基外墙粉刷材料中试与工程试用[J].施工术.1999,28(2):40-45
[7]夏鹰峰,滕华.利用脱硫石膏开发粉刷石膏砂浆产品[J].粉煤灰.2005(5):40-41
[8]孙蓬,王晓东.α型半水石膏的研究与发展[J].丹东纺专学报.2004,11(3):36-40
[9]陈志山.α型半水石膏的生产工艺[J].非金属矿.1995,103(1):23-25.
[10]李天文,姜四清.α-水高强度石膏生产新工艺[J].现代化工.1998(2):22-24.
[11]孙宝歧.石膏(化工百科全书之卷十四)[M].北京:化学工业出版社,1993:567
[12]Kuntze R.A.Alpha Plaster from FGD Gypsum and Potential Markets[J].3rd International Conference on FGD and Chemical Gypsum.1993:26-28
[13]赵青南,陈少雄,岳文海.蒸压法生产高强石膏粉的工艺参数研究[J].建材地质.1995(6):41-43
[14]姜洪义,曹宇.高强石膏的制备及性能影响因素研究[J].武汉理工大学学报.2006,28(4):35-37
[15]王瑞麟,俞力航,叶培红.影响α半石膏结晶形态的若干因素[J].新型建筑材料,1991(10):6-10
[16]丁志仁.α-半水石膏制备(下)[J].非金属矿.1993(1):57-60
[17]丁志仁.α-半水石膏制备(上)[J].非金属矿.1992(6):56-58
[18]王志,邹爱红,李国忠.高强石膏材料研究最新进展[J].新型建筑材料.1999(9):47-48
[19]Sven-Eric,D.;Fertilizer Materials,Calcium Sulfate Transitions in Superphosphate[J].J.Agric.Food Chem.,1960,8:411-412
[20]Ling,Y;Demopoulos,G.P.Solubility of calcium sulfate hydrates in(0 to 3.5)mol·kg-1 sulfuric acid solutions at 100℃[J].J.Chem.Eng.Data,2004,49:1263-1268
[21]Powell,D.A.Calcium sulfate hemihydrate prepared in sodium chloride solution[J].Aust.J.Chem.,1962,15:868-874
[22]Bold,J.;Fink,F.;Umlauf,J.Process for the conversion of calcium sulfate dihydrate into alpha-hemihydrate[P].US Patent,US5248487,1993
[23]Kirk,D.w.;Tong,S.Process for the production of alpha hemihydrate calcium sulfate from flue gas desulfurization materials[P].CA Patent,CA2167978,1996
[24]Hina,A.;Nancollas G.H.Alpha calcium sulfate hemihydrate and a method of making alpha calcium sulfate hemihydrate[P].International Patent,WO0179116,2001
[25]Wu,X.Modification of FGD gypsum in hydrothermal mixed salt solution[J].J.Environ.Sci.,2006.18:170-175
[26]岳文海.王志.α-半水石膏晶形转化剂作用机理的探讨[J].武汉工业大学学报.1996,18(2):1-4
[27]童仕唐,沈士德,Donald W.从湿法烟气脱硫残渣制取α型半水硫酸钙的研究[J].武汉科技大学学报(自然科学版).1996,19(1):51-57
[28]胥桂萍,童仕唐.从FGD残渣制备α型半水石膏过程晶形的控制[J].吉林化工学院学报.2002,19(2):3-7
[29]吴晓琴.钙基脱硫渣的氧化及改性研究[M].杭州:浙江大学,2004
[30]李林,李琳,孙元喜.常压盐溶液法制备α半水石膏的工艺参数研究[J].湖南文理学院学报.2005,17(1):31-33
[31]E.P.Schoch,WM.A.Cunningham.Production of gypsum plaster by wet methods[J].Trans.Am.Inst.Chem.Eng.,1941,37:1-18
[32]E.Eipeltauer.Preparation of crude gipseous rock and its conversion into its various hemihydrate plaster forms.Zem.-Kalk-Gips[J],1958,11:264,304
[33]T.Yamada,c.Mizutani,and S.Nagai.Gypsum byproduced on phosphoric acid process(Ⅶ),Dehydration and Hydration in mineral acids[J].Gypsum Lime,1966,85:198
[34]锄本峻司,原尚道,向山广.Effects of salts on the formation of α-calcium sulfate hemihydrates in aqueous salts solution under atmospheric pressure[J].Gypsum & Lime,1985,No.199:11-18
[35]Alfred Z(u|¨)rz,Ivan Older,Felicia Thiemann.Autoclave-Free Formation of α-hemihydrate Gypsum[J].Journal of the American Ceramic Society,1991,74:5,1117
[36]胥桂萍,童仕唐.从烟气脱硫残渣中制取α-半水石膏的研究[J].重庆环境科学.2001,23(1):70-72
[37]锄本峻司,原尚道,向山广.Formation of α-calcium sulfate hemihydrates in aqueous salt solutions under the atmospheric pressure and their physical properties[J].Gypsum & Lime,1986,200:26-31
[38]胥桂萍,童仕唐.从烟气脱硫残渣中制取α-半水石膏的研究[J].重庆环境科学.2001,23(1):70-72
[39]Zhibao Li,George P.Demopoulos.Model-Based Construction of Calcium Sulfate Phase-Transition Diagrams in the HCI-CaCl_2-H_2O System between 0 and 100℃[J].Ind.Eng.Chem.Res.,2006,45(13):4517-4524
[40]王泽红,乔景慧,韩跃新等.pH值对硫酸钙晶须直径的影响[J].金属矿山,2004,(10):39-42
[41]Sohnel,O.;Garside,J.Precipitation:Basic Principles and Industrial Application;Butterworth Heinemann:Oxford,1995
[42]Mullin,J.W.Crystallization;Butterworth-Heinemann:Oxford,2001
[43]Myerson,A.S.Handbook of Industrial Crystallization;Butterworth-Heinemann:Oxford,2002
[44]Linke,w.F.;Seidell,A.Solubilities of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Compounds;American Chemical Society:Washington,DC,1965
[45]Silcock,H.L.Solubilities of Inorganic and Organic Compounds,Vol.3:Multicomponent Systems of Inorganic Substances;Pergamon Press:Toronto.1979
[46]Li.z.;Demopoulos,G.P.Solubility of CaSO_4 phases in aqueous HCI+CaCl_2 solutions from 283 to 353 K[J]. J. Chem. Eng. Data, 2005, 50: 1971-1982
[47] Zhibao Li, George P. Demopoulos. Development of an improved chemical model for the estimation of CaSO4 solubilities in the HCl-CaCl_2-H_2O system up to 100℃[J]. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 2006,45(9): 2914-2922
[48] Marshall, W. L.; Jones, E. V. Second Dissociation Constant of Sulfuric Acid from 25 to 350 ℃ Evaluated from Solubilities of Calcium Sulfate in Sulfuric Acid Solutions[J]. J. Phys. Chem., 1966,70:4028-4040.
[49] Augustyn, W.; Fligier, M. Solubility of Calcium Sulfate in Aqueous Solutions of Fluosilicic and Sulfuric Acids[J]. Pol. J. Chem., 1981, 55: 1947-1950
[50] Zdanovskii, A. B.; Vlasov, G. A. Solubility of Various Modifications of Calcium Sulfate in Sulfuric Acid Solutions at 25℃[J]. Zh.Neorg. Khim., 1968, 13: 2747-2753
[51] Ostrovskii, S. V.; Amirova, S. A.; Kalugina, M. K. Solubility of Calcium Sulfate in Concentrated Sulfuric Acid[J]. Zh. Neorg. Khim., 1969, 14: 2503-2506
[52] Schaefer, W.; Hunger, E. Solubility of Calcium Sulfate in Saltcontaining, Diluted Sulfuric Acid[J]. Ger.Z. Chem., 1969,9:462
[53] Beremzhanov, B. A.; Kruchenko, V. P. Solubility of Calcium Sulfate in the Calcium Sulfate -Nitric-Sulfuric Acid - Water System at 25 and 50 ℃[J]. Zh. Neorg. Khim., 1972, 17: 1996-2000
[54] Zemelman, V. B. Identification of the Solubility of Calcium Sulfate[J]. Zh. Prikl. Khim. 1975, 48:1666-1669
[55] Tsikaeva, D. V. Solubilities of Calcium Sulfate in Concentrated Solutions of Sulfuric Acid[J]. Zh.Neorg. Khim., 1980, 25: 3073-3075
[56] Dvegubskii, N. S.; Shchiponilova, L. V. Solubility and Phase Transformation of Calcium Sulfate in Concentrated Sulfuric Acid at 120-180 ℃[J]. Zh. Prikl. Khim., 1981, 54: 234-239
[57] Wehde, K. H.; Stichlmair, J. Solubility Behavior of Inorganic Sulfates in Sulfuric Acids of Various Concentrations[J]. Chem.-Ing.-Tech., 1985, 57: 348-349
[58] Khavskii, N. N.; Lopatina, G. I.; Shcherbilin, V. B. Solubility of Calcium Sulfate Dihydrate in Weak Solutions of Sulfuric Acid[J]. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol., 1985, 28: 110-111
[59] Zhang, Y.; Muhammed, M. Solubility of Calcium Sulfate Dihydrate in Nitric Acid Solutions Containing Calcium Nitrate and Phosphoric Acid[J]. J. Chem. Eng. Data, 1989, 34: 121-124
[60] Huang, Y.; Luo, D. Solubilities and Phase Change of Calcium Sulfate in Concentrated Sulfuric Acid from 10 to 200 ℃[J]. Chengdu Keji Daxue Xuebao, 1988,4: 83-86
[61] Mutalala, B. K.; Umetsu, Y.; Tozawa, K. Solubility of Calcium Sulfate in Acidic Zinc Sulfate Solutions over a Temperature Range of 25 to 60 ℃[J]. Tohuko Daigalu Senko Seiren Kenkyusho Iho, 1988,44:57-68
[62] Kojima, Y.; Shibano, K.; Yasue, T.; Ishii, S.; Arai, Y. Wet synthesis of R-gypsum Hemihydrate from Ⅱ-anhydrite under Atmospheric Pressure[J]. Inorg. Mater., 1995, 255: 84-93
[63] Calmanovici, C. E.; Gabas, N.; Laguerie, C. Solubility Measurements for Calcium Sulfate Dihydrate in Acid Solutions at 20, 50, and 70 ℃[J]. J. Chem. Eng. Data, 1993, 38: 534-536
[64] Martynowicz, E. T. M. J.; Witkamp, G. J.; van Rosmalen, G. M. The Effect of Aluminum Fluoride on the Formation of Calcium Sulfate Hydrates[J]. Hydrometallurgy, 1996, 41: 171-186
[65] R. E. Hall, J. A. Robb, C. E. Coleman. The solobility of calcium sulfate at boiled-water temperatures[J].J.Am.Chem.Soc.,1926,48(4):927-938
[66]D.Barba,V.Brandani,and G.Di Giacomo.Solubility of Calcitim Sulfate Dihydrate in the System Na_2SO_4-MgCl_2-H_2O[J].J.Chem.Eng.Data.,1984,29:42-45
[67]Yu Zhang,Mamoun Muhammed.Solubility of Calcium Sulfate Ditydrate in Nitric Acid Solutions Containing Calcium Nitrate and Phosphoric Acid[J].J.Chem.Eng.Data.,1989,34:121-124
[68]S.Van Der Sluis,G.J.Witkamp,G.M.Van Rosmalen.Stability of calcium sulfate hydrates in wet-process phosphoric acid[J].J.Cryst.Growth,1986,79:620-629
[69]Eipeltatier,E.Preparation of crude gipseotis rock and its conversion into its various hemihydrate plaster forms.Zem.-Kalk-Gips.1958,11:264-304
[70]马兆宁.双槽半水物湿法磷酸生产技术[J].云南化工:.1999,(2):7-11
[71]J.M.Sullivan,J.J.Kohler.J.H.Grinstead.Solubility ofα-calcium sulfate hemihydrate in 40,50and 55%P_2O_5 phosphoric acid Solution at 80,90,100,and 110℃[J].J.Chem.Eng.Data.,1988,33:367-370
[72]Yuanbing Ling,George P..Demopoulos.Preparation of α-Calcium Sulfate Hemihydrate by Reaction of Sulfuric Acid with Lime[J].Ind.Eng.Chem.Res.,2005,44(4):715-724
[73]Marinkoviae.;Kostiae-Pulek,A.;Prodticts of hydrothermal treatment of selenite in potassium chloride solutions[J].J.Therm.Analy.Calori.,1999,57:559-567
[74]Kubota,N.;Mullin,J.W.A kinetic model for crystal growth from aqueotis solution in the presence of impurity[J].J.Cryst.Growth,1995,152:203-208
[75]Lothenbach,B.;Winnefeld,F.Thermodynamic modeling of the hydratjon of Portland cement[J].Cement Conerete Res.,2006,36:209-226
[76]Power,W.H.;Fabuss B.M.;Satterfield,C.N.Transient solubilities in the calcium sulfate-water system[J].J.chem.Eng.Data,1964,9:437-442
[77]Gupta,R.K.Solubility of calcium sulphate dihydrate in hydrochloric acid solutions[J].J.Appl.Chem.,1968,18:49-51
[78]Kruchenko,V.P.;Beremzhanov V.A.The solubilities of the salts in the calcium sulphate-hydrochloric acid-water system at 25℃[J].RuSS.J.Inorg.chem.,1976,21:281-282
[79]Rock,E.On the solubility of anhydrous calcium sulphate and gypsum in concentrated solutions of sodium chloride[J].Can.J.Chem,,1961,39:1746-1751
[80]Ostroff A.G.;Metler,A.V.Solubility of calcium sulfate dihydrate in the system NaCl-MgCl_2-H_2O from 28℃ to 70℃[J].J.Chem.Eng.Data,1966,11:346-350
[81]Linke,W.F.;Seidell,A.Solubilities of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Compounds;American Chemical Society:Washington,DC,1965
[82]Sullivan,J.M.;Kohler,J.J.;Grinstead,J.H.,Jr.Solubility of γ-calcium sulfate hemihydrate in 40,45,50,and 55%P_2O_5 phosphoric acid solutions at 80,90,100,and 110℃[J].J.Chem.Eng.Data.1988.33:367-370
[2]Heiner Hamm.排烟脱硫石膏的应用:欧洲石膏工业的任务(1)[J].建筑人造板.1997(4):33-35
[3]Heiner Hamm.排烟脱硫石膏的应用:欧洲石膏工业的任务(2)[J].建筑人造板.1998(1):40-43
[4]林芳辉,彭家惠,从钢等.脱硫石膏粉煤灰胶结材水化硬化机理及耐水性研究[J].硅酸盐学报.1995,23(2):219-223
[5]从钢,林家辉,彭志辉.脱硫石膏空心砌块研制[J].新型建筑材料.1997(1):34-37
[6]彭家惠,林芳辉,彭志辉.石膏基外墙粉刷材料中试与工程试用[J].施工术.1999,28(2):40-45
[7]夏鹰峰,滕华.利用脱硫石膏开发粉刷石膏砂浆产品[J].粉煤灰.2005(5):40-41
[8]孙蓬,王晓东.α型半水石膏的研究与发展[J].丹东纺专学报.2004,11(3):36-40
[9]陈志山.α型半水石膏的生产工艺[J].非金属矿.1995,103(1):23-25.
[10]李天文,姜四清.α-水高强度石膏生产新工艺[J].现代化工.1998(2):22-24.
[11]孙宝歧.石膏(化工百科全书之卷十四)[M].北京:化学工业出版社,1993:567
[12]Kuntze R.A.Alpha Plaster from FGD Gypsum and Potential Markets[J].3rd International Conference on FGD and Chemical Gypsum.1993:26-28
[13]赵青南,陈少雄,岳文海.蒸压法生产高强石膏粉的工艺参数研究[J].建材地质.1995(6):41-43
[14]姜洪义,曹宇.高强石膏的制备及性能影响因素研究[J].武汉理工大学学报.2006,28(4):35-37
[15]王瑞麟,俞力航,叶培红.影响α半石膏结晶形态的若干因素[J].新型建筑材料,1991(10):6-10
[16]丁志仁.α-半水石膏制备(下)[J].非金属矿.1993(1):57-60
[17]丁志仁.α-半水石膏制备(上)[J].非金属矿.1992(6):56-58
[18]王志,邹爱红,李国忠.高强石膏材料研究最新进展[J].新型建筑材料.1999(9):47-48
[19]Sven-Eric,D.;Fertilizer Materials,Calcium Sulfate Transitions in Superphosphate[J].J.Agric.Food Chem.,1960,8:411-412
[20]Ling,Y;Demopoulos,G.P.Solubility of calcium sulfate hydrates in(0 to 3.5)mol·kg-1 sulfuric acid solutions at 100℃[J].J.Chem.Eng.Data,2004,49:1263-1268
[21]Powell,D.A.Calcium sulfate hemihydrate prepared in sodium chloride solution[J].Aust.J.Chem.,1962,15:868-874
[22]Bold,J.;Fink,F.;Umlauf,J.Process for the conversion of calcium sulfate dihydrate into alpha-hemihydrate[P].US Patent,US5248487,1993
[23]Kirk,D.w.;Tong,S.Process for the production of alpha hemihydrate calcium sulfate from flue gas desulfurization materials[P].CA Patent,CA2167978,1996
[24]Hina,A.;Nancollas G.H.Alpha calcium sulfate hemihydrate and a method of making alpha calcium sulfate hemihydrate[P].International Patent,WO0179116,2001
[25]Wu,X.Modification of FGD gypsum in hydrothermal mixed salt solution[J].J.Environ.Sci.,2006.18:170-175
[26]岳文海.王志.α-半水石膏晶形转化剂作用机理的探讨[J].武汉工业大学学报.1996,18(2):1-4
[27]童仕唐,沈士德,Donald W.从湿法烟气脱硫残渣制取α型半水硫酸钙的研究[J].武汉科技大学学报(自然科学版).1996,19(1):51-57
[28]胥桂萍,童仕唐.从FGD残渣制备α型半水石膏过程晶形的控制[J].吉林化工学院学报.2002,19(2):3-7
[29]吴晓琴.钙基脱硫渣的氧化及改性研究[M].杭州:浙江大学,2004
[30]李林,李琳,孙元喜.常压盐溶液法制备α半水石膏的工艺参数研究[J].湖南文理学院学报.2005,17(1):31-33
[31]E.P.Schoch,WM.A.Cunningham.Production of gypsum plaster by wet methods[J].Trans.Am.Inst.Chem.Eng.,1941,37:1-18
[32]E.Eipeltauer.Preparation of crude gipseous rock and its conversion into its various hemihydrate plaster forms.Zem.-Kalk-Gips[J],1958,11:264,304
[33]T.Yamada,c.Mizutani,and S.Nagai.Gypsum byproduced on phosphoric acid process(Ⅶ),Dehydration and Hydration in mineral acids[J].Gypsum Lime,1966,85:198
[34]锄本峻司,原尚道,向山广.Effects of salts on the formation of α-calcium sulfate hemihydrates in aqueous salts solution under atmospheric pressure[J].Gypsum & Lime,1985,No.199:11-18
[35]Alfred Z(u|¨)rz,Ivan Older,Felicia Thiemann.Autoclave-Free Formation of α-hemihydrate Gypsum[J].Journal of the American Ceramic Society,1991,74:5,1117
[36]胥桂萍,童仕唐.从烟气脱硫残渣中制取α-半水石膏的研究[J].重庆环境科学.2001,23(1):70-72
[37]锄本峻司,原尚道,向山广.Formation of α-calcium sulfate hemihydrates in aqueous salt solutions under the atmospheric pressure and their physical properties[J].Gypsum & Lime,1986,200:26-31
[38]胥桂萍,童仕唐.从烟气脱硫残渣中制取α-半水石膏的研究[J].重庆环境科学.2001,23(1):70-72
[39]Zhibao Li,George P.Demopoulos.Model-Based Construction of Calcium Sulfate Phase-Transition Diagrams in the HCI-CaCl_2-H_2O System between 0 and 100℃[J].Ind.Eng.Chem.Res.,2006,45(13):4517-4524
[40]王泽红,乔景慧,韩跃新等.pH值对硫酸钙晶须直径的影响[J].金属矿山,2004,(10):39-42
[41]Sohnel,O.;Garside,J.Precipitation:Basic Principles and Industrial Application;Butterworth Heinemann:Oxford,1995
[42]Mullin,J.W.Crystallization;Butterworth-Heinemann:Oxford,2001
[43]Myerson,A.S.Handbook of Industrial Crystallization;Butterworth-Heinemann:Oxford,2002
[44]Linke,w.F.;Seidell,A.Solubilities of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Compounds;American Chemical Society:Washington,DC,1965
[45]Silcock,H.L.Solubilities of Inorganic and Organic Compounds,Vol.3:Multicomponent Systems of Inorganic Substances;Pergamon Press:Toronto.1979
[46]Li.z.;Demopoulos,G.P.Solubility of CaSO_4 phases in aqueous HCI+CaCl_2 solutions from 283 to 353 K[J]. J. Chem. Eng. Data, 2005, 50: 1971-1982
[47] Zhibao Li, George P. Demopoulos. Development of an improved chemical model for the estimation of CaSO4 solubilities in the HCl-CaCl_2-H_2O system up to 100℃[J]. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 2006,45(9): 2914-2922
[48] Marshall, W. L.; Jones, E. V. Second Dissociation Constant of Sulfuric Acid from 25 to 350 ℃ Evaluated from Solubilities of Calcium Sulfate in Sulfuric Acid Solutions[J]. J. Phys. Chem., 1966,70:4028-4040.
[49] Augustyn, W.; Fligier, M. Solubility of Calcium Sulfate in Aqueous Solutions of Fluosilicic and Sulfuric Acids[J]. Pol. J. Chem., 1981, 55: 1947-1950
[50] Zdanovskii, A. B.; Vlasov, G. A. Solubility of Various Modifications of Calcium Sulfate in Sulfuric Acid Solutions at 25℃[J]. Zh.Neorg. Khim., 1968, 13: 2747-2753
[51] Ostrovskii, S. V.; Amirova, S. A.; Kalugina, M. K. Solubility of Calcium Sulfate in Concentrated Sulfuric Acid[J]. Zh. Neorg. Khim., 1969, 14: 2503-2506
[52] Schaefer, W.; Hunger, E. Solubility of Calcium Sulfate in Saltcontaining, Diluted Sulfuric Acid[J]. Ger.Z. Chem., 1969,9:462
[53] Beremzhanov, B. A.; Kruchenko, V. P. Solubility of Calcium Sulfate in the Calcium Sulfate -Nitric-Sulfuric Acid - Water System at 25 and 50 ℃[J]. Zh. Neorg. Khim., 1972, 17: 1996-2000
[54] Zemelman, V. B. Identification of the Solubility of Calcium Sulfate[J]. Zh. Prikl. Khim. 1975, 48:1666-1669
[55] Tsikaeva, D. V. Solubilities of Calcium Sulfate in Concentrated Solutions of Sulfuric Acid[J]. Zh.Neorg. Khim., 1980, 25: 3073-3075
[56] Dvegubskii, N. S.; Shchiponilova, L. V. Solubility and Phase Transformation of Calcium Sulfate in Concentrated Sulfuric Acid at 120-180 ℃[J]. Zh. Prikl. Khim., 1981, 54: 234-239
[57] Wehde, K. H.; Stichlmair, J. Solubility Behavior of Inorganic Sulfates in Sulfuric Acids of Various Concentrations[J]. Chem.-Ing.-Tech., 1985, 57: 348-349
[58] Khavskii, N. N.; Lopatina, G. I.; Shcherbilin, V. B. Solubility of Calcium Sulfate Dihydrate in Weak Solutions of Sulfuric Acid[J]. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol., 1985, 28: 110-111
[59] Zhang, Y.; Muhammed, M. Solubility of Calcium Sulfate Dihydrate in Nitric Acid Solutions Containing Calcium Nitrate and Phosphoric Acid[J]. J. Chem. Eng. Data, 1989, 34: 121-124
[60] Huang, Y.; Luo, D. Solubilities and Phase Change of Calcium Sulfate in Concentrated Sulfuric Acid from 10 to 200 ℃[J]. Chengdu Keji Daxue Xuebao, 1988,4: 83-86
[61] Mutalala, B. K.; Umetsu, Y.; Tozawa, K. Solubility of Calcium Sulfate in Acidic Zinc Sulfate Solutions over a Temperature Range of 25 to 60 ℃[J]. Tohuko Daigalu Senko Seiren Kenkyusho Iho, 1988,44:57-68
[62] Kojima, Y.; Shibano, K.; Yasue, T.; Ishii, S.; Arai, Y. Wet synthesis of R-gypsum Hemihydrate from Ⅱ-anhydrite under Atmospheric Pressure[J]. Inorg. Mater., 1995, 255: 84-93
[63] Calmanovici, C. E.; Gabas, N.; Laguerie, C. Solubility Measurements for Calcium Sulfate Dihydrate in Acid Solutions at 20, 50, and 70 ℃[J]. J. Chem. Eng. Data, 1993, 38: 534-536
[64] Martynowicz, E. T. M. J.; Witkamp, G. J.; van Rosmalen, G. M. The Effect of Aluminum Fluoride on the Formation of Calcium Sulfate Hydrates[J]. Hydrometallurgy, 1996, 41: 171-186
[65] R. E. Hall, J. A. Robb, C. E. Coleman. The solobility of calcium sulfate at boiled-water temperatures[J].J.Am.Chem.Soc.,1926,48(4):927-938
[66]D.Barba,V.Brandani,and G.Di Giacomo.Solubility of Calcitim Sulfate Dihydrate in the System Na_2SO_4-MgCl_2-H_2O[J].J.Chem.Eng.Data.,1984,29:42-45
[67]Yu Zhang,Mamoun Muhammed.Solubility of Calcium Sulfate Ditydrate in Nitric Acid Solutions Containing Calcium Nitrate and Phosphoric Acid[J].J.Chem.Eng.Data.,1989,34:121-124
[68]S.Van Der Sluis,G.J.Witkamp,G.M.Van Rosmalen.Stability of calcium sulfate hydrates in wet-process phosphoric acid[J].J.Cryst.Growth,1986,79:620-629
[69]Eipeltatier,E.Preparation of crude gipseotis rock and its conversion into its various hemihydrate plaster forms.Zem.-Kalk-Gips.1958,11:264-304
[70]马兆宁.双槽半水物湿法磷酸生产技术[J].云南化工:.1999,(2):7-11
[71]J.M.Sullivan,J.J.Kohler.J.H.Grinstead.Solubility ofα-calcium sulfate hemihydrate in 40,50and 55%P_2O_5 phosphoric acid Solution at 80,90,100,and 110℃[J].J.Chem.Eng.Data.,1988,33:367-370
[72]Yuanbing Ling,George P..Demopoulos.Preparation of α-Calcium Sulfate Hemihydrate by Reaction of Sulfuric Acid with Lime[J].Ind.Eng.Chem.Res.,2005,44(4):715-724
[73]Marinkoviae.;Kostiae-Pulek,A.;Prodticts of hydrothermal treatment of selenite in potassium chloride solutions[J].J.Therm.Analy.Calori.,1999,57:559-567
[74]Kubota,N.;Mullin,J.W.A kinetic model for crystal growth from aqueotis solution in the presence of impurity[J].J.Cryst.Growth,1995,152:203-208
[75]Lothenbach,B.;Winnefeld,F.Thermodynamic modeling of the hydratjon of Portland cement[J].Cement Conerete Res.,2006,36:209-226
[76]Power,W.H.;Fabuss B.M.;Satterfield,C.N.Transient solubilities in the calcium sulfate-water system[J].J.chem.Eng.Data,1964,9:437-442
[77]Gupta,R.K.Solubility of calcium sulphate dihydrate in hydrochloric acid solutions[J].J.Appl.Chem.,1968,18:49-51
[78]Kruchenko,V.P.;Beremzhanov V.A.The solubilities of the salts in the calcium sulphate-hydrochloric acid-water system at 25℃[J].RuSS.J.Inorg.chem.,1976,21:281-282
[79]Rock,E.On the solubility of anhydrous calcium sulphate and gypsum in concentrated solutions of sodium chloride[J].Can.J.Chem,,1961,39:1746-1751
[80]Ostroff A.G.;Metler,A.V.Solubility of calcium sulfate dihydrate in the system NaCl-MgCl_2-H_2O from 28℃ to 70℃[J].J.Chem.Eng.Data,1966,11:346-350
[81]Linke,W.F.;Seidell,A.Solubilities of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Compounds;American Chemical Society:Washington,DC,1965
[82]Sullivan,J.M.;Kohler,J.J.;Grinstead,J.H.,Jr.Solubility of γ-calcium sulfate hemihydrate in 40,45,50,and 55%P_2O_5 phosphoric acid solutions at 80,90,100,and 110℃[J].J.Chem.Eng.Data.1988.33:367-370