无线网络的中继选择策略研究
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摘要
协作通信技术不仅可以提高无线链路的传输速率和传输的可靠性，还可以增加网络的覆盖范围及减小能量消耗，近年来受到学术界和业界的关注。协作通信最基本的模型是三节点两跳的协作中继传输，在三节点两跳的协作中继传输中，中继节点的选择会影响协作通信的容量、终端的功耗、吞吐量、端到端的误码率及频谱效率。学术界已有大量文献研究基于单用户的中继选择，即单用户从多个中继节点中选择一个或多个作为协作伙伴；而对多个源节点多个中继节点存在的无线网络中，如何为每个源节点选择合适的中继的问题研究甚少。为此，本文主要致力于研究基于三节点两跳中继模型的网络中继选择策略。
本文首先介绍了三节点两跳中继的四种模型和中继技术的两种分类，引入了解码转发中继系统和放大转发中继系统的容量公式，分析了解码转发中继的中断概率和端对端错误比特率。
接着在总结单用户中继选择策略的基础上，研究了多源多中继节点的网络中继选择策略，基于两种基本网络模型提出了集中式和分布式的中继选择方案，目的是最大化系统效益。针对模型一的最小化系统功耗问题，提出的集中式中继选择方案具有信令开销较小且能够规避用户和中继的自私欺骗行为的优点；提出的分布式中继选择方案被证明是令所有节点效益最大的分配方式，且能够较快收敛。针对模型二的最大化系统效益（系统容量增益减功耗）问题，集中式和分布式算法都通过所设计的功率购买机制实现了用户和中继配对内的效益最大，通过中继选择实现了配对间的效益最大；并且可以通过单位功率成本来调节系统容量增益和功率消耗之间的权重。
随后考虑了多源多中继节点的网络中，采用同信道传输的中继节点的引入可能带来网络干扰增加的问题。通过为所有候选中继节点建立干扰节点列表来记录其干扰情况，提出一种联合功率控制的中继选择算法来为用户选择令容量最大且对其它用户的中继和目的节点无干扰的中继；在每一次迭代中调整干扰系数最大的中继节点的功率，以降低其干扰系数。算法收敛的结果是所有被选择中继的干扰系数都为0，即所有被选的中继都是对其它中继和目的节点无干扰情况下能使得用户容量最大的中继，达到了无干扰情况下网络容量最大的效果。
最后利用博弈论来研究两个中继面对相同用户群时中继之间的竞争关系。跟目前大部分文献研究基于中继出售功率来提供转发服务的方式不同，这部分内容研究的中继以出售频谱和频谱上的吞吐量的方式来提供转发服务，这种方式便于用户监控服务的质量，能促进中继诚实行为。对有一定的空闲频谱的中继的价格竞争行为，证明了纳什均衡点的存在和唯一性，且设计了分布式离散价格调整策略实现纳什均衡；达到均衡时，两中继的空闲频谱全部出售。对可灵活申请频谱来出售的中继间的竞争，设计了引导两中继分布式达到纳什均衡的价格机制，在该机制下，两中继实现了维护各自用户群的最大效益。
Cooperative communication increases wireless transmission rate and reliability,meanwhile it enlarges coverage area and saves energy, thus it attracts much attention inacademic circles. The basic model of cooperative communication is three nodes dual hopcooperative relaying, in which relay selection influences cooperative capacity, terminal powerconsumption, throughput, end-to-end bit error rate and spectral efficiency. Many studies focuson relay selection of single user, namely single user selects one or several relays frommultiple candidate relays; while in multi-source multi-relay wireless network, how to assignappropriate relay for each user has been less studied. In case of that, this dissertation focuseson relay selection in multi-source multi-relay network based on three nodes dual hop model.
The dissertation firstly introduces four kinds of models of three nodes dual hop relaysystem and two types of relaying technology, then introduces capacity formulae of DF and AFrelaying systems, at the same time analyzes outage probability and end-to-end error bit rate ofDF relaying system.
Based on the single user relay selection algorithm, the relay selection algorithm inmulti-source multi-relay network is analysed, centralized and distributed relay selectionalgorithms baed on two types of basic network models are proposed, with the aim tomaximize system benefits. On the minimization of system power consumption, the proposedcentralized algorithm has little signaling overhead and effectively avoids selfish and cheatingbehavior; the proposed distributed algorithm is proved to be the assignment mechanismachieving the maximum benefit for all nodes, and it can converge quickly. On themaximization of system benefits (system capacity gain minus power consumption), theproposed centralized and distributed algorithms both achieve the maximal intra-matched-pairprofit and maximal inter-matched-pair profit; meanwhile the weighting factor between systemcapacity gain and power consumption, namely unit power cost is an adjustable parameter.
Then the additive interference produced by co-channel relay nodes in multi-sourcemulti-relay network is considered. Interferenced nodes list is constructed by each potentialrelay to record the interference to the choosed relays, a joint relay selection and power controlalgorithm is proposed to select the relay which has the maximal cooperative capacity withoutinterfering other destination nodes and selected relay nodes; in each iteration the selectedrelay with maximal interference coefficient would decrease its transmission power in order todecrease its interference coefficient. The algorithm converges when the interference coefficient of each selected relay is zero, namely each selected relay achieves the maximalcooperative capacity without causing interference to other destination nodes and selectedrelay nodes, the maximum network capacity without interference is achieved.
Game theory is exploited to analyze the behaviour of duopoly relays when facing thesame users. Different from the relaying service through selling transmission power in manyresearches, the duopoly relays sell their bandwidth with the corresponding throughput, whichis easy for users to monitor and urges the relays to behavior honestly. On the pricecompetition of relays with fixed available bandwidth, the uniqueness of Nash equilibrium isproved, and a distributed discrete price adjustment is proposed to achieve Nash equilibrium;with which both relays sale their whole available bandwidth. On the price competition ofrelays with flexible resale bandwidth, a price strategy guiding the achievement of Nashequilibrium is designed, with which the duopoly relays obtain the maximum profits whilemaintaining their own user groups.
本文首先介绍了三节点两跳中继的四种模型和中继技术的两种分类，引入了解码转发中继系统和放大转发中继系统的容量公式，分析了解码转发中继的中断概率和端对端错误比特率。
接着在总结单用户中继选择策略的基础上，研究了多源多中继节点的网络中继选择策略，基于两种基本网络模型提出了集中式和分布式的中继选择方案，目的是最大化系统效益。针对模型一的最小化系统功耗问题，提出的集中式中继选择方案具有信令开销较小且能够规避用户和中继的自私欺骗行为的优点；提出的分布式中继选择方案被证明是令所有节点效益最大的分配方式，且能够较快收敛。针对模型二的最大化系统效益（系统容量增益减功耗）问题，集中式和分布式算法都通过所设计的功率购买机制实现了用户和中继配对内的效益最大，通过中继选择实现了配对间的效益最大；并且可以通过单位功率成本来调节系统容量增益和功率消耗之间的权重。
随后考虑了多源多中继节点的网络中，采用同信道传输的中继节点的引入可能带来网络干扰增加的问题。通过为所有候选中继节点建立干扰节点列表来记录其干扰情况，提出一种联合功率控制的中继选择算法来为用户选择令容量最大且对其它用户的中继和目的节点无干扰的中继；在每一次迭代中调整干扰系数最大的中继节点的功率，以降低其干扰系数。算法收敛的结果是所有被选择中继的干扰系数都为0，即所有被选的中继都是对其它中继和目的节点无干扰情况下能使得用户容量最大的中继，达到了无干扰情况下网络容量最大的效果。
最后利用博弈论来研究两个中继面对相同用户群时中继之间的竞争关系。跟目前大部分文献研究基于中继出售功率来提供转发服务的方式不同，这部分内容研究的中继以出售频谱和频谱上的吞吐量的方式来提供转发服务，这种方式便于用户监控服务的质量，能促进中继诚实行为。对有一定的空闲频谱的中继的价格竞争行为，证明了纳什均衡点的存在和唯一性，且设计了分布式离散价格调整策略实现纳什均衡；达到均衡时，两中继的空闲频谱全部出售。对可灵活申请频谱来出售的中继间的竞争，设计了引导两中继分布式达到纳什均衡的价格机制，在该机制下，两中继实现了维护各自用户群的最大效益。
Cooperative communication increases wireless transmission rate and reliability,meanwhile it enlarges coverage area and saves energy, thus it attracts much attention inacademic circles. The basic model of cooperative communication is three nodes dual hopcooperative relaying, in which relay selection influences cooperative capacity, terminal powerconsumption, throughput, end-to-end bit error rate and spectral efficiency. Many studies focuson relay selection of single user, namely single user selects one or several relays frommultiple candidate relays; while in multi-source multi-relay wireless network, how to assignappropriate relay for each user has been less studied. In case of that, this dissertation focuseson relay selection in multi-source multi-relay network based on three nodes dual hop model.
The dissertation firstly introduces four kinds of models of three nodes dual hop relaysystem and two types of relaying technology, then introduces capacity formulae of DF and AFrelaying systems, at the same time analyzes outage probability and end-to-end error bit rate ofDF relaying system.
Based on the single user relay selection algorithm, the relay selection algorithm inmulti-source multi-relay network is analysed, centralized and distributed relay selectionalgorithms baed on two types of basic network models are proposed, with the aim tomaximize system benefits. On the minimization of system power consumption, the proposedcentralized algorithm has little signaling overhead and effectively avoids selfish and cheatingbehavior; the proposed distributed algorithm is proved to be the assignment mechanismachieving the maximum benefit for all nodes, and it can converge quickly. On themaximization of system benefits (system capacity gain minus power consumption), theproposed centralized and distributed algorithms both achieve the maximal intra-matched-pairprofit and maximal inter-matched-pair profit; meanwhile the weighting factor between systemcapacity gain and power consumption, namely unit power cost is an adjustable parameter.
Then the additive interference produced by co-channel relay nodes in multi-sourcemulti-relay network is considered. Interferenced nodes list is constructed by each potentialrelay to record the interference to the choosed relays, a joint relay selection and power controlalgorithm is proposed to select the relay which has the maximal cooperative capacity withoutinterfering other destination nodes and selected relay nodes; in each iteration the selectedrelay with maximal interference coefficient would decrease its transmission power in order todecrease its interference coefficient. The algorithm converges when the interference coefficient of each selected relay is zero, namely each selected relay achieves the maximalcooperative capacity without causing interference to other destination nodes and selectedrelay nodes, the maximum network capacity without interference is achieved.
Game theory is exploited to analyze the behaviour of duopoly relays when facing thesame users. Different from the relaying service through selling transmission power in manyresearches, the duopoly relays sell their bandwidth with the corresponding throughput, whichis easy for users to monitor and urges the relays to behavior honestly. On the pricecompetition of relays with fixed available bandwidth, the uniqueness of Nash equilibrium isproved, and a distributed discrete price adjustment is proposed to achieve Nash equilibrium;with which both relays sale their whole available bandwidth. On the price competition ofrelays with flexible resale bandwidth, a price strategy guiding the achievement of Nashequilibrium is designed, with which the duopoly relays obtain the maximum profits whilemaintaining their own user groups.
引文
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