基于FPGA的数字PWM控制器的研制
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摘要
随着电力电子技术的发展,电力电子变换器的控制技术变得愈来愈复杂。微处理器及其外围电路的发展,使得数字控制技术所存在的一些问题不断得到改善,并在某些方面逐渐取代模拟控制技术实现系统的控制功能。
随着电力半导体器件不断地向高频、高效和智能化方向发展,电力电子控制系统的实时性要求越来越高。随着重要部门、用电设备对高品质的电源和电能质量的需求日益增多,高性能PWM控制器的研究越来越受到关注,数字控制以其诸多的优点在某些方面正逐步取代模拟控制。数字PWM控制器获得了更多的设计自由,可以轻松实现各种复杂、智能的数字算法来提高性能,与此同时,传统控制方案在数字控制中仍发挥着重大作用,先进的数字控制算法与传统控制相结合是目前应用的主流。
近年来,可编程逻辑器件不断向高集成度、高速度和低价位方向迈进,在信号处理领域的应用不断扩大,与MCU相比,CPLD/FPGA器件具有更高的处理速度。本文针对可编程逻辑器件具有设计灵活、集成度高、速度快、设计周期短等优点,提出将其应用于电力电子的控制技术以满足对实时性要求很高的应用场合。
本文详细分析了应用可编程逻辑器件FPGA实现PWM控制器的原理和方法,提出了一种采用FPGA实现电力电子变换器控制电路的方案,将A/D采样控制电路、控制算法电路和PWM波形生成电路等全部集中于FPGA内部,大大降低了电路的复杂程度。将所设计的基于FPGA的数字控制器应用于Boost变换器,进行了仿真和试验研究,结果验证了可编程逻辑器件的高速处理性能及所设计控制器的可行性。
With the rapid development of power electronics, control technique applied in the power electronic converters becomes more and more complex. Great progress of microprocessor and peripheral circuit causes distinct improvements in digital control techniques. Then, the digital control technique will gradually substitute analog in some aspect control technique for controlling power electronic system.
Power semiconductor devices develop continuously for high frequency, high efficiency and intellectualization. It demands that power electronic control system has much higher real-time capability. With the demands of important departments and electric equipments for higher quality power supply ascending, high performance PWM controller are taken more and more attention. With its incomparable merits, digital control is gradually taking place of analog control in some aspect. On the one hand, digital PWM controllers gain more freedom for design, with which kinds of complicated and intelligent algorithms can be implemented easily; on the other hand, the traditional strategies are still playing an important pole in the digital control. The hybrid strategies of the advanced digital strategies and the traditional ones are now most accepted in the product application.
In recent years, Programmable Logic Devices (PLD) stride continuously forward high integrity, high speed and lower price, which are applied more far and widely in signal processing. Compared with MCU, CPLD/FPGA has much higher speed. Aiming at the advantages of PLD such as high integrity, high speed, designed agility and short cycle of design, a new scheme that uses PLD in power electronic control technique for high real-time’s capability is brought forward in this paper.
In this paper, the principle and method that making use of FPGA to realize high accurate PWM controller are chiefly analyzed, A novel way of control circuit is mentioned for power electronics converters with FPGA. The units of A/D sampling control, realization of control arithmetic and generation of PWM waveforms are completely integrated in FPGA, which reduces the perplexity of circuit. Then, The digital controller based-on FPGA is applied in the Boost Converter. The emluation and experiment is performed. The results prove that the PLD have high speed processing capability interiorly and the digital controller based-on FPGA has a good performance.
随着电力半导体器件不断地向高频、高效和智能化方向发展,电力电子控制系统的实时性要求越来越高。随着重要部门、用电设备对高品质的电源和电能质量的需求日益增多,高性能PWM控制器的研究越来越受到关注,数字控制以其诸多的优点在某些方面正逐步取代模拟控制。数字PWM控制器获得了更多的设计自由,可以轻松实现各种复杂、智能的数字算法来提高性能,与此同时,传统控制方案在数字控制中仍发挥着重大作用,先进的数字控制算法与传统控制相结合是目前应用的主流。
近年来,可编程逻辑器件不断向高集成度、高速度和低价位方向迈进,在信号处理领域的应用不断扩大,与MCU相比,CPLD/FPGA器件具有更高的处理速度。本文针对可编程逻辑器件具有设计灵活、集成度高、速度快、设计周期短等优点,提出将其应用于电力电子的控制技术以满足对实时性要求很高的应用场合。
本文详细分析了应用可编程逻辑器件FPGA实现PWM控制器的原理和方法,提出了一种采用FPGA实现电力电子变换器控制电路的方案,将A/D采样控制电路、控制算法电路和PWM波形生成电路等全部集中于FPGA内部,大大降低了电路的复杂程度。将所设计的基于FPGA的数字控制器应用于Boost变换器,进行了仿真和试验研究,结果验证了可编程逻辑器件的高速处理性能及所设计控制器的可行性。
With the rapid development of power electronics, control technique applied in the power electronic converters becomes more and more complex. Great progress of microprocessor and peripheral circuit causes distinct improvements in digital control techniques. Then, the digital control technique will gradually substitute analog in some aspect control technique for controlling power electronic system.
Power semiconductor devices develop continuously for high frequency, high efficiency and intellectualization. It demands that power electronic control system has much higher real-time capability. With the demands of important departments and electric equipments for higher quality power supply ascending, high performance PWM controller are taken more and more attention. With its incomparable merits, digital control is gradually taking place of analog control in some aspect. On the one hand, digital PWM controllers gain more freedom for design, with which kinds of complicated and intelligent algorithms can be implemented easily; on the other hand, the traditional strategies are still playing an important pole in the digital control. The hybrid strategies of the advanced digital strategies and the traditional ones are now most accepted in the product application.
In recent years, Programmable Logic Devices (PLD) stride continuously forward high integrity, high speed and lower price, which are applied more far and widely in signal processing. Compared with MCU, CPLD/FPGA has much higher speed. Aiming at the advantages of PLD such as high integrity, high speed, designed agility and short cycle of design, a new scheme that uses PLD in power electronic control technique for high real-time’s capability is brought forward in this paper.
In this paper, the principle and method that making use of FPGA to realize high accurate PWM controller are chiefly analyzed, A novel way of control circuit is mentioned for power electronics converters with FPGA. The units of A/D sampling control, realization of control arithmetic and generation of PWM waveforms are completely integrated in FPGA, which reduces the perplexity of circuit. Then, The digital controller based-on FPGA is applied in the Boost Converter. The emluation and experiment is performed. The results prove that the PLD have high speed processing capability interiorly and the digital controller based-on FPGA has a good performance.
引文
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[2] 何西风. 基于 FPGA 的数字化通用 PWM 拉制器设计. 四川大学硕士学位论文,2005
[3] 张占松,蔡宣三. 开关电源的原理与设计[M]. 电子工业出版社,1998
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[5] 冯小平,张林,赵焕军. 一种基于 CPLD 实现的数字化 PWM 波形产生器[J]. 现代电子技术,2003(3):71～72
[6] 王兆安. 电力电子技术的发展动向[J]. 电力电子技术,1995,11(4):80～85
[7] 张恩怀. 开关电源的发展概况[J]. 电力电子技术,1996,2(1):74～78
[8] 刘树林, 刘健, 钟久明. 峰值电流控制变换器斜坡补偿电路的优化设计[J]. 电力电子技术, 2005, 39(5):78～81
[9] 刘树林, 刘健, 寇蕾. 开关变换器的本质安全特性分析与设计[J]. 电工技术学报,2006,21(5):36～41
[10] 陈勇兵,刘树林. 内部本质安全型 Boost 变换器电感的设计[J]. 电气防爆, 2006(3):17～20
[11] Liu Shulin, Liu Jian, Chen Yongbin. An Improved Boost DC-DC Converter Based on Intrinsic Safety and Its Design, Proceedings of the the IEEE region 10 Conference, Hongkong, 2006.11
[12] Liu Shulin, Liu Jian, Mao Hong. Analysis and Design of Boost DC-DC Converters for Intrinsic Safety[C]. Proceedings of the 5th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference, Shanghai, China, 2006.8 pp: 1267~1272
[13] 刘树林, 刘健, 陈勇兵. Boost 变换器的输出电压纹波分析与最小电感设计[J]. 西安交通大学学报, 2007, 41(6):707～711
[14] 刘树林, 刘健, 杨银玲等. Boost 变换器的能量传输模式及输出电压纹波分析[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2006, 26(5):119～124
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[16] Jack Zeller, Minshao Zhu, Tom Stimac and Zhiqiang Gao. Nonlinear Digital Control Implementation for a DC-to-DC Power Converter[J]. Proceedings of IECEC’0136th Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference July 29-August 2, 2001, Savannah, Georgia pp: 13~22
[17] 郭同生,杨旭,王兆安. 数字化光伏发电逆变器的设计[J]. 电源技术应用,2003(1)
[18] 赵异波,何湘宁. 电力电子电路的数字化控制技术[J]. 电源技术应用,2002,11(5):557(6)～559(8)
[19] 吴爱国,李际涛. DC-DC 变换器控制方法研究现状[J]. 电力电子技术,1999, 4(2):75～78
[20] 张凯. 基于重复控制原理的 CVCF-PWM 逆变器波形控制技术研究. 华中理工大学博士学位论文[D],2000
[21] 汉泽西. EDA 技术及其应用[M]. 北京航空航天大学出版社,2004
[22] 潘松,黄继业. EDA 技术实用教程[M]. 科学出版社,2003
[23] www.altera.com
[24] 李刚强,田斌,易克初. FPGA 设计中关键问题的研究[J].电子技术应用,2003(6):68～71
[25] Albert M.Wu, Jinwen Xiao, Dejan, Markovic, Seth R.Sanders. Digital PWM control Application in Voltage Regulation Modules. IEEE PESC’99[C] 1999(1): 77~83
[26] 高森,袁薇. 基于CPLD的数字触发电路的设计[J]. 现代电子技术,2004(2):12～14
[27] 潘庭龙,姜建国. 交-交变频失量控制系统的 CPLD 数字触发电路[J]. 电力电子技术,2003,37(6):74～75
[28] 王华民,李劲松,严百平. 基于 CPLD 的全数字脉宽调制器的设计[J]. 电力电子技术,2003,6(3):76～78
[29] 蔺爱国,张加胜. 一种数字存储组合式 PWM 调制方案[J]. 现代电子技术,2004 (6):13～15
[30] 王聪,吴宏杰,魏伟华. 用于 DC/DC 全桥变换器的全数字式 PWM 控制器[J]. 电力电子技术,2000(6):40～42
[31] Benjamin J.Patella, Aleksandar Prodic, Art Zirger and Dragan Maksimovic. High frequency Digital PWM Controller IC for DC/DC Converters[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol 18, January 2003, pp: 438~446
[32] F.Baronti, P.C.Adel1, W.T.Holman, R.D.Schrimpf, L.W.Massengill, A.F.Witulski, M.Ceschia. DC/DC Switching Power Converter with Radiation Hardened DigitalControl Based on SRAM FPGAs[J]. P/MAPLD 2004
[33] Carlos Marcelo de Oliveira Stein, Helio Leaes Hey. A True ZCZVT Commutation Cell for PWM Converters[J]. IEEE Trans. On Power Electr. Vol.15, January 2000, pp: 185~192
[34] 林庆国,张冠生,陈为,黄是鹏. 新型 ZCT 软开关 PWM 变换器的研究[J]. 电工电能新技术,2001(1):40～43
[35] 林庆国,张冠生,陈为,黄是鹏. 新型 ZVZCT 软开关 PWM 变换器的研究[J]. 电源技术应用,2000(4):162～166
[36] Dong-Yun Lee, Min-K Wang Lee, Dong-Seok Hyun, Ick choy. New Zero Current Tansition PWM DC/DC Converters without Current Stress. IEEE Trans.On Power Electr[J]. Vol 18, No 1, January 2003, pp: 95~104
[37] 刘金琨. 先进 PID 控制及其 MATLAB 仿真[M]. 电子工业出版社,2003
[38] [美]John F.Wakerly 著,林生,金京林,葛红译. 数字设计原理与实践[M],原书第 3 版. 机械工业出版社,2003
[39] 高鹏,安涛,寇怀成. Protel 99 入门与提高[M]. 人民邮电出版社,2002
[40] 朱鹏程,郭卫农,陈坚. 升压斩波电路 PI 和 PID 调节器的优化设计[J].电力电子技术,2001,35(4):28～31
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[2] 何西风. 基于 FPGA 的数字化通用 PWM 拉制器设计. 四川大学硕士学位论文,2005
[3] 张占松,蔡宣三. 开关电源的原理与设计[M]. 电子工业出版社,1998
[4] 黄越辉,黄自龙,杨旭,王兆安. 基于 CPLD 的电力电子集成化控制器的研究[J]. 电力电子技术,2004(2):73～74
[5] 冯小平,张林,赵焕军. 一种基于 CPLD 实现的数字化 PWM 波形产生器[J]. 现代电子技术,2003(3):71～72
[6] 王兆安. 电力电子技术的发展动向[J]. 电力电子技术,1995,11(4):80～85
[7] 张恩怀. 开关电源的发展概况[J]. 电力电子技术,1996,2(1):74～78
[8] 刘树林, 刘健, 钟久明. 峰值电流控制变换器斜坡补偿电路的优化设计[J]. 电力电子技术, 2005, 39(5):78～81
[9] 刘树林, 刘健, 寇蕾. 开关变换器的本质安全特性分析与设计[J]. 电工技术学报,2006,21(5):36～41
[10] 陈勇兵,刘树林. 内部本质安全型 Boost 变换器电感的设计[J]. 电气防爆, 2006(3):17～20
[11] Liu Shulin, Liu Jian, Chen Yongbin. An Improved Boost DC-DC Converter Based on Intrinsic Safety and Its Design, Proceedings of the the IEEE region 10 Conference, Hongkong, 2006.11
[12] Liu Shulin, Liu Jian, Mao Hong. Analysis and Design of Boost DC-DC Converters for Intrinsic Safety[C]. Proceedings of the 5th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference, Shanghai, China, 2006.8 pp: 1267~1272
[13] 刘树林, 刘健, 陈勇兵. Boost 变换器的输出电压纹波分析与最小电感设计[J]. 西安交通大学学报, 2007, 41(6):707～711
[14] 刘树林, 刘健, 杨银玲等. Boost 变换器的能量传输模式及输出电压纹波分析[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2006, 26(5):119～124
[15] Liu Shulin, Liu Jian, Yang Yinlin, et al. Analysis of Output Short-circuit Discharged Energy and Optimal Design of Output Intrinsically Safe Buck Converters[C]. Proceedings of Asia Pacific Symposium on Safety, Shaoxing, China, 2005.11, pp: 1978~1984
[16] Jack Zeller, Minshao Zhu, Tom Stimac and Zhiqiang Gao. Nonlinear Digital Control Implementation for a DC-to-DC Power Converter[J]. Proceedings of IECEC’0136th Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference July 29-August 2, 2001, Savannah, Georgia pp: 13~22
[17] 郭同生,杨旭,王兆安. 数字化光伏发电逆变器的设计[J]. 电源技术应用,2003(1)
[18] 赵异波,何湘宁. 电力电子电路的数字化控制技术[J]. 电源技术应用,2002,11(5):557(6)～559(8)
[19] 吴爱国,李际涛. DC-DC 变换器控制方法研究现状[J]. 电力电子技术,1999, 4(2):75～78
[20] 张凯. 基于重复控制原理的 CVCF-PWM 逆变器波形控制技术研究. 华中理工大学博士学位论文[D],2000
[21] 汉泽西. EDA 技术及其应用[M]. 北京航空航天大学出版社,2004
[22] 潘松,黄继业. EDA 技术实用教程[M]. 科学出版社,2003
[23] www.altera.com
[24] 李刚强,田斌,易克初. FPGA 设计中关键问题的研究[J].电子技术应用,2003(6):68～71
[25] Albert M.Wu, Jinwen Xiao, Dejan, Markovic, Seth R.Sanders. Digital PWM control Application in Voltage Regulation Modules. IEEE PESC’99[C] 1999(1): 77~83
[26] 高森,袁薇. 基于CPLD的数字触发电路的设计[J]. 现代电子技术,2004(2):12～14
[27] 潘庭龙,姜建国. 交-交变频失量控制系统的 CPLD 数字触发电路[J]. 电力电子技术,2003,37(6):74～75
[28] 王华民,李劲松,严百平. 基于 CPLD 的全数字脉宽调制器的设计[J]. 电力电子技术,2003,6(3):76～78
[29] 蔺爱国,张加胜. 一种数字存储组合式 PWM 调制方案[J]. 现代电子技术,2004 (6):13～15
[30] 王聪,吴宏杰,魏伟华. 用于 DC/DC 全桥变换器的全数字式 PWM 控制器[J]. 电力电子技术,2000(6):40～42
[31] Benjamin J.Patella, Aleksandar Prodic, Art Zirger and Dragan Maksimovic. High frequency Digital PWM Controller IC for DC/DC Converters[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol 18, January 2003, pp: 438~446
[32] F.Baronti, P.C.Adel1, W.T.Holman, R.D.Schrimpf, L.W.Massengill, A.F.Witulski, M.Ceschia. DC/DC Switching Power Converter with Radiation Hardened DigitalControl Based on SRAM FPGAs[J]. P/MAPLD 2004
[33] Carlos Marcelo de Oliveira Stein, Helio Leaes Hey. A True ZCZVT Commutation Cell for PWM Converters[J]. IEEE Trans. On Power Electr. Vol.15, January 2000, pp: 185~192
[34] 林庆国,张冠生,陈为,黄是鹏. 新型 ZCT 软开关 PWM 变换器的研究[J]. 电工电能新技术,2001(1):40～43
[35] 林庆国,张冠生,陈为,黄是鹏. 新型 ZVZCT 软开关 PWM 变换器的研究[J]. 电源技术应用,2000(4):162～166
[36] Dong-Yun Lee, Min-K Wang Lee, Dong-Seok Hyun, Ick choy. New Zero Current Tansition PWM DC/DC Converters without Current Stress. IEEE Trans.On Power Electr[J]. Vol 18, No 1, January 2003, pp: 95~104
[37] 刘金琨. 先进 PID 控制及其 MATLAB 仿真[M]. 电子工业出版社,2003
[38] [美]John F.Wakerly 著,林生,金京林,葛红译. 数字设计原理与实践[M],原书第 3 版. 机械工业出版社,2003
[39] 高鹏,安涛,寇怀成. Protel 99 入门与提高[M]. 人民邮电出版社,2002
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