苏里格气田复杂储层控制因素和有效储层预测
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摘要
苏里格气田盒 8 段气藏是一个低压、低渗透、低丰度、大面积分布的岩性气藏,有效砂体为低渗透砂岩背景上的相对高渗单元,埋藏深度大、规模小、厚度薄、分布规律复杂,储层预测成为制约气田开发的关键技术问题之一。本文通过对苏里格气田沉积微相、成岩作用、测井解释、储层、加密井解剖、气层地球物理响应特征等的深入综合研究,对其有效储层的成因、主控因素和分布规律有了较为深入的认识,初步形成了一套有效储层预测的技术方法,并预测了有利储层分布区。取得了如下主要成果:
1.认识到苏里格气田盒 8 段砂质辫状河沉积的各类砂岩中,只有粗砂岩和含砾粗砂岩相才能形成有效储层,而中、细砂岩为非储层。粗砂岩主要分布在心滩微相和部分河道充填微相的底部,中、细砂岩主要分布在河道充填微相中。在盒 8 段辫状河的多水道系统中划分出高能水道和低能水道两种水道类型,高能水道控制心滩沉积的主要分布。
2.综合分析有效砂岩成因发现,砂岩粒度-成分-物性之间有密切的内在联系。由于不同类型岩屑的沉积分异作用,粗砂岩中石英颗粒和石英类岩屑含量较高,抗压实能力强,在成岩过程中可保留部分原生孔隙,有利于孔隙流体的流动和次生孔隙的形成,物性较好;而在中、细砂岩中塑性火山岩屑含量较高,呈致密压实成岩相,不利于孔隙流体的流动和次生孔隙的形成,物性差。也就是说不同沉积微相的水动力条件决定了其沉积物的成分和结构特征,进而控制后续的成岩和孔隙演化以及岩石物性。沉积微相、岩石类型、成岩相和岩石物性之间具有密切的成因联系,综合这些因素建立了气田盒8段4类储层的成因和分布模式。
3.苏里格气田储层成因特征决定了砂岩大面积连片分布,但有效砂岩分布分散的、连续性和连通性差的分布特征。有效砂体规模小,宽度一般<800 米,呈孤立状或窄条带状分布在致密砂岩或泥岩中。
4.苏里格气田气层厚度薄、埋藏深度大,限于地球物理的分辨率,预测难度很大。通过总结不同类型井的储层分布模型,研究其 AVO 响应特征,将地质模型与二维地震资料的 AVO 解释相结合,预测出相对富集区块,可作为气田建产的优选区块。
The He8 gas pool in Sulige gas field is a kind of wide spreaded lithologic gas pool with low pressure, low permeability and low reserve abundance. The effective sandstones are those relative high permeable units distributed among the low permeability background. Because of their deep buried depth, little size and thin thickness, prediction of effective sandstones proves a tough task for gas field development. Integrated studies were carried on in such aspects as sedimentary microfacies, diagenesis, log interpretation, relationship of lithofacies-petrophysics-log response-gas saturation, close well drilling and the seismic response of gas sandstones. Then deep understandings of the genesis and distribution of effective sandstones were gained. A new prediction method for effective sandstone distribution was put forwards, and favorable areas were predicted. The main achievements of this dissertation are followings:
1. Only the coarse grained and conglomeratic sandstones in the braided channel sandy sediments can be effective sandstones, while the medium and fine grained sands would be invalid. The coarse grained sands are mostly distributed in the channel bars and the bottom of some channel filling sediments. The medium and fine grained sands are mostly distributed in the channel filling sediments. Two kinds of channels-high energy channel and low energy channel-were identified in the braided multi-channel system in the He8 intervals. The high energy channels control the distribution of main channel bars.
2. The study of the genesis of effective sandstones illustrates that there is a close connection among sandstone grain size, sandstone ingredients and their petrophysics. Because of the depositional separation of different clast, the coarse sandstones are inclined to be relative high reservoir quality, with high content of hard quartzite clast and quartz grains, which favors the preservation of primary pores, the flowing of pore flows and occurrence of secondary pores. The medium and fine grained sandstones are inclined to be bad or invalid reservoir quality, with high content of soft lithic fragments, which leads to tight compaction, poor preservation of primary pores and poor development of secondary pores. So, it can be put forwards that depositional hydro-dynamics controls the sandstone structure and component, and then controls the diagenesis and pore evolution. Based on the relationship of sedimentary microfacies, lithofacies, diagenetic facies and petrophysics, the genetic and distributed models of the four kinds of sandstones in the He8 intervals were built up.
3. The sandstones in Sulige gas field are wide spreaded, while the effective sandbodies are dispersively distributed with small size and poor continuousness and connectivity. The width of a single effective sandbody is almost less than 800 meter. The effective sandbodies are distributed in the tight sandstones and mudstones in shapes of isolated points or narrow strips. 4. Suffering from the deep buried depth, thin thickness and the limit of seismic resolution, the prediction of gas sandbody distribution is difficult. Through establishing geological models of different kinds of gas wells, and integrated studying of the geological models and their AVO response on the 2D lines, the favorable areas were picked up for recent development.
1.认识到苏里格气田盒 8 段砂质辫状河沉积的各类砂岩中,只有粗砂岩和含砾粗砂岩相才能形成有效储层,而中、细砂岩为非储层。粗砂岩主要分布在心滩微相和部分河道充填微相的底部,中、细砂岩主要分布在河道充填微相中。在盒 8 段辫状河的多水道系统中划分出高能水道和低能水道两种水道类型,高能水道控制心滩沉积的主要分布。
2.综合分析有效砂岩成因发现,砂岩粒度-成分-物性之间有密切的内在联系。由于不同类型岩屑的沉积分异作用,粗砂岩中石英颗粒和石英类岩屑含量较高,抗压实能力强,在成岩过程中可保留部分原生孔隙,有利于孔隙流体的流动和次生孔隙的形成,物性较好;而在中、细砂岩中塑性火山岩屑含量较高,呈致密压实成岩相,不利于孔隙流体的流动和次生孔隙的形成,物性差。也就是说不同沉积微相的水动力条件决定了其沉积物的成分和结构特征,进而控制后续的成岩和孔隙演化以及岩石物性。沉积微相、岩石类型、成岩相和岩石物性之间具有密切的成因联系,综合这些因素建立了气田盒8段4类储层的成因和分布模式。
3.苏里格气田储层成因特征决定了砂岩大面积连片分布,但有效砂岩分布分散的、连续性和连通性差的分布特征。有效砂体规模小,宽度一般<800 米,呈孤立状或窄条带状分布在致密砂岩或泥岩中。
4.苏里格气田气层厚度薄、埋藏深度大,限于地球物理的分辨率,预测难度很大。通过总结不同类型井的储层分布模型,研究其 AVO 响应特征,将地质模型与二维地震资料的 AVO 解释相结合,预测出相对富集区块,可作为气田建产的优选区块。
The He8 gas pool in Sulige gas field is a kind of wide spreaded lithologic gas pool with low pressure, low permeability and low reserve abundance. The effective sandstones are those relative high permeable units distributed among the low permeability background. Because of their deep buried depth, little size and thin thickness, prediction of effective sandstones proves a tough task for gas field development. Integrated studies were carried on in such aspects as sedimentary microfacies, diagenesis, log interpretation, relationship of lithofacies-petrophysics-log response-gas saturation, close well drilling and the seismic response of gas sandstones. Then deep understandings of the genesis and distribution of effective sandstones were gained. A new prediction method for effective sandstone distribution was put forwards, and favorable areas were predicted. The main achievements of this dissertation are followings:
1. Only the coarse grained and conglomeratic sandstones in the braided channel sandy sediments can be effective sandstones, while the medium and fine grained sands would be invalid. The coarse grained sands are mostly distributed in the channel bars and the bottom of some channel filling sediments. The medium and fine grained sands are mostly distributed in the channel filling sediments. Two kinds of channels-high energy channel and low energy channel-were identified in the braided multi-channel system in the He8 intervals. The high energy channels control the distribution of main channel bars.
2. The study of the genesis of effective sandstones illustrates that there is a close connection among sandstone grain size, sandstone ingredients and their petrophysics. Because of the depositional separation of different clast, the coarse sandstones are inclined to be relative high reservoir quality, with high content of hard quartzite clast and quartz grains, which favors the preservation of primary pores, the flowing of pore flows and occurrence of secondary pores. The medium and fine grained sandstones are inclined to be bad or invalid reservoir quality, with high content of soft lithic fragments, which leads to tight compaction, poor preservation of primary pores and poor development of secondary pores. So, it can be put forwards that depositional hydro-dynamics controls the sandstone structure and component, and then controls the diagenesis and pore evolution. Based on the relationship of sedimentary microfacies, lithofacies, diagenetic facies and petrophysics, the genetic and distributed models of the four kinds of sandstones in the He8 intervals were built up.
3. The sandstones in Sulige gas field are wide spreaded, while the effective sandbodies are dispersively distributed with small size and poor continuousness and connectivity. The width of a single effective sandbody is almost less than 800 meter. The effective sandbodies are distributed in the tight sandstones and mudstones in shapes of isolated points or narrow strips. 4. Suffering from the deep buried depth, thin thickness and the limit of seismic resolution, the prediction of gas sandbody distribution is difficult. Through establishing geological models of different kinds of gas wells, and integrated studying of the geological models and their AVO response on the 2D lines, the favorable areas were picked up for recent development.
引文
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2.郑浚茂,应凤祥. 煤系地层(酸性水介质)的砂岩储层特征及成岩模式,石油学报,1997(18)4,P19-24
3.郑浚茂,吴仁龙. 黄骅坳陷砂岩储层的成岩作用与孔隙分带性,石油与天然气地质,1996(17)4,P268-275
4.田昌炳,于兴河,徐安娜,朱怡翔,我国低效气藏的地质特征及其成因特点,石油实验地质,2003(3),vol25,P:235-238。
5.李道品等,低渗透砂岩油田开发,北京,石油工业出版社,1997
6.裘怿楠,应凤祥等,中国陆相油气储集层,北京:石油工业出版社,1999
7.Spencer, C.W., Review of Characteristics of Low-Permeability Gas Reservoirs in Western United States, AAPG, 1989.(73)5.
8.王卓飞、蒋宜勤、祝嗣全,准噶尔盆地侏罗系低渗透油气储层特征及成因探讨,断块油气田,2003(10)9,P23-27。
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11.贺承租、华明琪等,四川盆地裂缝孔隙型低渗致密储层工程特征、储层保护和增产措施研究(研究报告),1994
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14.T. A. Cross. Stratigraphic controls on reservoir attributes in continental strata[J]. 地学前缘,2000(4)
15.席胜利、王怀厂等,鄂尔多斯盆地北部山西组、下石盒子组物源分析,天然气工业,2002(22)2,P21-23。
16.付锁唐等,鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界天然气富集规律研究(研究报告),2000
17.郑浚茂,于兴河,谢承强,李丽霞. 不同沉积环境储层的层内非均质性──以黄骅坳陷为例,现代地质,1995(9)4 ,P501-508
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19.Edward D. Pittman and Richard E. Larese, Compaction of Lithic Sands: Experimental Results and Applications, AAPG Bulletin, 1991(75) 8, P 1279-1299
20.R. H. Worden, M. Mayall, and I. J. Evans, The Effect of Ductile-Lithic Sand Grains and Quartz Cement on Porosity and Permeability in Oligocene and Lower Miocene Clastics, South China Sea: Prediction of Reservoir Quality, AAPG Bulletin, 2000(84)3, P234-359.
21.朱如凯、 郭宏莉、 何东博等,中国西北地区石炭系碎屑岩储集层研究,石油勘探与开发,2002(29)6,P40-44
22.应凤祥、何东博、龙玉梅、林西生,碎屑岩成岩阶段划分(中华人民共和国石油天然气行业标准 SY/T5477-2003),2003,北京:石油工业出版社
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24.朱国华等, 煤系地层砂岩作用和孔隙演化研究—以长广地区龙湾为例,石油勘探与开发,1993(20)1
25.郑浚茂等,石英砂岩的硅质胶结作用及其对储集性的影响, 沉积学报,1998(6)1
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2.郑浚茂,应凤祥. 煤系地层(酸性水介质)的砂岩储层特征及成岩模式,石油学报,1997(18)4,P19-24
3.郑浚茂,吴仁龙. 黄骅坳陷砂岩储层的成岩作用与孔隙分带性,石油与天然气地质,1996(17)4,P268-275
4.田昌炳,于兴河,徐安娜,朱怡翔,我国低效气藏的地质特征及其成因特点,石油实验地质,2003(3),vol25,P:235-238。
5.李道品等,低渗透砂岩油田开发,北京,石油工业出版社,1997
6.裘怿楠,应凤祥等,中国陆相油气储集层,北京:石油工业出版社,1999
7.Spencer, C.W., Review of Characteristics of Low-Permeability Gas Reservoirs in Western United States, AAPG, 1989.(73)5.
8.王卓飞、蒋宜勤、祝嗣全,准噶尔盆地侏罗系低渗透油气储层特征及成因探讨,断块油气田,2003(10)9,P23-27。
9.刘丽华、邱宗恬,平落坝气田香二气藏低孔低渗储层研究(研究报告),1994
10.马文杰、陈丽华、王雪松,我国致密碎屑岩天然气储层特征,低渗透油气田,1997(2)4,P8-13
11.贺承租、华明琪等,四川盆地裂缝孔隙型低渗致密储层工程特征、储层保护和增产措施研究(研究报告),1994
12.王鑫,合肥盆地侏罗系低渗透致密砂岩储层的成因与优质储层发育的潜力,石油实验地质,1996(9)1,P47-51
13.曾大乾、李淑贞,中国低渗透砂岩储层类型及地质特征,石油学报,1994(15)1,P39-47
14.T. A. Cross. Stratigraphic controls on reservoir attributes in continental strata[J]. 地学前缘,2000(4)
15.席胜利、王怀厂等,鄂尔多斯盆地北部山西组、下石盒子组物源分析,天然气工业,2002(22)2,P21-23。
16.付锁唐等,鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界天然气富集规律研究(研究报告),2000
17.郑浚茂,于兴河,谢承强,李丽霞. 不同沉积环境储层的层内非均质性──以黄骅坳陷为例,现代地质,1995(9)4 ,P501-508
18.Micheal Edward Hohn. Geostatistics and petroleum geology[M]. Kluwer academic publishers. 1999:25-43.
19.Edward D. Pittman and Richard E. Larese, Compaction of Lithic Sands: Experimental Results and Applications, AAPG Bulletin, 1991(75) 8, P 1279-1299
20.R. H. Worden, M. Mayall, and I. J. Evans, The Effect of Ductile-Lithic Sand Grains and Quartz Cement on Porosity and Permeability in Oligocene and Lower Miocene Clastics, South China Sea: Prediction of Reservoir Quality, AAPG Bulletin, 2000(84)3, P234-359.
21.朱如凯、 郭宏莉、 何东博等,中国西北地区石炭系碎屑岩储集层研究,石油勘探与开发,2002(29)6,P40-44
22.应凤祥、何东博、龙玉梅、林西生,碎屑岩成岩阶段划分(中华人民共和国石油天然气行业标准 SY/T5477-2003),2003,北京:石油工业出版社
23.朱国华,陕甘宁盆地上三叠系延长统低渗透砂体和次生孔隙砂体的形成,沉积学报,1985,(3)2
24.朱国华等, 煤系地层砂岩作用和孔隙演化研究—以长广地区龙湾为例,石油勘探与开发,1993(20)1
25.郑浚茂等,石英砂岩的硅质胶结作用及其对储集性的影响, 沉积学报,1998(6)1
26.Julian C. Baker, Peter J. Havord, Ken R. Martin, and K. Ameed R. Ghori, Diagenesis and Petrophysics of the Early Permain Moogooloo Sandstone, Southern Carnarvon Basin, Western Australia, AAPG Bulletin, 2000(84)2, P250-265.
27.S. Bloch, Empirical Prediction of Porosity and Permeability in Sandstones, AAPG Bulletin, 1991(75)7, P1145-1159.
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