同轴式电容传感器测量流动蒸汽湿度的研究
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摘要
蒸汽湿度的测量在监测蒸汽发生器产生的蒸汽品质、评判汽水分离装置工作效率、监测汽轮机级间和出口处蒸汽湿度、保证汽轮机的经济与安全运行等方面具有重要的意义。但到目前为止,无论热力学法、光学法还是微波法等测量方法,都还不能很好地解决蒸汽湿度准确测量的问题。
由电容法测量原理可知,不同湿度蒸汽的介电常数有很大不同,当其流经电容传感器时,输出电容值有较大差异。本文据此设计搭建了电容法测量流动蒸汽实验台,开发了一种同轴圆筒式电容传感器,自行研制了两种不同结构形式的蒸汽湿度调节装置,分别为A型(螺旋导流片式)和B型(插管式)。A型能够实现对蒸汽湿度较大程度的调节,B型能够实现对蒸汽湿度小范围的调节。基于热平衡原理自行设计了蒸汽湿度标定系统。
文中分别针对电容传感器水平和竖直放置进行了实验研究,研究了电容传感器的时漂以及蒸汽流量和蒸汽湿度对电容传感器输出特性的影响。结果表明：电容传感器时漂较小,输出稳定；传感器输出电容值与蒸汽流量大小无关；在所测湿度范围内,传感器水平放置时,随着蒸汽湿度增大,输出电容值呈线性增长趋势；在所测湿度范围内,传感器竖直放置时,其输出电容值随蒸汽湿度增大呈指数增长趋势。
另外,本文基于FLUENT软件,采用SIMPLE计算方法,通过UDF二次开发功能,实现了电场参数与流场参数的交换,对电容传感器内部流场和电场的耦合特性进行了数值模拟研究,并与实验结果进行了比较分析。结果表明：对于双层极板电容传感器,由于边界层的影响,蒸汽流速在传感器极板壁面附近降低,在远离壁面处流动稳定；传感器极板壁面附近蒸汽带电,远离壁面处蒸汽基本不带电。对于多极板电容传感器,电荷主要集中分布在极板壁面附近；施加外电场后,对传感器极板壁面附近蒸汽的径向流速影响较大；当蒸汽流量不同时,实验所测电容值与数值模拟电容值相近,最大相差6%；当蒸汽湿度不同时,实验所测电容变化与模拟值变化趋势基本相同,最大相差3%。
Steam humidity measurement plays an important role in monitoring the quality of steam generated by steam generator and evaluating the efficiency of separator device, and it also of great significant in monitoring the steam humidity in the turbine and outlet of the turbine, which ensure safe and economic operation of the steam turbine. Until to now, however, regard less of thermodynamics, microwave or optical measurement method, etc, there is no good solution for the accurate measurement of steam humidity.
From the capacitance measurement principle, we can see that, the steam of different humidity has a quite different dielectric constant, and when it flows through the capacitance sensor, the output capacitance values are very different. Based on this, this paper design and build a capacitance steam humidity measurement test bench, develop a coaxial cylinder-type capacitance sensor, design and make two types of humidity adjusting device, there are A (spiral chip type) and B (tube type) respectively. Type A can regulate the steam humidity in greater degree, and type B can regulate the steam humidity in small range, this paper also design a set of steam humidity calibration system.
This paper study capacitance sensor when it is placed horizontal and vertical respectively, study the capacitance sensor drift and the impact of steam flow and steam humidity on the capacitance sensor output characteristics. The results show that, the capacitance sensor drift is small and the output is stable; output capacitance value has nothing to do with the steam flow; in the range of measured steam humidity, the output capacitance value increase linearly with the steam humidity when the capacitance sensor is placed horizontally; in the range of measured steam humidity, the output capacitance value increase exponentially with the steam humidity when the capacitance sensor is placed vertically.
In addition, this paper based on the FLUENT software, use the SIMPLE method, by UDF secondary development, achieve the exchange of electric parameters and flow parameters, simulate the coupling characteristics of electric field and flow field, and compare with the experimental results. The results show that, for the double-electrode capacitance sensor, because of the boundary layer thickness, the steam flow rate reduce near the plate of the sensor, and the steam flow stably away from the plate of the sensor; the steam near the plate of the sensor has electricity, and the steam away from the plate of the sensor has no electricity. For multi-electrode capacitance sensor, the charge is mainly distributed near the plate of the sensor; applying electric field has greater effect on the radial velocity of the steam near the plate; when the steam flow changes, the capacitance value of numerical simulation is close to the experimental results, and the maximum difference is 6%; when the steam humidity changes, the capacitance value of numerical simulation changes basically the same trend with the experimental results, and the maximum difference is 3%.
由电容法测量原理可知,不同湿度蒸汽的介电常数有很大不同,当其流经电容传感器时,输出电容值有较大差异。本文据此设计搭建了电容法测量流动蒸汽实验台,开发了一种同轴圆筒式电容传感器,自行研制了两种不同结构形式的蒸汽湿度调节装置,分别为A型(螺旋导流片式)和B型(插管式)。A型能够实现对蒸汽湿度较大程度的调节,B型能够实现对蒸汽湿度小范围的调节。基于热平衡原理自行设计了蒸汽湿度标定系统。
文中分别针对电容传感器水平和竖直放置进行了实验研究,研究了电容传感器的时漂以及蒸汽流量和蒸汽湿度对电容传感器输出特性的影响。结果表明：电容传感器时漂较小,输出稳定；传感器输出电容值与蒸汽流量大小无关；在所测湿度范围内,传感器水平放置时,随着蒸汽湿度增大,输出电容值呈线性增长趋势；在所测湿度范围内,传感器竖直放置时,其输出电容值随蒸汽湿度增大呈指数增长趋势。
另外,本文基于FLUENT软件,采用SIMPLE计算方法,通过UDF二次开发功能,实现了电场参数与流场参数的交换,对电容传感器内部流场和电场的耦合特性进行了数值模拟研究,并与实验结果进行了比较分析。结果表明：对于双层极板电容传感器,由于边界层的影响,蒸汽流速在传感器极板壁面附近降低,在远离壁面处流动稳定；传感器极板壁面附近蒸汽带电,远离壁面处蒸汽基本不带电。对于多极板电容传感器,电荷主要集中分布在极板壁面附近；施加外电场后,对传感器极板壁面附近蒸汽的径向流速影响较大；当蒸汽流量不同时,实验所测电容值与数值模拟电容值相近,最大相差6%；当蒸汽湿度不同时,实验所测电容变化与模拟值变化趋势基本相同,最大相差3%。
Steam humidity measurement plays an important role in monitoring the quality of steam generated by steam generator and evaluating the efficiency of separator device, and it also of great significant in monitoring the steam humidity in the turbine and outlet of the turbine, which ensure safe and economic operation of the steam turbine. Until to now, however, regard less of thermodynamics, microwave or optical measurement method, etc, there is no good solution for the accurate measurement of steam humidity.
From the capacitance measurement principle, we can see that, the steam of different humidity has a quite different dielectric constant, and when it flows through the capacitance sensor, the output capacitance values are very different. Based on this, this paper design and build a capacitance steam humidity measurement test bench, develop a coaxial cylinder-type capacitance sensor, design and make two types of humidity adjusting device, there are A (spiral chip type) and B (tube type) respectively. Type A can regulate the steam humidity in greater degree, and type B can regulate the steam humidity in small range, this paper also design a set of steam humidity calibration system.
This paper study capacitance sensor when it is placed horizontal and vertical respectively, study the capacitance sensor drift and the impact of steam flow and steam humidity on the capacitance sensor output characteristics. The results show that, the capacitance sensor drift is small and the output is stable; output capacitance value has nothing to do with the steam flow; in the range of measured steam humidity, the output capacitance value increase linearly with the steam humidity when the capacitance sensor is placed horizontally; in the range of measured steam humidity, the output capacitance value increase exponentially with the steam humidity when the capacitance sensor is placed vertically.
In addition, this paper based on the FLUENT software, use the SIMPLE method, by UDF secondary development, achieve the exchange of electric parameters and flow parameters, simulate the coupling characteristics of electric field and flow field, and compare with the experimental results. The results show that, for the double-electrode capacitance sensor, because of the boundary layer thickness, the steam flow rate reduce near the plate of the sensor, and the steam flow stably away from the plate of the sensor; the steam near the plate of the sensor has electricity, and the steam away from the plate of the sensor has no electricity. For multi-electrode capacitance sensor, the charge is mainly distributed near the plate of the sensor; applying electric field has greater effect on the radial velocity of the steam near the plate; when the steam flow changes, the capacitance value of numerical simulation is close to the experimental results, and the maximum difference is 6%; when the steam humidity changes, the capacitance value of numerical simulation changes basically the same trend with the experimental results, and the maximum difference is 3%.
引文
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