青山湖针阔混交林主要树种生态位特征及其演替研究
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摘要
浙江省内的天然林在调节气候、涵养水源、保持水土、保护生物多样性、维护生态平衡方面,具有人工林所无法比拟的重要作用,是无可替代的可再生资源。但因长期破坏性利用,天然林已消耗殆尽,如何有效的恢复和建设天然林已经迫在眉睫。本文根据临安市青山湖针阔混交林样地调查数据,定量分析了次生林演替过程、生态位特征及动态演变规律。
利用种间联结测定,主成份分析,Fisher最优分割法和马尔可夫预测模型定量研究了浙江临安青山湖针阔混交林演替过程。结果表明,在次生林演替过程中,马尾松、马银花、杉木、八角枫、白栎、柘树为衰退种;檫木、短柄枹栎、檵木、毛花连蕊茶、木荷、南酸枣、石栎、卫矛、乌饭、西南卫矛、细叶青冈、野鸭椿、浙江樟、枳椇子为过渡种；苦槠、东南石栎、青冈、冬青为进展种。其演替过程分为4个阶段,第一阶段为马尾松、苦槠、冬青混交林,第二阶段为马尾松、青冈、苦槠混交林,第三阶段为青冈、苦槠、马尾松混交林,第四阶段为苦槠、青冈阔叶林。整个演替过程用马尔可夫模型进行预测,与实际调查结果有较高的吻合度,结果表明该地区混交林演替,每一阶段约为20a,80—100a左右演替基本结束。
本文用Levins、Hurlbert、Schoener和Pianka的生态位计测公式,以综合群落梯度为资源轴,定量计测了青山湖针阔混交林24个主要树种的生态位宽度、生态位相似性比例和生态位重叠。分析了各种群的生态位宽度、相似性比例和重叠的生态学意义,揭示了种群利用资源和效率的适应环境的能力。结果显示①该区域优势树种青冈、苦槠、马尾松的生态位宽度值较大。②各优势树种,无论是耐荫种类还是阳性树种,均表现出较高的生态位相似性比例,说明它们对现有环境适应的相似性。③生态位重叠与竞争存在一定的关系,但并不能等同起来。各优势种群对地上垂直空间的利用是互补的,但生态位重叠较大,存在明显的空间竞争。通过马尔可夫模型预测推出青山湖针阔混交林群落生态位特征演变规律。衰退种生态位宽度值不断减小,过渡种生态位宽度值先增大再逐渐减小,进展种生态位宽度值不断增大。生态位相似性比例和生态位重叠无明显的规律。
Natural forests in Zhejiang Province play an important role in regulating climate, conserving water, soil and water conservation, conservation of biological diversity, maintaining ecological balance, with the plantation forests can not match, and is the no substitute renewable resources. But long-term destructive using of natural forests causes it depleted, how effective rehabilitation and construction of natural forests is imminent. According to the conifer and broadleaf mixed forest simple plots inventory data in Qing’shan Lake, the artical quantitative analysis of secondary succession, niche characteristics and the law of dynamic evolution.
Based on the interspecific association, main component analysis, division method of Fisher optimization, and Markov succession model, the secondary succession of conifer and broadleaf mixed forest on the natural condition in the mountainous county, Qing’shan Lake, Zhejiang Province was quantitative analyzed. The results showed that①during the natural recovery process, 6 tree species such as Pinus massoniana, Cunninghamia lanceolata were declined, 14 species such as Camellia fraterna Hance, Schima superba, hoerospondias axillaries were transient species, 4 species such as Castanopsis sclerophylla, Cyclobalanopsis glauca were progressive species.②the succession process was divided into four stages : stage 1, the conifer and broadleaf mixed forest dominated by Pinus massaniana, Castanopsis sclerophylla, Ilex pubescens; stage 2, the conifer and broadleaf mixed forest dominated by Pinus massaniana, Cyclobalanopsis glauca, Castanopsis sclerophylla; stage 3, conifer and broadleaf mixed forest dominated by Cyclobalanopsis glauca, Castanopsis sclerophylla, Pinus massaniana; stage 4, broadleaf forest dominated by Cyclobalanopsis glauca and Castanopsis sclerophylla.③the secondary succession was predicted by markov model that about 20 years were essential for every stage, and 80—100 years later the succession will be over.
Four common formulas were calculated for the twenty-four populations taking comprehensive community grandient as resources axes. The ecological suggestions of results were analyzed to reveal the effects for population to utilize resources and the capacity for population to adapt to environment. Results showed that:①The majority species such as Pinus massaniana, Castanopsis sclerophylla, Cyclobalanopsis glauca were wide niche.②All the dominant populations, both shade tolerant and intolerant, showed some adaptation to the community environment.③The niche overlap and exploitation competition had some correlativity, but they were not equivalent. The utilization spectrum of dominate populations in vertical space was complementary, but they had higher interspecies niche overlap value and extensive competition.
Markov Model forecast the law of niche characteristics evolution of conifer and broadleaf mixed forest of Qing’shan Lake. Niche breadth of declined species continuously decreased, the niche breadth of the transient species first increases and then gradually decreases, and the niche breadth of progressive species is growing. The niche proportion simulation and the niche overlap of dominant trees have no obvious rule.
利用种间联结测定,主成份分析,Fisher最优分割法和马尔可夫预测模型定量研究了浙江临安青山湖针阔混交林演替过程。结果表明,在次生林演替过程中,马尾松、马银花、杉木、八角枫、白栎、柘树为衰退种;檫木、短柄枹栎、檵木、毛花连蕊茶、木荷、南酸枣、石栎、卫矛、乌饭、西南卫矛、细叶青冈、野鸭椿、浙江樟、枳椇子为过渡种；苦槠、东南石栎、青冈、冬青为进展种。其演替过程分为4个阶段,第一阶段为马尾松、苦槠、冬青混交林,第二阶段为马尾松、青冈、苦槠混交林,第三阶段为青冈、苦槠、马尾松混交林,第四阶段为苦槠、青冈阔叶林。整个演替过程用马尔可夫模型进行预测,与实际调查结果有较高的吻合度,结果表明该地区混交林演替,每一阶段约为20a,80—100a左右演替基本结束。
本文用Levins、Hurlbert、Schoener和Pianka的生态位计测公式,以综合群落梯度为资源轴,定量计测了青山湖针阔混交林24个主要树种的生态位宽度、生态位相似性比例和生态位重叠。分析了各种群的生态位宽度、相似性比例和重叠的生态学意义,揭示了种群利用资源和效率的适应环境的能力。结果显示①该区域优势树种青冈、苦槠、马尾松的生态位宽度值较大。②各优势树种,无论是耐荫种类还是阳性树种,均表现出较高的生态位相似性比例,说明它们对现有环境适应的相似性。③生态位重叠与竞争存在一定的关系,但并不能等同起来。各优势种群对地上垂直空间的利用是互补的,但生态位重叠较大,存在明显的空间竞争。通过马尔可夫模型预测推出青山湖针阔混交林群落生态位特征演变规律。衰退种生态位宽度值不断减小,过渡种生态位宽度值先增大再逐渐减小,进展种生态位宽度值不断增大。生态位相似性比例和生态位重叠无明显的规律。
Natural forests in Zhejiang Province play an important role in regulating climate, conserving water, soil and water conservation, conservation of biological diversity, maintaining ecological balance, with the plantation forests can not match, and is the no substitute renewable resources. But long-term destructive using of natural forests causes it depleted, how effective rehabilitation and construction of natural forests is imminent. According to the conifer and broadleaf mixed forest simple plots inventory data in Qing’shan Lake, the artical quantitative analysis of secondary succession, niche characteristics and the law of dynamic evolution.
Based on the interspecific association, main component analysis, division method of Fisher optimization, and Markov succession model, the secondary succession of conifer and broadleaf mixed forest on the natural condition in the mountainous county, Qing’shan Lake, Zhejiang Province was quantitative analyzed. The results showed that①during the natural recovery process, 6 tree species such as Pinus massoniana, Cunninghamia lanceolata were declined, 14 species such as Camellia fraterna Hance, Schima superba, hoerospondias axillaries were transient species, 4 species such as Castanopsis sclerophylla, Cyclobalanopsis glauca were progressive species.②the succession process was divided into four stages : stage 1, the conifer and broadleaf mixed forest dominated by Pinus massaniana, Castanopsis sclerophylla, Ilex pubescens; stage 2, the conifer and broadleaf mixed forest dominated by Pinus massaniana, Cyclobalanopsis glauca, Castanopsis sclerophylla; stage 3, conifer and broadleaf mixed forest dominated by Cyclobalanopsis glauca, Castanopsis sclerophylla, Pinus massaniana; stage 4, broadleaf forest dominated by Cyclobalanopsis glauca and Castanopsis sclerophylla.③the secondary succession was predicted by markov model that about 20 years were essential for every stage, and 80—100 years later the succession will be over.
Four common formulas were calculated for the twenty-four populations taking comprehensive community grandient as resources axes. The ecological suggestions of results were analyzed to reveal the effects for population to utilize resources and the capacity for population to adapt to environment. Results showed that:①The majority species such as Pinus massaniana, Castanopsis sclerophylla, Cyclobalanopsis glauca were wide niche.②All the dominant populations, both shade tolerant and intolerant, showed some adaptation to the community environment.③The niche overlap and exploitation competition had some correlativity, but they were not equivalent. The utilization spectrum of dominate populations in vertical space was complementary, but they had higher interspecies niche overlap value and extensive competition.
Markov Model forecast the law of niche characteristics evolution of conifer and broadleaf mixed forest of Qing’shan Lake. Niche breadth of declined species continuously decreased, the niche breadth of the transient species first increases and then gradually decreases, and the niche breadth of progressive species is growing. The niche proportion simulation and the niche overlap of dominant trees have no obvious rule.
引文
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