基于ICPT的无线电能传输网关键技术研究
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摘要
无线电能传输技术的实质是泛指一种借助存在于物理空间中的传能介质，如：高频功率磁场、电磁波、微波、RF无线电波等，实现将电能以非接触的形式由源极传输至受电极的电能供给模式。感应耦合电能传输（Inductively Coupled PowerTransfer，以下简称ICPT）技术是基于电磁感应耦合原理的无线电能传输模式，解决了移动电气设备的电源灵活、安全、绿色接入问题，是目前无线电能传输领域的一个研究热点。
感应耦合电能传输技术的电能传输效率与电能传输空间尺度之间的突出矛盾一直是制约该项技术产业化应用的瓶颈。目前有通过ICPT系统参数优化设计、提高电能发射端谐振频率、电磁共振耦合、增大发射功率等方法以求最大化电能传输距离。通过提升发射磁场频率固然可以适当缓解这一矛盾，在低频时感应耦合电能传输系统的损耗主要集中在电路本身，但随着频率的增大(大尺度传输时频率上GHz级，中尺度传输时上MHz级)，此时能量在外界空间中的耗散也将急剧增加，系统传输效率将大幅下降，且EMI干扰将随之增强，对处在该环境内的电子设备造成强烈的干扰。另一方面，众所周知，随着传输距离的增加，系统传输效率将急剧下降(如MIT在2米范围内无线传输60W功率时效率仅约为40%左右)，在系统输入功率较小的情况下甚至可能致拾取电能失效。鉴于电路中电子元器件的特性，发射端功率的增加存在一个上限额度，所以此类策略都无法解决ICPT技术提升能量传输效率与扩大传输尺度不可兼得的矛盾问题。此外，借助电磁波、微波、RF无线电波等介质的无线电能传输技术同样存在传输距离、传输功率、及传输方向性等方面的制约。基于此，本文首次提出一种基于无线电能传输技术的无线电能传输网概念，引入具有双向电能传输能力的能量中继节点，凭借能量中继节点的“接力”作用构建能量传输链路通道，若干条如此类型的能量传输链路便组成了一个网内无中心、能量传输节点对等的无线电能传输局域网络，实现能量无线多跳传输，在保证系统电能传输效率的前提下拓展无线电能传输的有效空间尺度。
论文以国家自然科学基金项目“非接触电能双向推送系统关键技术研究”(基金编号：50807057)及教育部博士点基金项目“非接触电能传输系统关键技术研究”(基金编号：20070611012)为依托，在国内外学者对无线电能传输技术研究的基础之上面向无线电能传输网展开研究工作，旨在论证无线电能传输网的科学性和有效性，并着力解决无线电能传输网的部分关键科学技术问题。
作者主要研究工作如下：
1.分析了无线电能传输技术的国内外研究现状及取得的研究成果，针对目前存在的矛盾问题提出并论证无线电能传输网及其基本架构，并阐述本文研究的目的、意义及内容。
2.论述基于无线电能传输技术的无线电能传输网框架，详细论证无线电能传输节点的基本结构、基本电路拓扑、硬件系统和软件系统，并验证无线电能传输链路的可行性。
3.提出一种基于能量注入控制方法的移相控制策略以实现对无线电能传输链路系统输出功率的调节。重点论述基于能量注入控制方法的移相控制策略，从能量的角度提出能量注入占空比的概念，为移相控制策略提供理论依据。最后通过仿真试验验证基于能量注入控制方法的移相控制策略对满足负载动态功率需求的有效性。
4.无线电能传输链路系统的高阶严重开关非线性使得不易对系统进行精确数学建模和有效控制，为此，提出基于神经网络的无线电能传输链路能量传输节点输出稳压控制策略。通过设计基于误差反向传播算法的前馈神经网络并将其作为控制器应用于传输链路系统输出稳压控制。仿真结果论证了神经网络控制器具有一定的可行性，并通过实验研究验证在负载跃变时，神经网络控制策略具有较好的控制作用，自适应性强。
5.提出基于ICPT技术的无线电能传输链路能量双向传输电路拓扑结构。论述了无线电能双向传输链路工作机制，并从互感耦合原理出发详细阐述电能双向传输链路电路拓扑，获得通过调节能量发射节点输入电压相位和能量接收节点输出电压相位的差值大小控制能量流的流向和传输功率值及在相位差固定的情形下，通过控制能量发射节点输入电压幅值调节系统传输功率的结论。通过仿真和实验验证无线电能双向传输链路电路拓扑结构和控制策略的正确性。
6.提出了无线电能传输链路优化数学模型，采用动态更新机制对信息素进行更新，以增强蚁群优化算法的全局搜索能力，基于改进蚁群优化算法的无线电能传输链路优化策略能构建效率最大化且链路剩余电能最多的电能传输路径，以达到兼顾延伸电能传输距离和保证电能传输链路稳定性的目的。并研究了无线电能传输链路系统能量传输效率特性。仿真试验验证了改进蚁群优化算法在无线电能传输链路优化方面的优越性。
本文的创新性贡献：
（1）提出一种基于无线电能传输技术的无线电能传输网基本架构，通过能量中继节点的“接力”作用建立起能量发射节点与能量接收节点之间的一条由一系列具有路由功能的移动能量传输节点组成的电能传输链路，构建无线电能多跳传输，能量传输链路的集合便形成一种网内无中心、能量传输节点对等的无线电能传输网，并提出无线电能传输链路寿命模型与网络覆盖范围评估模型，为后继研究奠定基础。
（2）提出集能量发射功能、能量接收功能和能量中继功能于一体的无线电能双向传输节点基本电路拓扑，研究电能双向传输链路电路拓扑，获得了通过调节能量发射节点输入电压相位和能量接收节点输出电压相位差值便可控制能量流的流向和传输功率的结论。
（3）提出无线电能传输链路优化数学模型，采用改进蚁群优化算法构建兼顾电能传输效率与电能传输链路稳定性的无线电能传输链路，在扩大电能传输空间尺度的同时延长了电能传输链路寿命。
Wireless power transfer technology is a kind of power transmission technologybased on physical medium, such as high-frequency magnetic field, electromagneticwave, microwave, RF radio wave, etc, and is used to regulate the power transfer frompower source to pick-up side across an air-gap. Inductively coupled power transfer(ICPT) technology is a contactless power transmission technology based on inductivelycoupled principle, it has solved the problems on how to supply power to mobile devicessafely, flexibly and cleanly. It is a focus of wireless power transfer technology researchnow.
The contradiction between power transfer efficiency and power transfer distance iscausing bottlenecks in the ICPT technology field. People have struggled to enlargewireless power transfer distance via heightening resonance frequency, strongly coupledmagnetic resonances, improving input power, optimization parameters of ICPT system,and so on. Power loss is concentrated on the circuit when frequency is low, withfrequency improving the power loss is concentrated in a space, power transferefficiency has been reduced greatly, EMI interfere is increasing, and the electronicdevice is affected. Power transfer efficiency is descending as power transfer distance isenlarged (MIT were able to transfer60watts with~40%efficiency over distances inexcess of2meters), it is unable to supply power to pick up when the primary sidepower is small. The primary side power increasing is limited because of the propertiesof semiconductor components. So the solutions are unable to radically solve the issuebetween power transfer efficiency and power transfer distance. At the same time， thegrowth of wireless power transfer technology based on electromagnetic wave,microwave, RF radio wave, etc has been restricted by power transfer distance, powertransfer efficiency, power transfer directional and so on.The paper has developed anovel concept of wireless power transfer networks based on wireless power transfertechnology, a series of power relay nodes are comprised of a power transfer link,through the power relay nodes the power transfer between the primary node and thepick-up node takes place, some power transfer links can compose the wireless powertransfer networks without a centre in networks, and with the peer to peer power transfernodes, to ensure wireless power transfer efficiency and enlarge wireless power transferdistance synchronously.
The paper research activity is supported by the National Natural ScienceFoundation of the "Contactless power bi-directional push system key technologies"(Fund No.:50807057) and Research Fund for Doctor Station of Ministry of Education"Contactless power transfer system key technologies"(Fund No.:20070611012).Researching on key technologies of wireless power transfer networks based on wirelesspower transfer technology was implemented to demonstrate the technicality and validityof wireless power transfer networks.
The main works of the paper include:
1. The paper has analysed the domestic and foreign research status of wirelesspower transfer technology, a concept of wireless power transfer networks based onwireless power transfer technology has been proposed to resolve existing problems ofwireless power transfer technology, and has expatiated on research purpose, researchsignificance and content.
2. The basic frame for wireless power transfer networks based on wireless powertransfer technology has been discussed, the paper has demonstrated the basicconfiguration of wireless power transfer node, the basic circuit topology, circuitimpedance analysis, hardware system and software system, and networks system ofwireless power transfer networks in detail. The feasibility of wireless unidirectionalpower transfer link has been validated.
3. A phase shifting control strategy based on energy injection mode has been putforward for wireless power transfer regulation. Firstly the two operating modes ofwireless power transfer link have been introduced: energy injection mode and freerunning mode, and the paper dissertated the phase shifting control strategy based onenergy injection mode. The energy injection duty cycle concept has been proposed froman energy point of view to provide academic foundation for phase shifting controlstrategy. In the end, the validity for the phase shifting control strategy based on energyinjection mode has been argumented through simulation test.
4. Because of the severe high-level switch non-linear characteristic of wirelesspower transfer link, it is hard to construct the mathematic model of wireless powertransfer link and control, so the voltage-stabilizing control strategy of wireless powertransfer link system based on neural network was brought forward. Firstly the paper hasanalysised the circuit topology, and designed the neural network based on the backpropagation algorithm for voltage-stabilizing control, the simulation results havetestified the feasibility of neural network controler. Finally the adaptability and robusticity of neural network controller has been verified by experiment results whenthe load changed.
5. The circuit topology of wireless power bi-directional transfer based on ICPTtechnology was proposed. The operation mechanism of wireless power bi-directionaltransfer link has been discussed in the first place, the circuit topology of wireless powerbi-directional transfer link was expatiated via mutual inductance coupled principle, it isderived that both the amount and direction of power flow between the primary node andthe pick-up node can be regulated by controlling the relative phase angle betweenvoltages generated by primary node and pick-up node reversible rectifiers. For anygiven primary node and pick-up node phase angles, the power output can be regulatedby controlling the voltage magnitude generated by primary node reversible rectifier. Thecorrectness for the control strategy and the circuit topology of wireless powerbi-directional transfer link has been validated by the simulation and experimentalresults.
6. To enlarge wireless power transfer distance via power relay nodes introducedinto the wireless power transfer networks and ensure wireless power transfer efficiencysynchronously, the novel concept of optimization mathematic model for wireless powertransfer link was proposed. The ant colony optimization has been modified by dynamicupdating mechanism of sociohormone to control prematurity convergence of thealgorithm and search among the feasible field effectively. The routing method ofwireless power transfer networks based on the refined ant colony optimizationalgorithm can construct power transfer route with the maximize power transferefficiency and high stability. Finally the simulation results have verified the advantagesof refined ant colony optimization used in the routing method of wireless power transfernetworks.
The innovative contributions of this paper are:
1. A novel concept of wireless power transfer networks based on wireless powertransfer technology has been proposed, through a series of power relay nodes a powertransfer route between the primary node and the pick-up node was constructed to finishpower multi-hop transfer process, some power transfer links can compose the wirelesspower transfer networks without a centre in networks, and with the peer to peer powertransfer nodes, in order to search after ensuring wireless power transfer efficiency andenlarging wireless power transfer distance synchronously. The multi power transfer linklife-span mathematic model and the network cover area evaluation model have been proposed.
2. A basic circuit topology of wireless power transfer node with the functionality ofpower supply, power pick-up and power relay has been developed, at the same time, thecircuit topology of wireless power bi-directional transfer based on ICPT technology wasproposed. The circuit topology of wireless power bi-directional transfer link has beendemonstrated via mutual inductance coupled principle, it is derived that both the amountand direction of power flow between the primary node and the pick-up node can beregulated by controlling the relative phase angle between voltages generated by primarynode and pick-up node reversible rectifiers.
3. To construct power transfer route with the maximize power transfer efficiencyand high stability a novel concept of optimization mathematic model for wireless powertransfer link was proposed, the refined ant colony optimization used in the routingmethod of wireless power transfer networks may build a wireless power transfer routethat can enlarge wireless power transfer distance and ensure wireless power transferefficiency synchronously.
感应耦合电能传输技术的电能传输效率与电能传输空间尺度之间的突出矛盾一直是制约该项技术产业化应用的瓶颈。目前有通过ICPT系统参数优化设计、提高电能发射端谐振频率、电磁共振耦合、增大发射功率等方法以求最大化电能传输距离。通过提升发射磁场频率固然可以适当缓解这一矛盾，在低频时感应耦合电能传输系统的损耗主要集中在电路本身，但随着频率的增大(大尺度传输时频率上GHz级，中尺度传输时上MHz级)，此时能量在外界空间中的耗散也将急剧增加，系统传输效率将大幅下降，且EMI干扰将随之增强，对处在该环境内的电子设备造成强烈的干扰。另一方面，众所周知，随着传输距离的增加，系统传输效率将急剧下降(如MIT在2米范围内无线传输60W功率时效率仅约为40%左右)，在系统输入功率较小的情况下甚至可能致拾取电能失效。鉴于电路中电子元器件的特性，发射端功率的增加存在一个上限额度，所以此类策略都无法解决ICPT技术提升能量传输效率与扩大传输尺度不可兼得的矛盾问题。此外，借助电磁波、微波、RF无线电波等介质的无线电能传输技术同样存在传输距离、传输功率、及传输方向性等方面的制约。基于此，本文首次提出一种基于无线电能传输技术的无线电能传输网概念，引入具有双向电能传输能力的能量中继节点，凭借能量中继节点的“接力”作用构建能量传输链路通道，若干条如此类型的能量传输链路便组成了一个网内无中心、能量传输节点对等的无线电能传输局域网络，实现能量无线多跳传输，在保证系统电能传输效率的前提下拓展无线电能传输的有效空间尺度。
论文以国家自然科学基金项目“非接触电能双向推送系统关键技术研究”(基金编号：50807057)及教育部博士点基金项目“非接触电能传输系统关键技术研究”(基金编号：20070611012)为依托，在国内外学者对无线电能传输技术研究的基础之上面向无线电能传输网展开研究工作，旨在论证无线电能传输网的科学性和有效性，并着力解决无线电能传输网的部分关键科学技术问题。
作者主要研究工作如下：
1.分析了无线电能传输技术的国内外研究现状及取得的研究成果，针对目前存在的矛盾问题提出并论证无线电能传输网及其基本架构，并阐述本文研究的目的、意义及内容。
2.论述基于无线电能传输技术的无线电能传输网框架，详细论证无线电能传输节点的基本结构、基本电路拓扑、硬件系统和软件系统，并验证无线电能传输链路的可行性。
3.提出一种基于能量注入控制方法的移相控制策略以实现对无线电能传输链路系统输出功率的调节。重点论述基于能量注入控制方法的移相控制策略，从能量的角度提出能量注入占空比的概念，为移相控制策略提供理论依据。最后通过仿真试验验证基于能量注入控制方法的移相控制策略对满足负载动态功率需求的有效性。
4.无线电能传输链路系统的高阶严重开关非线性使得不易对系统进行精确数学建模和有效控制，为此，提出基于神经网络的无线电能传输链路能量传输节点输出稳压控制策略。通过设计基于误差反向传播算法的前馈神经网络并将其作为控制器应用于传输链路系统输出稳压控制。仿真结果论证了神经网络控制器具有一定的可行性，并通过实验研究验证在负载跃变时，神经网络控制策略具有较好的控制作用，自适应性强。
5.提出基于ICPT技术的无线电能传输链路能量双向传输电路拓扑结构。论述了无线电能双向传输链路工作机制，并从互感耦合原理出发详细阐述电能双向传输链路电路拓扑，获得通过调节能量发射节点输入电压相位和能量接收节点输出电压相位的差值大小控制能量流的流向和传输功率值及在相位差固定的情形下，通过控制能量发射节点输入电压幅值调节系统传输功率的结论。通过仿真和实验验证无线电能双向传输链路电路拓扑结构和控制策略的正确性。
6.提出了无线电能传输链路优化数学模型，采用动态更新机制对信息素进行更新，以增强蚁群优化算法的全局搜索能力，基于改进蚁群优化算法的无线电能传输链路优化策略能构建效率最大化且链路剩余电能最多的电能传输路径，以达到兼顾延伸电能传输距离和保证电能传输链路稳定性的目的。并研究了无线电能传输链路系统能量传输效率特性。仿真试验验证了改进蚁群优化算法在无线电能传输链路优化方面的优越性。
本文的创新性贡献：
（1）提出一种基于无线电能传输技术的无线电能传输网基本架构，通过能量中继节点的“接力”作用建立起能量发射节点与能量接收节点之间的一条由一系列具有路由功能的移动能量传输节点组成的电能传输链路，构建无线电能多跳传输，能量传输链路的集合便形成一种网内无中心、能量传输节点对等的无线电能传输网，并提出无线电能传输链路寿命模型与网络覆盖范围评估模型，为后继研究奠定基础。
（2）提出集能量发射功能、能量接收功能和能量中继功能于一体的无线电能双向传输节点基本电路拓扑，研究电能双向传输链路电路拓扑，获得了通过调节能量发射节点输入电压相位和能量接收节点输出电压相位差值便可控制能量流的流向和传输功率的结论。
（3）提出无线电能传输链路优化数学模型，采用改进蚁群优化算法构建兼顾电能传输效率与电能传输链路稳定性的无线电能传输链路，在扩大电能传输空间尺度的同时延长了电能传输链路寿命。
Wireless power transfer technology is a kind of power transmission technologybased on physical medium, such as high-frequency magnetic field, electromagneticwave, microwave, RF radio wave, etc, and is used to regulate the power transfer frompower source to pick-up side across an air-gap. Inductively coupled power transfer(ICPT) technology is a contactless power transmission technology based on inductivelycoupled principle, it has solved the problems on how to supply power to mobile devicessafely, flexibly and cleanly. It is a focus of wireless power transfer technology researchnow.
The contradiction between power transfer efficiency and power transfer distance iscausing bottlenecks in the ICPT technology field. People have struggled to enlargewireless power transfer distance via heightening resonance frequency, strongly coupledmagnetic resonances, improving input power, optimization parameters of ICPT system,and so on. Power loss is concentrated on the circuit when frequency is low, withfrequency improving the power loss is concentrated in a space, power transferefficiency has been reduced greatly, EMI interfere is increasing, and the electronicdevice is affected. Power transfer efficiency is descending as power transfer distance isenlarged (MIT were able to transfer60watts with~40%efficiency over distances inexcess of2meters), it is unable to supply power to pick up when the primary sidepower is small. The primary side power increasing is limited because of the propertiesof semiconductor components. So the solutions are unable to radically solve the issuebetween power transfer efficiency and power transfer distance. At the same time， thegrowth of wireless power transfer technology based on electromagnetic wave,microwave, RF radio wave, etc has been restricted by power transfer distance, powertransfer efficiency, power transfer directional and so on.The paper has developed anovel concept of wireless power transfer networks based on wireless power transfertechnology, a series of power relay nodes are comprised of a power transfer link,through the power relay nodes the power transfer between the primary node and thepick-up node takes place, some power transfer links can compose the wireless powertransfer networks without a centre in networks, and with the peer to peer power transfernodes, to ensure wireless power transfer efficiency and enlarge wireless power transferdistance synchronously.
The paper research activity is supported by the National Natural ScienceFoundation of the "Contactless power bi-directional push system key technologies"(Fund No.:50807057) and Research Fund for Doctor Station of Ministry of Education"Contactless power transfer system key technologies"(Fund No.:20070611012).Researching on key technologies of wireless power transfer networks based on wirelesspower transfer technology was implemented to demonstrate the technicality and validityof wireless power transfer networks.
The main works of the paper include:
1. The paper has analysed the domestic and foreign research status of wirelesspower transfer technology, a concept of wireless power transfer networks based onwireless power transfer technology has been proposed to resolve existing problems ofwireless power transfer technology, and has expatiated on research purpose, researchsignificance and content.
2. The basic frame for wireless power transfer networks based on wireless powertransfer technology has been discussed, the paper has demonstrated the basicconfiguration of wireless power transfer node, the basic circuit topology, circuitimpedance analysis, hardware system and software system, and networks system ofwireless power transfer networks in detail. The feasibility of wireless unidirectionalpower transfer link has been validated.
3. A phase shifting control strategy based on energy injection mode has been putforward for wireless power transfer regulation. Firstly the two operating modes ofwireless power transfer link have been introduced: energy injection mode and freerunning mode, and the paper dissertated the phase shifting control strategy based onenergy injection mode. The energy injection duty cycle concept has been proposed froman energy point of view to provide academic foundation for phase shifting controlstrategy. In the end, the validity for the phase shifting control strategy based on energyinjection mode has been argumented through simulation test.
4. Because of the severe high-level switch non-linear characteristic of wirelesspower transfer link, it is hard to construct the mathematic model of wireless powertransfer link and control, so the voltage-stabilizing control strategy of wireless powertransfer link system based on neural network was brought forward. Firstly the paper hasanalysised the circuit topology, and designed the neural network based on the backpropagation algorithm for voltage-stabilizing control, the simulation results havetestified the feasibility of neural network controler. Finally the adaptability and robusticity of neural network controller has been verified by experiment results whenthe load changed.
5. The circuit topology of wireless power bi-directional transfer based on ICPTtechnology was proposed. The operation mechanism of wireless power bi-directionaltransfer link has been discussed in the first place, the circuit topology of wireless powerbi-directional transfer link was expatiated via mutual inductance coupled principle, it isderived that both the amount and direction of power flow between the primary node andthe pick-up node can be regulated by controlling the relative phase angle betweenvoltages generated by primary node and pick-up node reversible rectifiers. For anygiven primary node and pick-up node phase angles, the power output can be regulatedby controlling the voltage magnitude generated by primary node reversible rectifier. Thecorrectness for the control strategy and the circuit topology of wireless powerbi-directional transfer link has been validated by the simulation and experimentalresults.
6. To enlarge wireless power transfer distance via power relay nodes introducedinto the wireless power transfer networks and ensure wireless power transfer efficiencysynchronously, the novel concept of optimization mathematic model for wireless powertransfer link was proposed. The ant colony optimization has been modified by dynamicupdating mechanism of sociohormone to control prematurity convergence of thealgorithm and search among the feasible field effectively. The routing method ofwireless power transfer networks based on the refined ant colony optimizationalgorithm can construct power transfer route with the maximize power transferefficiency and high stability. Finally the simulation results have verified the advantagesof refined ant colony optimization used in the routing method of wireless power transfernetworks.
The innovative contributions of this paper are:
1. A novel concept of wireless power transfer networks based on wireless powertransfer technology has been proposed, through a series of power relay nodes a powertransfer route between the primary node and the pick-up node was constructed to finishpower multi-hop transfer process, some power transfer links can compose the wirelesspower transfer networks without a centre in networks, and with the peer to peer powertransfer nodes, in order to search after ensuring wireless power transfer efficiency andenlarging wireless power transfer distance synchronously. The multi power transfer linklife-span mathematic model and the network cover area evaluation model have been proposed.
2. A basic circuit topology of wireless power transfer node with the functionality ofpower supply, power pick-up and power relay has been developed, at the same time, thecircuit topology of wireless power bi-directional transfer based on ICPT technology wasproposed. The circuit topology of wireless power bi-directional transfer link has beendemonstrated via mutual inductance coupled principle, it is derived that both the amountand direction of power flow between the primary node and the pick-up node can beregulated by controlling the relative phase angle between voltages generated by primarynode and pick-up node reversible rectifiers.
3. To construct power transfer route with the maximize power transfer efficiencyand high stability a novel concept of optimization mathematic model for wireless powertransfer link was proposed, the refined ant colony optimization used in the routingmethod of wireless power transfer networks may build a wireless power transfer routethat can enlarge wireless power transfer distance and ensure wireless power transferefficiency synchronously.
引文
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