青贮水葫芦作为反刍动物饲料的研究
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摘要
本研究旨在探讨水葫芦茎叶作为反刍动物饲料的可行性,为水葫芦饲料化利用和污染治理提供科学依据。试验包括以下三部分内容：(1)水体污染元素对水葫芦相关元素组成的影响；(2)水葫芦的青贮调制技术；(3)青贮水葫芦对湖羊的饲喂效果。
(1)本部分主要是研究不同水域中的铅、镉、铬、汞四种重金属及氮、磷对水葫芦中相应元素的影响。试验材料采自浙江金华、绍兴等八处不同水域的水葫芦样品及水样,测定其中重金属及氮、磷的含量。结果表明：水葫芦根中铅、镉、铬、汞的含量分别比茎叶中高出46.1%、247%、53.4%和71.4%。该试验条件下,随着水中铅、镉含量的增加,根与茎叶中相应金属含量有上升趋势,根中上升幅度较大。各金属含量均在国家允许指标范围内。水葫芦根中的氮磷含量分别比茎叶中高出34.6%、123%。随着水中氮、磷含量的增加,根和茎叶中的氮、磷含量存在波动,但无上升趋势。
(2)本部分主要研究水葫芦的青贮调制技术,共分为二个试验。
试验1,试验共4个处理,分别为对照组,4%甜菜粕组,1%蔗糖组,4%甜菜粕+1%蔗糖组。将预干的水葫芦与添加物均匀混合后装入青贮袋(29*33cm)内抽真空室温保存,60天后开袋检测青贮料发酵品质。结果表明：各添加组CP含量均显著低于对照组,其中甜菜粕蔗糖混合组最低,下降了4.22%(P<0.05)。4%甜菜粕组和混合组pH值分别比对照组显著降低了6.07%、6.29%(P<0.05)。混合添加组OMD最高,比对照组高出9.58%,稍高于4%甜菜粕组(9.05%)。以上可知,混合组及甜菜粕组效果较好。
试验2,采用2×3二因子随机试验设计,研究添加尿素和甜菜粕对水葫芦茎叶青贮发酵品质的影响。尿素添加水平设为0%、0.2%(按预干料计),甜菜粕添加水平设为0%、4%、8%(按预干料计)。青贮方法同上。结果显示：添加甜菜粕4%、8%分别使CP含量相比对照组下降了3.4%、8.9%(P<0.05),DM含量稍有改善。4%甜菜粕组pH值最低,乳酸含量最高,达到青贮良好水平。单独添加0.2%尿素,有效提高青贮料的CP含量达11.6%,但青贮料出现部分腐烂且显著提高了pH值及氨氮含量(P<0.05)。4%甜菜粕与0.2%尿素混合青贮料感官品质良好,显著提高青贮料CP含量,且在OMD,24h产气量,潜在产气量指标上比对照组分别高出13.2%、34.7%、28.4%。综合考虑各项指标,添加4%甜菜粕的两组获得较优的青贮效果。
(3)本试验采用4%甜菜粕与0.2%尿素混合青贮组进行小规模青贮处理,验证水葫芦青贮料在湖羊上的饲喂效果。本试验采用3*3复拉丁方设计,共3个处理,每一处理2头羊,共进行3期试验。3个处理分别是羊草组：200g精料+自由采食羊草；混合组：200g精料+150g羊草+自由采食水葫芦；葫芦组：200g精料+自由采食水葫芦。试验结果表明：混合组日增重为羊草组日增重的2.5倍(P>0.05),葫芦组的体重呈现平均29.8g／d的下降趋势。混合组的DM、OM、CP NDF、ADF表观消化率均最高,略高于羊草组,高出范围均不超过5%(P>0.05)。混合组pH、氨态氮平均值介于羊草组和葫芦组间,更接近于瘤胃最佳发酵范围。三处理pH值均在采食后3小时达到最低值,氨氮含量在采食后1小时达最高值。由上可知,羊草与水葫芦混合采食的混合组效果优于单独饲喂羊草及水葫芦。
综上所述,将水葫芦与尿素和甜菜粕混合制作青贮料,并与羊草共同饲喂湖羊,可以取得较好的饲喂效果。
The objective of the study was to evaluate the feasibility of Water Hyacinth (WH) Stem-leaf used as ruminant feed, which may be beneficial to both feed resource and environmental protection. The study contain three parts:The effects of pollutional elements in water on the corresponding elements constitute in WH (part 1), the modulation technique of WH silage (part 2), the effects of feeding WH silage on sheep (part 3).
Part 1 This part mainly researched The effects of pollutional elements in water on the corresponding elements constitute in WH, elements include four heavy metals(Pb, Cd, Cr,Hg) and N,P. Water hyacinth and water samples were taken from eight different water areas in Jinghua, Shaoxin cities et al of Zhejiang province, measured the content of heavy metals and N,P in the samples. The results showed:the content of Pb, Cd, Cr,Hg in root are higher than stem-leaf 46.1%、24.7%、53.4% and 71.4%, respectively. Under this experimental conditions, Content of in root and stem-leaf had rising trend with the increase of Pb, Cr in water. The content of metals are within the parameters of national standard. Content of N and P in root are higher than stem-leaf 34.6% and 123%, respectively. The contents of N and P in both root and stem-leaf of water hyacinth have fluctuate with the increase of corresponding N and P in water, but no escalating trend.
Part 2 This experiment studied the ensile techniques of water hyacinth stem-leaf. It includes into two experiments.
Expt 1 This experiment had four experimental treatments:the control group, 4% beet pulp group,1% sucrose group,4% beet pulp and 1% sucrose group. The pre-dry WH and additives were mixed and put into vacuum storage bags (29*33cm) at room temperature. After ensiled for 60 days, the silage quality of the Water Hyacinth Stem-leaf was evaluated. The results showed that:Compared with the control group, after adding sucrose or beet pulp, CP content were significantly decreased, and the mixed group had the lowest value, which decreased by 4.22% (P< 0.05). The pH of 4% beet pulp group and mixed group were significantly decreased by 6.07%、6.29% respectively (P<0.05). The mixed group had the highest OMD value, higher than the control groups by 9.58%, slightly higher than the 4% beet dregs group (9.05%). Sum up, mixed group and 4% beet pulp group were better than others.
Expt 2 This study was conducted by 2×3 two factors randomized trial design, to determine the effect of addition of urea and beet pulp on silage quality. The level of urea were 0,0.2% respectively(on pre-dry material), and beet pulp were 0,4 and 8% respectively (on pre-dry material). Silage method was the same as the above. The results showed that the crude protein (CP) of the 4% and 8% beet pulp treatments were decreased by 3.4% and 8.9%, respectively, compared with the control group (P < 0.05); at the same time, the dry matter of siliges were slightly improved.4% beet pulp group had the lowest pH value and the highest lactic acid content, achieved a good level of silage. The treatment which added 0.2% urea only had improved the proportion of CP effectively at 11.6%, but it appeared some rotten phenomenon, the pH value and the ammonia N were increased significantly(P< 0.05).4% urea and 0.2% beet pulp mixed silage had not bad apparent and increased the CP contents significantly, the index of OMD,24h gas production, potential gas production of this group were higher than the control group 13.2%、34.7%、28.4%, respectively. In conclusion, the two treatments which added 4% beet pulp had the better silage quality.
Part 3 We chose 4% beet pulp and 0.2% urea mix trentment, and processed a small-scale silage, to value the effect of water hyacinth silage on feeding sheep. In this study the complex 3*3 Latin square was designed,3 treatments, each dealing with two sheep. Three treatments were Guineagrass group:200g concentrate＋ample guineagrass; Mix group:200g concentrate＋150g guineagrass＋ample ensile; WH group:200g concentrate＋ample ensile. The results show that:The average daily gain of Mix group was 2.5 times of Guineagrass group (P> 0.05). The weight of WH group showed downward trend by 29.8g/d. The apparent digestibility of DM, OM, CP, NDF and ADF of Mix group are the highest, slightly higher than Guineagrass group, extra range not more than 5% (P> 0.05). The average pH and ammonia N of Mix group were between Guineagrass group and WH group, which closer to the optimum rumen fermentation range. pH reached the the lowest value after ingestion 3 hours, NH3-N got maximum content after ingestion 1 hour. From the above, guinea grass and water hyacinth silage mix feed group was better than feed guinea grass or water hyacinth silage alone.
In summary, water hyacinth silage added urea and beet pulp, feed sheep together with guinea grass, can achieve well feeding results.
(1)本部分主要是研究不同水域中的铅、镉、铬、汞四种重金属及氮、磷对水葫芦中相应元素的影响。试验材料采自浙江金华、绍兴等八处不同水域的水葫芦样品及水样,测定其中重金属及氮、磷的含量。结果表明：水葫芦根中铅、镉、铬、汞的含量分别比茎叶中高出46.1%、247%、53.4%和71.4%。该试验条件下,随着水中铅、镉含量的增加,根与茎叶中相应金属含量有上升趋势,根中上升幅度较大。各金属含量均在国家允许指标范围内。水葫芦根中的氮磷含量分别比茎叶中高出34.6%、123%。随着水中氮、磷含量的增加,根和茎叶中的氮、磷含量存在波动,但无上升趋势。
(2)本部分主要研究水葫芦的青贮调制技术,共分为二个试验。
试验1,试验共4个处理,分别为对照组,4%甜菜粕组,1%蔗糖组,4%甜菜粕+1%蔗糖组。将预干的水葫芦与添加物均匀混合后装入青贮袋(29*33cm)内抽真空室温保存,60天后开袋检测青贮料发酵品质。结果表明：各添加组CP含量均显著低于对照组,其中甜菜粕蔗糖混合组最低,下降了4.22%(P<0.05)。4%甜菜粕组和混合组pH值分别比对照组显著降低了6.07%、6.29%(P<0.05)。混合添加组OMD最高,比对照组高出9.58%,稍高于4%甜菜粕组(9.05%)。以上可知,混合组及甜菜粕组效果较好。
试验2,采用2×3二因子随机试验设计,研究添加尿素和甜菜粕对水葫芦茎叶青贮发酵品质的影响。尿素添加水平设为0%、0.2%(按预干料计),甜菜粕添加水平设为0%、4%、8%(按预干料计)。青贮方法同上。结果显示：添加甜菜粕4%、8%分别使CP含量相比对照组下降了3.4%、8.9%(P<0.05),DM含量稍有改善。4%甜菜粕组pH值最低,乳酸含量最高,达到青贮良好水平。单独添加0.2%尿素,有效提高青贮料的CP含量达11.6%,但青贮料出现部分腐烂且显著提高了pH值及氨氮含量(P<0.05)。4%甜菜粕与0.2%尿素混合青贮料感官品质良好,显著提高青贮料CP含量,且在OMD,24h产气量,潜在产气量指标上比对照组分别高出13.2%、34.7%、28.4%。综合考虑各项指标,添加4%甜菜粕的两组获得较优的青贮效果。
(3)本试验采用4%甜菜粕与0.2%尿素混合青贮组进行小规模青贮处理,验证水葫芦青贮料在湖羊上的饲喂效果。本试验采用3*3复拉丁方设计,共3个处理,每一处理2头羊,共进行3期试验。3个处理分别是羊草组：200g精料+自由采食羊草；混合组：200g精料+150g羊草+自由采食水葫芦；葫芦组：200g精料+自由采食水葫芦。试验结果表明：混合组日增重为羊草组日增重的2.5倍(P>0.05),葫芦组的体重呈现平均29.8g／d的下降趋势。混合组的DM、OM、CP NDF、ADF表观消化率均最高,略高于羊草组,高出范围均不超过5%(P>0.05)。混合组pH、氨态氮平均值介于羊草组和葫芦组间,更接近于瘤胃最佳发酵范围。三处理pH值均在采食后3小时达到最低值,氨氮含量在采食后1小时达最高值。由上可知,羊草与水葫芦混合采食的混合组效果优于单独饲喂羊草及水葫芦。
综上所述,将水葫芦与尿素和甜菜粕混合制作青贮料,并与羊草共同饲喂湖羊,可以取得较好的饲喂效果。
The objective of the study was to evaluate the feasibility of Water Hyacinth (WH) Stem-leaf used as ruminant feed, which may be beneficial to both feed resource and environmental protection. The study contain three parts:The effects of pollutional elements in water on the corresponding elements constitute in WH (part 1), the modulation technique of WH silage (part 2), the effects of feeding WH silage on sheep (part 3).
Part 1 This part mainly researched The effects of pollutional elements in water on the corresponding elements constitute in WH, elements include four heavy metals(Pb, Cd, Cr,Hg) and N,P. Water hyacinth and water samples were taken from eight different water areas in Jinghua, Shaoxin cities et al of Zhejiang province, measured the content of heavy metals and N,P in the samples. The results showed:the content of Pb, Cd, Cr,Hg in root are higher than stem-leaf 46.1%、24.7%、53.4% and 71.4%, respectively. Under this experimental conditions, Content of in root and stem-leaf had rising trend with the increase of Pb, Cr in water. The content of metals are within the parameters of national standard. Content of N and P in root are higher than stem-leaf 34.6% and 123%, respectively. The contents of N and P in both root and stem-leaf of water hyacinth have fluctuate with the increase of corresponding N and P in water, but no escalating trend.
Part 2 This experiment studied the ensile techniques of water hyacinth stem-leaf. It includes into two experiments.
Expt 1 This experiment had four experimental treatments:the control group, 4% beet pulp group,1% sucrose group,4% beet pulp and 1% sucrose group. The pre-dry WH and additives were mixed and put into vacuum storage bags (29*33cm) at room temperature. After ensiled for 60 days, the silage quality of the Water Hyacinth Stem-leaf was evaluated. The results showed that:Compared with the control group, after adding sucrose or beet pulp, CP content were significantly decreased, and the mixed group had the lowest value, which decreased by 4.22% (P< 0.05). The pH of 4% beet pulp group and mixed group were significantly decreased by 6.07%、6.29% respectively (P<0.05). The mixed group had the highest OMD value, higher than the control groups by 9.58%, slightly higher than the 4% beet dregs group (9.05%). Sum up, mixed group and 4% beet pulp group were better than others.
Expt 2 This study was conducted by 2×3 two factors randomized trial design, to determine the effect of addition of urea and beet pulp on silage quality. The level of urea were 0,0.2% respectively(on pre-dry material), and beet pulp were 0,4 and 8% respectively (on pre-dry material). Silage method was the same as the above. The results showed that the crude protein (CP) of the 4% and 8% beet pulp treatments were decreased by 3.4% and 8.9%, respectively, compared with the control group (P < 0.05); at the same time, the dry matter of siliges were slightly improved.4% beet pulp group had the lowest pH value and the highest lactic acid content, achieved a good level of silage. The treatment which added 0.2% urea only had improved the proportion of CP effectively at 11.6%, but it appeared some rotten phenomenon, the pH value and the ammonia N were increased significantly(P< 0.05).4% urea and 0.2% beet pulp mixed silage had not bad apparent and increased the CP contents significantly, the index of OMD,24h gas production, potential gas production of this group were higher than the control group 13.2%、34.7%、28.4%, respectively. In conclusion, the two treatments which added 4% beet pulp had the better silage quality.
Part 3 We chose 4% beet pulp and 0.2% urea mix trentment, and processed a small-scale silage, to value the effect of water hyacinth silage on feeding sheep. In this study the complex 3*3 Latin square was designed,3 treatments, each dealing with two sheep. Three treatments were Guineagrass group:200g concentrate＋ample guineagrass; Mix group:200g concentrate＋150g guineagrass＋ample ensile; WH group:200g concentrate＋ample ensile. The results show that:The average daily gain of Mix group was 2.5 times of Guineagrass group (P> 0.05). The weight of WH group showed downward trend by 29.8g/d. The apparent digestibility of DM, OM, CP, NDF and ADF of Mix group are the highest, slightly higher than Guineagrass group, extra range not more than 5% (P> 0.05). The average pH and ammonia N of Mix group were between Guineagrass group and WH group, which closer to the optimum rumen fermentation range. pH reached the the lowest value after ingestion 3 hours, NH3-N got maximum content after ingestion 1 hour. From the above, guinea grass and water hyacinth silage mix feed group was better than feed guinea grass or water hyacinth silage alone.
In summary, water hyacinth silage added urea and beet pulp, feed sheep together with guinea grass, can achieve well feeding results.
引文
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