热式气体质量流量测量及补偿算法研究
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摘要
混合气体流量测量是工业过程中经常遇到的问题,在测控领域处于非常重要的地位。混合气体,例如煤气、天然气等一般都具有脏污严重、组分变化、温度和压力变化以及流量变化大等不利于流量检测的特点。本文比较了几种气体流量测量方法在混合气体中应用的优势和缺点,最终选取热式气体流量测量方法为本文的研究对象,用于混合气体的流量测量研究。根据热式气体流量计的基本原理,混合气体的组分以及温度改变都会导致流量计输出信号的变化,造成较大的测量误差。因此,本文研究如何对热式气体流量计的输出信号进行温度补偿和组分补偿,消除温度和组分变化的影响,提高热式气体流量计的计量性能,有理论和实际意义。
热式气体流量计源于“热线风速仪”,故本文先分别以反馈控制理论和传递函数分析两种方法对定温热线风速仪进行了研究。在此基础上,本文进一步研究了热式气体流量计的测量原理,建立了它的数学模型,并用数字仿真的方法对热式流量计进行了深入研究,具有一定的创新性,提高了热式气体流量计的理论水平。本文还对热式气体流量计的测量探头进行了深入研究,分析了探头的多种结构、探头的制作与安装误差对输出信号的影响,并分析了旋涡对探头的影响。
针对气体温度对热式气体流量计输出信号的影响,本文研究了几种温度补偿算法,包括分析补偿算法、双敏感元件温度补偿算法、采用单一传感器进行温度补偿以及使用电桥进行自动温度补偿。在对常规补偿算法研究的基础上,本文提出了一种新的自动温度补偿电路,该电路突破了热式气体流量计常规温度补偿电路设计上的某些限制,具有一定的创新性和实用性。
本文基于热式气体流量计的基本方程和实验结果分析了混合气体组分变化对热式气体流量计的影响,分析了组分补偿的必要性。在研究了基于换热方程分析以及基于实验研究和经验公式这两种现存组分补偿方法的基础上,本文提出了采用物性参数分析与经验公式相结合的热式气体流量计组分补偿算法,具有一定的创新性。还对补偿算法实现中的几个关键技术进行了研究。
为了验证本文提出的温度补偿以及组分补偿算法的正确性和有效性,本文设计了热式气体流量计样机。设计了新的温度补偿电路,分析了组分补偿算法的功能划分以及在流量计算机中如何实现等技术。本文设计的样机首先在吹风实验台上进行了实验研究,得出了样机在空气中使用时的基本特性数据。样机的温度补偿电路也在该实验台上进行了实验研究,实验结果表明了该补偿电路可以取得较好的温度补偿效果。然后将热式气体流量计样机应用于某煤气公司测量煤气流量,以验证本文提出的组分补偿算法,实验结果表明该组分补偿算法能有效补偿混合气体组分变化对流量计输出信号的影响,但也显示出该补偿算法在实际使用上还存在一些误差,需要进一步研究和完善。
本文对热式气体流量计温度和组分补偿算法研究的结论,提高了热式气体流量计的理论水平,有助于流量计的设计和推广,还有助于降低流量计的使用费用和维护成本。研究成果还大大扩展了热式气体流量计在变温度、变组分混合气体测量中的适应性。
It is necessary and important to measure the flow rates of gas mixtures in many industrial areas. But the flow rate of gas mixures, such as coal gas and natural gas et al, are difficult to be obtained because gas mixtures have some special characteristics such as large variation range, dirt, variable components, and variable temperature and pressure. The advantages and disadvantages of some conventional flowmeters used in gas mixtures were analyzed and compared, and the thermal mass flowmeter (TMF) was choosed to be the subject of the dissertation and used to measure the flow rates of gas mixtures. According to the principle of the TMF, the component and temperature variations of gas mixtures change the output of TMF, and bring large error. The dissertation studied the the temperature and component compensation arithmetics for TMF used in gas mixtures, which can eliminate the influences on the output of TMF caused by temperature or component variations. The compensation arithmetics under investigation improve the metering performance of TMF, and enlarge the serviceable ranges and fields.
TMF is based on hot-wire anemometry, so the feedback control theory and transfer function method were used to study the hot-wire anemometry thoroughly. The principle of TMF was also studied in the dissertation, and the model of TMF was build and used to analyze its characteristics and performances by digital simulation. Some probe structures were studied, and the influences result from the errors of probe manufactureing and installation and the influence caused by vortex were also analyzed in detail.
In order to correct the output of TMF containing temperature influence, several compensation arithmetics were analyzed in the dissertation including analytic compensation arithmetic, compensation arithmetic using two sensing elements, compensation arithmetic using single sensing element and automatic compensation by measuring bridge. And a new automatic compensation bridge was designed in the dissertation base on the conventional bridges, which breaks through some limits for temperature compensation circuitry.
The influence caused by component variations of gas mixture was analyzed using the governing equations and experiment data of TMF. After studying the existent component compensation arithmetics based on analysis of heat transfer equation and based on experiment and empirical equations, the dissertation proposed new component compensation arithmetic for TMF based on the combination of the analysis of the physical property parameters and empirical equations. The key techniques for implementation the omponent compensation arithmetic were also introduced.
A TMF prototype has been developed to validate the new automatic compensation bridge and the component compensation arithmetic proposed in the dissertation. The principle of the automatic temperature compensation circuitry, the function blocks and the implementation techniques were analyzed. The prototype was installed in the blowing experiment table to obtain the characteristic curves of the sensor, and the temperature compensation circuitry is also validated using this experiment table. It was proved that this compensation circuitry is correct and applicable. Then, the prototype was used in a gas company to measure the flow rate of coal gas. The field experiment result validates the effectiveness of the component compensation arithmetic proposed in the dissertation, and it also shows that there is tiny error in the compensation arithmetic and it needs further study.
The temperature and component compensation arithmetics proposed in the dissertation will help to the design and popularization of TMF. The compensation arithmetics can reduce the cost and maintenance of TMF and enlarge the adaptability of TMF in gas mixtures with variable components and temperature.
热式气体流量计源于“热线风速仪”,故本文先分别以反馈控制理论和传递函数分析两种方法对定温热线风速仪进行了研究。在此基础上,本文进一步研究了热式气体流量计的测量原理,建立了它的数学模型,并用数字仿真的方法对热式流量计进行了深入研究,具有一定的创新性,提高了热式气体流量计的理论水平。本文还对热式气体流量计的测量探头进行了深入研究,分析了探头的多种结构、探头的制作与安装误差对输出信号的影响,并分析了旋涡对探头的影响。
针对气体温度对热式气体流量计输出信号的影响,本文研究了几种温度补偿算法,包括分析补偿算法、双敏感元件温度补偿算法、采用单一传感器进行温度补偿以及使用电桥进行自动温度补偿。在对常规补偿算法研究的基础上,本文提出了一种新的自动温度补偿电路,该电路突破了热式气体流量计常规温度补偿电路设计上的某些限制,具有一定的创新性和实用性。
本文基于热式气体流量计的基本方程和实验结果分析了混合气体组分变化对热式气体流量计的影响,分析了组分补偿的必要性。在研究了基于换热方程分析以及基于实验研究和经验公式这两种现存组分补偿方法的基础上,本文提出了采用物性参数分析与经验公式相结合的热式气体流量计组分补偿算法,具有一定的创新性。还对补偿算法实现中的几个关键技术进行了研究。
为了验证本文提出的温度补偿以及组分补偿算法的正确性和有效性,本文设计了热式气体流量计样机。设计了新的温度补偿电路,分析了组分补偿算法的功能划分以及在流量计算机中如何实现等技术。本文设计的样机首先在吹风实验台上进行了实验研究,得出了样机在空气中使用时的基本特性数据。样机的温度补偿电路也在该实验台上进行了实验研究,实验结果表明了该补偿电路可以取得较好的温度补偿效果。然后将热式气体流量计样机应用于某煤气公司测量煤气流量,以验证本文提出的组分补偿算法,实验结果表明该组分补偿算法能有效补偿混合气体组分变化对流量计输出信号的影响,但也显示出该补偿算法在实际使用上还存在一些误差,需要进一步研究和完善。
本文对热式气体流量计温度和组分补偿算法研究的结论,提高了热式气体流量计的理论水平,有助于流量计的设计和推广,还有助于降低流量计的使用费用和维护成本。研究成果还大大扩展了热式气体流量计在变温度、变组分混合气体测量中的适应性。
It is necessary and important to measure the flow rates of gas mixtures in many industrial areas. But the flow rate of gas mixures, such as coal gas and natural gas et al, are difficult to be obtained because gas mixtures have some special characteristics such as large variation range, dirt, variable components, and variable temperature and pressure. The advantages and disadvantages of some conventional flowmeters used in gas mixtures were analyzed and compared, and the thermal mass flowmeter (TMF) was choosed to be the subject of the dissertation and used to measure the flow rates of gas mixtures. According to the principle of the TMF, the component and temperature variations of gas mixtures change the output of TMF, and bring large error. The dissertation studied the the temperature and component compensation arithmetics for TMF used in gas mixtures, which can eliminate the influences on the output of TMF caused by temperature or component variations. The compensation arithmetics under investigation improve the metering performance of TMF, and enlarge the serviceable ranges and fields.
TMF is based on hot-wire anemometry, so the feedback control theory and transfer function method were used to study the hot-wire anemometry thoroughly. The principle of TMF was also studied in the dissertation, and the model of TMF was build and used to analyze its characteristics and performances by digital simulation. Some probe structures were studied, and the influences result from the errors of probe manufactureing and installation and the influence caused by vortex were also analyzed in detail.
In order to correct the output of TMF containing temperature influence, several compensation arithmetics were analyzed in the dissertation including analytic compensation arithmetic, compensation arithmetic using two sensing elements, compensation arithmetic using single sensing element and automatic compensation by measuring bridge. And a new automatic compensation bridge was designed in the dissertation base on the conventional bridges, which breaks through some limits for temperature compensation circuitry.
The influence caused by component variations of gas mixture was analyzed using the governing equations and experiment data of TMF. After studying the existent component compensation arithmetics based on analysis of heat transfer equation and based on experiment and empirical equations, the dissertation proposed new component compensation arithmetic for TMF based on the combination of the analysis of the physical property parameters and empirical equations. The key techniques for implementation the omponent compensation arithmetic were also introduced.
A TMF prototype has been developed to validate the new automatic compensation bridge and the component compensation arithmetic proposed in the dissertation. The principle of the automatic temperature compensation circuitry, the function blocks and the implementation techniques were analyzed. The prototype was installed in the blowing experiment table to obtain the characteristic curves of the sensor, and the temperature compensation circuitry is also validated using this experiment table. It was proved that this compensation circuitry is correct and applicable. Then, the prototype was used in a gas company to measure the flow rate of coal gas. The field experiment result validates the effectiveness of the component compensation arithmetic proposed in the dissertation, and it also shows that there is tiny error in the compensation arithmetic and it needs further study.
The temperature and component compensation arithmetics proposed in the dissertation will help to the design and popularization of TMF. The compensation arithmetics can reduce the cost and maintenance of TMF and enlarge the adaptability of TMF in gas mixtures with variable components and temperature.
引文
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