大型双曲冷却塔的风荷载和风致响应理论分析与试验研究
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摘要
近年来,随着电力、石油、核能、采矿等工业的迅速发展,兴建了一大批用于冷却工业循环水的大型双曲冷却塔,其结构的体量愈来愈大,建筑间的密度越来越高。但这类薄壳旋转结构具有高度高、体量大、自重轻、自振频率密集等特点,属于风敏感结构,风荷载成为控制结构设计的主要荷载之一。由于大型双曲冷却塔结构与来流之间复杂的气动特性,至今还没有建立一套成熟通用的大型双曲冷却塔风荷载及风致响应的理论框架。本文从表面风压的CFD数值模拟和风洞试验、双塔和三塔干扰效应、风致动力响应的时频域分析等方面对大型双曲冷却塔的风荷载和风致响应进行深入研究。研究工作主要包括以下几个方面:
1、冷却塔表面风压的CFD数值模拟。阐明了计算流体动力学(CFD)的基本理论,详细描述了几种常用的数值模拟方法。采用大型商业流体计算软件,模拟了大型双曲冷却塔在大气环境中的外表面和内部绕流特征,获得了冷却塔内外表面平均风压系数的总体分布情况。根据冷却塔周围的流场分布,解释了边缘效应对冷却塔顶部和底部的风压影响的内在原因,探讨了冷却塔内部和背风面风压系数较为稳定的形成原因。
2、冷却塔表面粗糙度对表面风压影响的研究。制作了某大型双曲冷却塔的缩尺模型,在其表面布置多种尺寸和间隔的粗糙元,通过风洞试验获得模型表面的风压系数分布。将多种粗糙度参数下的风洞试验结果进行比较,发现最小风压系数对粗糙度最为敏感,粗糙度越大,最小风压系数也越大;同时还发现,粗糙度对背风面稳定风压系数及分离点的位置影响较小。总结了本次试验和以往试验中关于风压数据与粗糙度的关系,给出了可用于工程设计的关于不同表面粗糙度的冷却塔表面体型系数环向分布的近似计算公式。
3、冷却塔表面风压分布特征的精细化研究。对风洞试验结果进行全面分析,讨论了冷却塔表面平均和脉动风压沿环向的变化情况,根据风压分布特征可沿环向分为三个区域:迎风区、分离区和尾流区。比较了各环向角和各高度处风压功率谱的能量分布特征,发现子午向各测点间的功率谱较为一致,而环向各测点间谱值变化较大,认为分离点固定频率的涡脱落对该附近区域的风压谱能量分布有较大影响。计算了风压沿环向和子午向的相关性系数,发现迎风区与尾流区内的各点风压相关性很低。通过比较标准化后的阻力和升力谱,发现阻力谱为相对宽带谱,而升力受涡脱落影响更为严重,呈现相对窄带谱的形式。
4、冷却塔双塔干扰的研究。分析双塔干扰时不同风向角和不同塔间距下风洞试验的测试结果,发现双塔串列时,存在临界塔间距,建议设计时两塔间距尽量大于该临界值;双塔并列时,狭缝效应并不是非常明显,双塔对风场的阻挡作用使得两塔外侧的风速加剧;双塔斜列时,可按后塔受前塔的影响程度将风向角分为三个区域:尾流影响区、弱影响区和并列影响区。通过对各测层阻力和升力在各种排列下的干扰系数比较分析,给出了基于塔间距计算风致合力干扰系数的近似公式。绘制了不同风向角下体型系数沿环向分布的包络线,并给出了包络线的傅立叶展开式系数。
5、冷却塔三塔干扰的研究。分析了三塔干扰时的被测塔在各种排列下的试验结果,研究了三参数(干扰塔间距、测量塔与干扰塔间距、风向角)对测试塔风压系数的影响情况。计算了干扰情况下平均合力和极值合力的干扰系数,发现在三塔干扰的大多数排列形式下,位于前部的两个干扰塔主要起到遮挡作用,使得后塔受到的平均风压变小,但是这种平均风压的减小往往伴随着脉动风压的增大,因此,三塔干扰时的风力极值干扰系数较大。
6、冷却塔风致响应的频域分析法。给出了用于计算风致响应的频域分析方法,并将其运用于双曲冷却塔壳体结构的计算中。通过对冷却塔自振频率的参数分析,如塔体整高、塔壳厚度、子午线曲率等,发现基础频率对上部子午线曲率较为敏感,并给出了用于估算大型双曲冷却塔基础频率的三参数公式。采用CQC法结合风洞试验数据,进行冷却塔壳体动力响应的频域计算,得到位移响应的标准差分布形式,发现采用前50阶CQC法得到的结果已趋于实际值,大于50阶的高阶振型对响应的贡献已很小。最后根据风洞试验数据,提出了风压谱的近似函数。
7、冷却塔风致响应的时域分析法。总结了常用的冷却塔表面风压时程计算方法,发现采用1阶或2阶AR法能够较好地模拟该结构的风压时程。采用POD方法对冷却塔表面风压的测点进行加密,并进行有限元的时程响应分析,计算得到了冷却塔位移、子午向应力等响应的平均值和脉动值。通过计算给出了各高度处各响应的动力系数分布,综合分析这些动力系数的合理性,本文建议整体动力系数取1.9。
Nowadays, with rapid development of power, nuclear, and mining industry, many large hyperbolic cooling-towers which can produce recycled cooling water are widely used. The volume of cooling-towers becomes large and the distribution density becomes dense. Because of the characteristics of tall, large, light weight, compressed frequency of the structure, it is very wind-sensitive, and the wind load becomes the main problem of structural design. With the complexity relationship of large cooling-tower structures and its air flow around, still now, a general theory framework of wind load distribution and wind-induced dynamic responses for a common hyperbolic cooling-tower has not been established. This dissertation tries to study deeply the characteristics of wind-induced surface load distribution, the interference effects and wind-induced dynamic response for the structure, by the away of Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD) simulation, single tower wind tunnel test, two or three adjacent cooling-towers interference wind tunnel test and wind-induced structural dynamics response analysis in the frequency domain and time domain and other aspects.
1. Numerical simulation of air flow around large hyperbolic cooling-tower. Basic theory of CFD is elucidated, some commonly-used simulated methods of air flow around cooling-tower are provided in detail. With help of commercial CFD software, the air flow around and in the cooling-tower is simulated, the wind-induced pressure coefficient distribution on inner and outer surface of the structure is obtained. Based on the characteristics of the flow field around the structure, the nature of fringe effect on top and bottom pressure coefficient is explained, the reason of stability of inner and outer leeward pressure coefficient is discussed.
2. Investigation of external roughness effects on the mean wind pressure distribution on hyperbolic cooling-towers. A contraction scale model of large hyperbolic cooling-tower is made, the model with various height and distribution of external roughness is studied in wind tunnel test, different pressure coefficient distributions are obtained. Based on the comparison of different distributions under various external roughness, we find that, the minimum pressure coefficient is sensitive to the external roughness, the value increases when the roughness increases, nevertheless, the external roughness has smaller effects on leeward steady pressure coefficient and position of separation point. By summarizing the wind tunnel data and former researchers' results, an approximate formula is proposed to help the design work, which can estimate the pressure coefficients around the circumference of the structure based on the characteristics of the external roughness.
3. Deep study of the wind pressure coefficient around the whole hyperbolic cooling-tower. Based on the sound analysis of the wind tunnel test data, the variation of pressure coefficient along with meridian and circumference is discussed, along the circumference three area is proposed: windward area, separation area and leeward area. Based on the comparison of wind pressure spectra along meridian and circumference, the similarity of the normalized spectra along meridian is found, but the the normalized spectra along circumference is quite different, because the spectra near the separation point are significantly influenced by vortex shedding. By circumferential and meridional pressure correlation study, we point out that, the correlation between windward area and leeward area is very small. Comparison between normalized spectra of drag force and lift force is made, it shows drag force spectra is relatively broad-band, and lift force spectra is relatively narrow-band.
4. Study of wind-induced interference effects on two adjacent cooling-towers. The results of experimental test carried out in the boundary layer wind tunnel on a model of two adjacent cooling-towers are presented, it shows that, when two towers are in tandem configuration, there is a critical distance between them, which should be the minimum distance we advise in the design work, when two towers are in side-by-side configuration, the block effect is more remarkable than the "Venturi" effect, when two towers are in staggered configurations, it can be divided into three regions: wake influence region, weak influence region and side influence region. Based on the comparison of drag force and lift force under various configurations, an approximate formula is proposed, which can estimate the total force interference coefficient when the distance between two towers is given. At last, the envelop of geometry coefficient is drawn, and the Fourier formula coefficient is given.
5. Study of wind-induced interference effects on three adjacent cooling-towers. Some results of experimental test carried out in the boundary layer wind tunnel on a model of three adjacent cooling-towers are discussed by the study of three parameters, namely, distance between interference towers, distance between measure tower and interference towers, and wind attack angle. Mean and dynamic total wind force interference coefficients are calculated, the results show that, strong effects are restricted to small ranges of the flow angle, for the other wind directions, the surrounding towers provide a shelter effect. The shelter effect not only lead to smaller mean total wind force, but also increases the fluctuating wind force, so the dynamic total wind force would be much higher. Meanwhile, the influenced tower's wind force spectrum is quite different from that of isolated tower.
6. Study of the wind-induced dynamic response of large hyperbolic cooling-tower structures in the frequency domain. Some frequency analysis methods of wind-induced dynamic response are provided in detail, we adjust them to hyperbolic cooling-tower thin-walled structure. By parameter(tower total height, shell thickness, meridional curvature) analysis of cooling-tower natural frequency, we find that, the basic natural frequency of cooling tower is sensitive to the top meridional curvature, an approximate formula is proposed based on the parameters, which can estimate the basic natural frequency of cooling tower. With help of wind tunnel test data and CQC method, the dynamic response of cooling-tower in frequency domain is obtained, by comparison of displacement results under various mode level, we suggest that, prior 50 mode is necessary in order to gain a convergence result, higher mode is neglectable. In the end, an approximate function is proposed to simulate the original scattered spectrum of wind pressure based on the wind tunnel test data.
7. Study of the wind-induced dynamic response of large hyperbolic cooling-tower structures in the time domain. Some commonly-used simulated methods of wind fluctuation are provided in detail, it shows the AR models with 1 or 2 order are appropriate for simulating the wind pressure series. With the help of POD method, more wind pressure series can be regenerated, by the way of finite element analysis, dynamic displacement and meridional stress response of cooling-tower shell is obtained. The dynamic coefficients with respect to various height and response are calculated, by considering the rationality of all the dynamic coefficients, we suggest that the total dynamic coefficient is about 1.9.
1、冷却塔表面风压的CFD数值模拟。阐明了计算流体动力学(CFD)的基本理论,详细描述了几种常用的数值模拟方法。采用大型商业流体计算软件,模拟了大型双曲冷却塔在大气环境中的外表面和内部绕流特征,获得了冷却塔内外表面平均风压系数的总体分布情况。根据冷却塔周围的流场分布,解释了边缘效应对冷却塔顶部和底部的风压影响的内在原因,探讨了冷却塔内部和背风面风压系数较为稳定的形成原因。
2、冷却塔表面粗糙度对表面风压影响的研究。制作了某大型双曲冷却塔的缩尺模型,在其表面布置多种尺寸和间隔的粗糙元,通过风洞试验获得模型表面的风压系数分布。将多种粗糙度参数下的风洞试验结果进行比较,发现最小风压系数对粗糙度最为敏感,粗糙度越大,最小风压系数也越大;同时还发现,粗糙度对背风面稳定风压系数及分离点的位置影响较小。总结了本次试验和以往试验中关于风压数据与粗糙度的关系,给出了可用于工程设计的关于不同表面粗糙度的冷却塔表面体型系数环向分布的近似计算公式。
3、冷却塔表面风压分布特征的精细化研究。对风洞试验结果进行全面分析,讨论了冷却塔表面平均和脉动风压沿环向的变化情况,根据风压分布特征可沿环向分为三个区域:迎风区、分离区和尾流区。比较了各环向角和各高度处风压功率谱的能量分布特征,发现子午向各测点间的功率谱较为一致,而环向各测点间谱值变化较大,认为分离点固定频率的涡脱落对该附近区域的风压谱能量分布有较大影响。计算了风压沿环向和子午向的相关性系数,发现迎风区与尾流区内的各点风压相关性很低。通过比较标准化后的阻力和升力谱,发现阻力谱为相对宽带谱,而升力受涡脱落影响更为严重,呈现相对窄带谱的形式。
4、冷却塔双塔干扰的研究。分析双塔干扰时不同风向角和不同塔间距下风洞试验的测试结果,发现双塔串列时,存在临界塔间距,建议设计时两塔间距尽量大于该临界值;双塔并列时,狭缝效应并不是非常明显,双塔对风场的阻挡作用使得两塔外侧的风速加剧;双塔斜列时,可按后塔受前塔的影响程度将风向角分为三个区域:尾流影响区、弱影响区和并列影响区。通过对各测层阻力和升力在各种排列下的干扰系数比较分析,给出了基于塔间距计算风致合力干扰系数的近似公式。绘制了不同风向角下体型系数沿环向分布的包络线,并给出了包络线的傅立叶展开式系数。
5、冷却塔三塔干扰的研究。分析了三塔干扰时的被测塔在各种排列下的试验结果,研究了三参数(干扰塔间距、测量塔与干扰塔间距、风向角)对测试塔风压系数的影响情况。计算了干扰情况下平均合力和极值合力的干扰系数,发现在三塔干扰的大多数排列形式下,位于前部的两个干扰塔主要起到遮挡作用,使得后塔受到的平均风压变小,但是这种平均风压的减小往往伴随着脉动风压的增大,因此,三塔干扰时的风力极值干扰系数较大。
6、冷却塔风致响应的频域分析法。给出了用于计算风致响应的频域分析方法,并将其运用于双曲冷却塔壳体结构的计算中。通过对冷却塔自振频率的参数分析,如塔体整高、塔壳厚度、子午线曲率等,发现基础频率对上部子午线曲率较为敏感,并给出了用于估算大型双曲冷却塔基础频率的三参数公式。采用CQC法结合风洞试验数据,进行冷却塔壳体动力响应的频域计算,得到位移响应的标准差分布形式,发现采用前50阶CQC法得到的结果已趋于实际值,大于50阶的高阶振型对响应的贡献已很小。最后根据风洞试验数据,提出了风压谱的近似函数。
7、冷却塔风致响应的时域分析法。总结了常用的冷却塔表面风压时程计算方法,发现采用1阶或2阶AR法能够较好地模拟该结构的风压时程。采用POD方法对冷却塔表面风压的测点进行加密,并进行有限元的时程响应分析,计算得到了冷却塔位移、子午向应力等响应的平均值和脉动值。通过计算给出了各高度处各响应的动力系数分布,综合分析这些动力系数的合理性,本文建议整体动力系数取1.9。
Nowadays, with rapid development of power, nuclear, and mining industry, many large hyperbolic cooling-towers which can produce recycled cooling water are widely used. The volume of cooling-towers becomes large and the distribution density becomes dense. Because of the characteristics of tall, large, light weight, compressed frequency of the structure, it is very wind-sensitive, and the wind load becomes the main problem of structural design. With the complexity relationship of large cooling-tower structures and its air flow around, still now, a general theory framework of wind load distribution and wind-induced dynamic responses for a common hyperbolic cooling-tower has not been established. This dissertation tries to study deeply the characteristics of wind-induced surface load distribution, the interference effects and wind-induced dynamic response for the structure, by the away of Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD) simulation, single tower wind tunnel test, two or three adjacent cooling-towers interference wind tunnel test and wind-induced structural dynamics response analysis in the frequency domain and time domain and other aspects.
1. Numerical simulation of air flow around large hyperbolic cooling-tower. Basic theory of CFD is elucidated, some commonly-used simulated methods of air flow around cooling-tower are provided in detail. With help of commercial CFD software, the air flow around and in the cooling-tower is simulated, the wind-induced pressure coefficient distribution on inner and outer surface of the structure is obtained. Based on the characteristics of the flow field around the structure, the nature of fringe effect on top and bottom pressure coefficient is explained, the reason of stability of inner and outer leeward pressure coefficient is discussed.
2. Investigation of external roughness effects on the mean wind pressure distribution on hyperbolic cooling-towers. A contraction scale model of large hyperbolic cooling-tower is made, the model with various height and distribution of external roughness is studied in wind tunnel test, different pressure coefficient distributions are obtained. Based on the comparison of different distributions under various external roughness, we find that, the minimum pressure coefficient is sensitive to the external roughness, the value increases when the roughness increases, nevertheless, the external roughness has smaller effects on leeward steady pressure coefficient and position of separation point. By summarizing the wind tunnel data and former researchers' results, an approximate formula is proposed to help the design work, which can estimate the pressure coefficients around the circumference of the structure based on the characteristics of the external roughness.
3. Deep study of the wind pressure coefficient around the whole hyperbolic cooling-tower. Based on the sound analysis of the wind tunnel test data, the variation of pressure coefficient along with meridian and circumference is discussed, along the circumference three area is proposed: windward area, separation area and leeward area. Based on the comparison of wind pressure spectra along meridian and circumference, the similarity of the normalized spectra along meridian is found, but the the normalized spectra along circumference is quite different, because the spectra near the separation point are significantly influenced by vortex shedding. By circumferential and meridional pressure correlation study, we point out that, the correlation between windward area and leeward area is very small. Comparison between normalized spectra of drag force and lift force is made, it shows drag force spectra is relatively broad-band, and lift force spectra is relatively narrow-band.
4. Study of wind-induced interference effects on two adjacent cooling-towers. The results of experimental test carried out in the boundary layer wind tunnel on a model of two adjacent cooling-towers are presented, it shows that, when two towers are in tandem configuration, there is a critical distance between them, which should be the minimum distance we advise in the design work, when two towers are in side-by-side configuration, the block effect is more remarkable than the "Venturi" effect, when two towers are in staggered configurations, it can be divided into three regions: wake influence region, weak influence region and side influence region. Based on the comparison of drag force and lift force under various configurations, an approximate formula is proposed, which can estimate the total force interference coefficient when the distance between two towers is given. At last, the envelop of geometry coefficient is drawn, and the Fourier formula coefficient is given.
5. Study of wind-induced interference effects on three adjacent cooling-towers. Some results of experimental test carried out in the boundary layer wind tunnel on a model of three adjacent cooling-towers are discussed by the study of three parameters, namely, distance between interference towers, distance between measure tower and interference towers, and wind attack angle. Mean and dynamic total wind force interference coefficients are calculated, the results show that, strong effects are restricted to small ranges of the flow angle, for the other wind directions, the surrounding towers provide a shelter effect. The shelter effect not only lead to smaller mean total wind force, but also increases the fluctuating wind force, so the dynamic total wind force would be much higher. Meanwhile, the influenced tower's wind force spectrum is quite different from that of isolated tower.
6. Study of the wind-induced dynamic response of large hyperbolic cooling-tower structures in the frequency domain. Some frequency analysis methods of wind-induced dynamic response are provided in detail, we adjust them to hyperbolic cooling-tower thin-walled structure. By parameter(tower total height, shell thickness, meridional curvature) analysis of cooling-tower natural frequency, we find that, the basic natural frequency of cooling tower is sensitive to the top meridional curvature, an approximate formula is proposed based on the parameters, which can estimate the basic natural frequency of cooling tower. With help of wind tunnel test data and CQC method, the dynamic response of cooling-tower in frequency domain is obtained, by comparison of displacement results under various mode level, we suggest that, prior 50 mode is necessary in order to gain a convergence result, higher mode is neglectable. In the end, an approximate function is proposed to simulate the original scattered spectrum of wind pressure based on the wind tunnel test data.
7. Study of the wind-induced dynamic response of large hyperbolic cooling-tower structures in the time domain. Some commonly-used simulated methods of wind fluctuation are provided in detail, it shows the AR models with 1 or 2 order are appropriate for simulating the wind pressure series. With the help of POD method, more wind pressure series can be regenerated, by the way of finite element analysis, dynamic displacement and meridional stress response of cooling-tower shell is obtained. The dynamic coefficients with respect to various height and response are calculated, by considering the rationality of all the dynamic coefficients, we suggest that the total dynamic coefficient is about 1.9.
引文
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