信号交叉口交通组织优化方法研究
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摘要
随着我国经济建设的快速发展，城市交通量迅速增长，交通出现了日趋紧张的局面，拥堵经常发生，整个城市的经济发展受到制约，缓解交通拥堵问题已迫在眉睫。对于城市道路而言，交叉口是城市交通的关键。在交叉口，相交道路上运行的不同交通流在此选择和变换运行方向，是交通流的集散点。在处理上有平面交叉和立体交叉两种形式，由于立体交叉存在占地面积大、造价高等问题而且也不可能完全解决平面交叉问题，所以平面交叉仍是我国城市交叉口的主要形式，因此，平面交叉的管理和组织方法仍是缓解城市交通拥堵的重要研究课题。
对于交通量大的平面交叉口，比较有效的交通管理控制方式就是采用信号控制。随着交通量的猛增，城市道路上的信号交叉口越来越多，截止到2000年年底，北京市已有1036个信号控制的交叉口。交叉口的交通拥堵十分严重，从客观上讲，现有的道路资源没有充分利用，交通组织不够细致是一个重要原因。本论文选择信号交叉口作为研究对象，研究它的交通组织优化方法，以缓解交叉口的交通拥堵。
论文首先总结了目前信号交叉口交通组织优化的流程，然后根据流程对每一步骤的具体内容进行详细介绍。主要包括信号交叉口放行方法设计、渠化设计和信号优化设计。对于放行方法设计，由于我国存在自行车流，放行方法比较特殊，目前仅有交管部门的一些经验。论文首先对这些经验进行了总结和提炼，在此基础上提出了放行方法设计的一般流程。信号优化设计在国内外研究都较为成熟，文中仅做了一般性的总结。对于渠化设计，目前国内研究还很不成熟，文中借鉴国外经验，对渠化设计从基本概念、渠化措施及其适用性、与信号设计的结合等方面进行了详细论述，提出了渠化设计的流程，形成了渠化设计的方法体系。
介绍了信号交叉口交通组织优化的基本设计方法之后，论文根据优化设计的特点，提出借鉴专家系统的思想开发信号交叉口交通组织优化专家辅助系统，以辅助进行信号交叉口的优化设计。论文从专家系统的一般结构出发，根据专业领域知识进行了知识库和推理机的设计，在此基础上，编写程序代码，实现了专家辅助系统。为了验证专家辅助系统的可行性，论文选择北京和江西宜春的两个典型信号交叉口进行了系统验证，经检验论文设计的专家辅助系统总体上是可行的。
With the development of economy, the vehicle volume of city increased rapidly and the traffic jam became more serious. We must take some measures to deal with the serious traffic jam that will counterwork our economy development. To urban road, the key is intersections where all traffic streams converge and turn. In China city the mixed traffic of intersections make order become rough and tumble. This situation is especially grievous for at-grade intersections. In addition, at-grade intersection is the main format of intersection in city. So we must attach importance to its management and control.
For at-grade intersections, with the volume increasing the more efficient mean is signalized control. Up to 2000, there are 1036 signalized intersections in Beijing. But the traffic jam is still serious at intersections. One of the main causes is that the traffic organization is not well leading to use the road inefficiently. The paper chooses the signalized intersection as the research object and studies its optimization method of traffic organization to abate the traffic jam.
First, the paper makes a summary of process of traffic organization at signalized intersection. According to the process, the paper makes a detailed account of every step. The primary step includes discharging mode design, signal design and channelization design of signalized intersection. The first step is particular in our country because of the bicycles. The paper sums up the existing discharging mode based on the former experiences and put forward the method and procedure of discharging mode design. The second item has been mature in home and abroad. So the paper only summarizes its universal knowledge. As for channelization design, on the base of existing research the paper put forward some new opinions that primarily include basic concept, channelized measure and its applicability, channelization design procedure etc.
After introducing the basic method of traffic organization at signalized intersection, according to the characteristic the paper put forward an idea that using Expert System to help the traffic organization optimization. Then the paper makes detailed design of knowledge storeroom and consequence mechanism that are the important part of the Expert System. Based on the design, the paper makes the system become realization through writing code. Finally we select two signalized intersections to validate the system. By validating we find the system works well.
对于交通量大的平面交叉口，比较有效的交通管理控制方式就是采用信号控制。随着交通量的猛增，城市道路上的信号交叉口越来越多，截止到2000年年底，北京市已有1036个信号控制的交叉口。交叉口的交通拥堵十分严重，从客观上讲，现有的道路资源没有充分利用，交通组织不够细致是一个重要原因。本论文选择信号交叉口作为研究对象，研究它的交通组织优化方法，以缓解交叉口的交通拥堵。
论文首先总结了目前信号交叉口交通组织优化的流程，然后根据流程对每一步骤的具体内容进行详细介绍。主要包括信号交叉口放行方法设计、渠化设计和信号优化设计。对于放行方法设计，由于我国存在自行车流，放行方法比较特殊，目前仅有交管部门的一些经验。论文首先对这些经验进行了总结和提炼，在此基础上提出了放行方法设计的一般流程。信号优化设计在国内外研究都较为成熟，文中仅做了一般性的总结。对于渠化设计，目前国内研究还很不成熟，文中借鉴国外经验，对渠化设计从基本概念、渠化措施及其适用性、与信号设计的结合等方面进行了详细论述，提出了渠化设计的流程，形成了渠化设计的方法体系。
介绍了信号交叉口交通组织优化的基本设计方法之后，论文根据优化设计的特点，提出借鉴专家系统的思想开发信号交叉口交通组织优化专家辅助系统，以辅助进行信号交叉口的优化设计。论文从专家系统的一般结构出发，根据专业领域知识进行了知识库和推理机的设计，在此基础上，编写程序代码，实现了专家辅助系统。为了验证专家辅助系统的可行性，论文选择北京和江西宜春的两个典型信号交叉口进行了系统验证，经检验论文设计的专家辅助系统总体上是可行的。
With the development of economy, the vehicle volume of city increased rapidly and the traffic jam became more serious. We must take some measures to deal with the serious traffic jam that will counterwork our economy development. To urban road, the key is intersections where all traffic streams converge and turn. In China city the mixed traffic of intersections make order become rough and tumble. This situation is especially grievous for at-grade intersections. In addition, at-grade intersection is the main format of intersection in city. So we must attach importance to its management and control.
For at-grade intersections, with the volume increasing the more efficient mean is signalized control. Up to 2000, there are 1036 signalized intersections in Beijing. But the traffic jam is still serious at intersections. One of the main causes is that the traffic organization is not well leading to use the road inefficiently. The paper chooses the signalized intersection as the research object and studies its optimization method of traffic organization to abate the traffic jam.
First, the paper makes a summary of process of traffic organization at signalized intersection. According to the process, the paper makes a detailed account of every step. The primary step includes discharging mode design, signal design and channelization design of signalized intersection. The first step is particular in our country because of the bicycles. The paper sums up the existing discharging mode based on the former experiences and put forward the method and procedure of discharging mode design. The second item has been mature in home and abroad. So the paper only summarizes its universal knowledge. As for channelization design, on the base of existing research the paper put forward some new opinions that primarily include basic concept, channelized measure and its applicability, channelization design procedure etc.
After introducing the basic method of traffic organization at signalized intersection, according to the characteristic the paper put forward an idea that using Expert System to help the traffic organization optimization. Then the paper makes detailed design of knowledge storeroom and consequence mechanism that are the important part of the Expert System. Based on the design, the paper makes the system become realization through writing code. Finally we select two signalized intersections to validate the system. By validating we find the system works well.
引文
1 陈洪仁．道路交叉设计．人民交通出版社．1991．6．
2 翟忠民．道路交通组织优化书稿．2003．
3 北京市公安交通管理局．道路交通秩序管理．2001．5．
4 贺瑞华．CORSIM和SIMTRAFFIC模型在北京的适用性研究．北京工业大学硕士学位论文．2003．5．
5 项目信号交叉口仿真优化设计系统开题报告．2002．12．
6 Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD). U.S. Department of Transportation. Federal Highway Administration. December 2000.
7 NCHRP. Synthesis 225. Left-Turn Treatments at Intersections. Trb-1996.
8 NCHRP. Synthesis 279. Intersection Channelization Design Guide. Trb-1985.
9 [日]交通工程研究会编．刘春华．刘璟译．平面交叉路口的规划与设计．中国建筑工业出版社．1988．5．
10 HIGHWAY CAPACITY MANUAL (HCM), TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD. National Research Council. Washington.D.C.2000.
11 马建明．信号交叉口优化设计及其微观仿真研究．北京工业大学博士学位论文．2001．5．
12 上海市城市建设规范．城市道路平面交叉口规划与设计规程．Design regulations for at-grade intersections on urban street．DGJ08-96-2001.J10099-2001．2001年．上海。
13 路峰．钱劭武．侯刚．混合交通条件下平交交叉口放行方法的比较分析．公安大学学报(自然科学版)．2003．1．
14 任福田．肖秋生．薛宗蕙．城市道路规划与设计．中国建筑工业出版社．1998．10第三版．
15 杨章益．城市交叉口设计．中国市政工程，1996．9(3)．
16 黎国强．浅议平面交叉路口的交通渠化法．广东公安交通科技．2001(3)．
17 顾尚华．论综合治理城市交叉口的措施．
18 刘抗修．关于多相位渠化路口．中国市政工程．1999(1)．
19 郑志坚．浅谈城市道路交叉口的渠化与美化．广东公路交通．1999(3)．
20 吴海燕．张蕊．交叉口综合评价指标体系．中国市政工程．2001(3)．
21 杨晓光等．城市道路交通设计指南．人民交通出版社．2003．
22 杨佩昆、张树升编．交通管理与控制．人民交通出版社．1997．
23 乐长寿．道路交通控制．湖南科学技术出版社．1995．5．
24 马宪民．人工智能的原理与方法．西北工业大学出版社．2002．
25 黄可鸣．专家系统导论．东南大学出版社．1988．
26 赵炜诚．长安大学硕士论文．沥青路面施工技术专家系统构建理论与方法研究．2001．
27 何新贵．知识处理与专家系统．国防工业出版社．1990．
28 王士同主编．人工智能教程．电子工业出版社．2001．
29 陈世福等．人工智能与知识工程．南京大学出版社．1997．
30 段里仁．城市交通概论．北京出版社．1984．
31 徐吉谦．交通工程总论．人民交通出版社．2000．2．
32 周商吾．交通工程．同济大学出版社．1987．10．
33 [美]威廉·瑞莱．唐纳德·开普里著．中国公路学会交通工程学会编译．道路与交叉口的通行能力．1987．5．
34 [苏]В·Ф·巴布可夫教授主编．祁振庆译．道路条件与交通组织．1987．5．中国建筑工业出版社．1983．3．
35 国家标准GB5768——1999《道路交通标志和标线》．
36 Traffic Engineering Manual-signals. March 1999.
37 James L·Powel. Field Measurement of Signalized Intersection Delay for 1997 Update of the Highway Capacity Manual. Trb-1646.
38 Rod Troutbeck and Miranda Blogg. Queueing at Congested Intersections. Trb-1646.
39 Traffic Research Laboratory (TreL) Overview. U.S. Department of ATMS R&D Program. Transportation Federal Highway Administration. 1998.
40 Van As, S. C. Traffic Signal optimization procedures and techniques. PhD thesis. Department of Civil Engineering, University of Southampton, 1979.
41 Juan Zhi-cai, Chen Ling & Zhang Jie A Simulation Model for Mixing Traffic Flow at An Intersection Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics Volume 7 Number 3 1996 China Ocean Press, Beijing.
42 Greenberg, H. A mathematical analysis of traffic flow: PANY Tunnel Traffic Capacity Study. The Port of New York Authority, New York, 1958.
43 Thesen A, Lei L, Yih Y. Knowledge Acquisition Methods for Expert Scheduling Systems. In: Proceedings of the 1987 Winter Simulation Conference, Atlanta, 1987. Atlanta: SCS, 1987.
44 JAMIE W. HURLEY. Utilization of Auxiliary Through Lanes at Signalized Intersections TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD 1484.
45 ALLEN, et al The Effect of Bicycles on the Capacity of Signalized Intersections
THE 77th ANNUAL MEETING OF THE TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD
46 Manivannan S. Design of a Knowledge-Based On-Line Simulation System to Control a Manufacturing Shop Floor. IIE Transactions. Vol 24, No 3,1992.
47 Anderson, T. E., E. A. Kidd and K. R. Laughery. Texas model: a computer simulation of driver behaviour at intersections. U.S. Department of Transportation (Federal Highway Administration), Washington, DC, 1968.
48 Varol, Y. L., A. A. Kaufman and M. Z. Hanani. Applying simulation to highway intersection design. Simulation, 28(4), 1977, 97-105.
49 Erik Verhoef. An Integrated Dynamic Model of Road Traffic Congestion Based on Simple Car-Following Theory.
50 M.V. Aerde, Transportation Systems Research Group. INTEGRATION- Release 2, User's Guide- Volumes Ⅰ, Ⅱand Ⅲ, 1995.
51 Ford D R, Schroer B J, Daughtrey R. An Intelligent Modeling System for Simulating Manufacturing Processes. In: Proceedings of the 1987 Winter Simulation Conference, Atlanta, 1987. Atlanta: SCS, 1987.
2 翟忠民．道路交通组织优化书稿．2003．
3 北京市公安交通管理局．道路交通秩序管理．2001．5．
4 贺瑞华．CORSIM和SIMTRAFFIC模型在北京的适用性研究．北京工业大学硕士学位论文．2003．5．
5 项目信号交叉口仿真优化设计系统开题报告．2002．12．
6 Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD). U.S. Department of Transportation. Federal Highway Administration. December 2000.
7 NCHRP. Synthesis 225. Left-Turn Treatments at Intersections. Trb-1996.
8 NCHRP. Synthesis 279. Intersection Channelization Design Guide. Trb-1985.
9 [日]交通工程研究会编．刘春华．刘璟译．平面交叉路口的规划与设计．中国建筑工业出版社．1988．5．
10 HIGHWAY CAPACITY MANUAL (HCM), TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD. National Research Council. Washington.D.C.2000.
11 马建明．信号交叉口优化设计及其微观仿真研究．北京工业大学博士学位论文．2001．5．
12 上海市城市建设规范．城市道路平面交叉口规划与设计规程．Design regulations for at-grade intersections on urban street．DGJ08-96-2001.J10099-2001．2001年．上海。
13 路峰．钱劭武．侯刚．混合交通条件下平交交叉口放行方法的比较分析．公安大学学报(自然科学版)．2003．1．
14 任福田．肖秋生．薛宗蕙．城市道路规划与设计．中国建筑工业出版社．1998．10第三版．
15 杨章益．城市交叉口设计．中国市政工程，1996．9(3)．
16 黎国强．浅议平面交叉路口的交通渠化法．广东公安交通科技．2001(3)．
17 顾尚华．论综合治理城市交叉口的措施．
18 刘抗修．关于多相位渠化路口．中国市政工程．1999(1)．
19 郑志坚．浅谈城市道路交叉口的渠化与美化．广东公路交通．1999(3)．
20 吴海燕．张蕊．交叉口综合评价指标体系．中国市政工程．2001(3)．
21 杨晓光等．城市道路交通设计指南．人民交通出版社．2003．
22 杨佩昆、张树升编．交通管理与控制．人民交通出版社．1997．
23 乐长寿．道路交通控制．湖南科学技术出版社．1995．5．
24 马宪民．人工智能的原理与方法．西北工业大学出版社．2002．
25 黄可鸣．专家系统导论．东南大学出版社．1988．
26 赵炜诚．长安大学硕士论文．沥青路面施工技术专家系统构建理论与方法研究．2001．
27 何新贵．知识处理与专家系统．国防工业出版社．1990．
28 王士同主编．人工智能教程．电子工业出版社．2001．
29 陈世福等．人工智能与知识工程．南京大学出版社．1997．
30 段里仁．城市交通概论．北京出版社．1984．
31 徐吉谦．交通工程总论．人民交通出版社．2000．2．
32 周商吾．交通工程．同济大学出版社．1987．10．
33 [美]威廉·瑞莱．唐纳德·开普里著．中国公路学会交通工程学会编译．道路与交叉口的通行能力．1987．5．
34 [苏]В·Ф·巴布可夫教授主编．祁振庆译．道路条件与交通组织．1987．5．中国建筑工业出版社．1983．3．
35 国家标准GB5768——1999《道路交通标志和标线》．
36 Traffic Engineering Manual-signals. March 1999.
37 James L·Powel. Field Measurement of Signalized Intersection Delay for 1997 Update of the Highway Capacity Manual. Trb-1646.
38 Rod Troutbeck and Miranda Blogg. Queueing at Congested Intersections. Trb-1646.
39 Traffic Research Laboratory (TreL) Overview. U.S. Department of ATMS R&D Program. Transportation Federal Highway Administration. 1998.
40 Van As, S. C. Traffic Signal optimization procedures and techniques. PhD thesis. Department of Civil Engineering, University of Southampton, 1979.
41 Juan Zhi-cai, Chen Ling & Zhang Jie A Simulation Model for Mixing Traffic Flow at An Intersection Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics Volume 7 Number 3 1996 China Ocean Press, Beijing.
42 Greenberg, H. A mathematical analysis of traffic flow: PANY Tunnel Traffic Capacity Study. The Port of New York Authority, New York, 1958.
43 Thesen A, Lei L, Yih Y. Knowledge Acquisition Methods for Expert Scheduling Systems. In: Proceedings of the 1987 Winter Simulation Conference, Atlanta, 1987. Atlanta: SCS, 1987.
44 JAMIE W. HURLEY. Utilization of Auxiliary Through Lanes at Signalized Intersections TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD 1484.
45 ALLEN, et al The Effect of Bicycles on the Capacity of Signalized Intersections
THE 77th ANNUAL MEETING OF THE TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD
46 Manivannan S. Design of a Knowledge-Based On-Line Simulation System to Control a Manufacturing Shop Floor. IIE Transactions. Vol 24, No 3,1992.
47 Anderson, T. E., E. A. Kidd and K. R. Laughery. Texas model: a computer simulation of driver behaviour at intersections. U.S. Department of Transportation (Federal Highway Administration), Washington, DC, 1968.
48 Varol, Y. L., A. A. Kaufman and M. Z. Hanani. Applying simulation to highway intersection design. Simulation, 28(4), 1977, 97-105.
49 Erik Verhoef. An Integrated Dynamic Model of Road Traffic Congestion Based on Simple Car-Following Theory.
50 M.V. Aerde, Transportation Systems Research Group. INTEGRATION- Release 2, User's Guide- Volumes Ⅰ, Ⅱand Ⅲ, 1995.
51 Ford D R, Schroer B J, Daughtrey R. An Intelligent Modeling System for Simulating Manufacturing Processes. In: Proceedings of the 1987 Winter Simulation Conference, Atlanta, 1987. Atlanta: SCS, 1987.