水分调控下梨枣树节水机理及补偿效应研究
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摘要
本文以节水、优质、优产、高效为理念,以发展农业节水技术及推广应用为目标,对梨枣树进行水分调控补偿技术的研究。试验在陕西杨凌西北农林科技大学旱区农业水土工程教育部重点开放实验室的大型日光温室内进行。通过试验分析了梨枣树的耗水规律及影响蒸腾耗水的主要环境因子间相关度;探明了不同水分处理下梨枣树的生理生态指标变化规律及补偿效应;最终通过果实品质及产量确定出最优梨枣树的调控灌溉方案,为水分调控补偿技术的发展提供一定的理论依据。主要结论如下:
(1)不同水分处理下梨枣树小区土壤水分垂直分布差别不大,主要水分活动区域在地下20—80cm范围内;全生育期耗水量主要集中在4—10月份,其占到了全年总耗水量的80%以上;在全生育期,整个计划湿润层内的平均土壤含水量与水分调控程度成正比。
(2)通过对梨枣树耗水特性的研究表明:除越冬休眠期外,其余各阶段正常供水的日均棵间蒸发量在0.85mm左右,日均蒸腾量在2.3mm左右;而水分调控处理的日均蒸发蒸腾耗水量都较正常供水的小。蒸腾耗水规律:正常供水的蒸腾速率从8:00开始上升,一直持续到13:00左右,达到峰值,随后开始下降, 20:00左右降至到夜间平稳状态,总体日变化呈单峰曲线;晴天水分调控处理的其变化趋势类似,但在整个过程中蒸腾速率都较正常的小,且峰值出现的时间较正常的滞后1小时左右;阴雨天,由于蒸腾较小,各控水处理与正常供水的基本一致,峰值也没有出现偏差。
(3)针对影响茎液流(蒸腾耗水)的各环境因子来说,各主要因子间相关度次序为:晴天正常供水:日最高温度>土壤水分>日平均温度>太阳净辐射强度;晴天亏水处理:土壤水分>日最高温度>太阳净辐射强度>日平均温度;阴天不同水分处理间各因子的相关度差别不大,主要的影响因素是温度,其次是水分。
(4)通过对梨枣树生理生态指标的变化研究得到:各生理生态指标对水分的敏感程度都较高,当出现水分胁迫时各指标会相应的调节,来适应外界环境;当合理调控后复水,各指标也会及时调整,加大水分消耗,加快有机物的合成,来弥补前面水分调控时的欠缺,形成明显的补偿效应。这些指标涉及到蒸腾速率(液流速率)、光合速率、叶水势、叶绿素、枣吊以及枝条等多个指标,且这些指标的补偿效应在一定的控水范围内(生育期内标准灌水定额的1/2以上),前期水分胁迫越严重,后期补偿能力越强。
(5)不同阶段不同水分处理对梨枣的品质都有影响,但程度不等。果实膨大期控水对梨枣树果实的多个指标影响不利,并部分达到显著水平(P<0.05),这表明此生育期不宜进行水分调控。果实成熟期控水能相对地提高果实的硬度、色度率等指标,且能向“提前成熟,长久保鲜”的目的靠近;同时能相对地提高维生素C、可溶性固形物、可溶性糖等指标的含量(P<0.05)。这表明成熟期控水不但能提高水分利用效率,达到节水的目的,还能向“以水调质,控水催熟,提高效益”目标靠近。
(6)通过品质、产量及经济效益的分析,得出梨枣树的最佳灌水方案为:在越冬休眠期、萌芽展叶期及果实成熟期三阶段进行轻、中、重度组合控水,在开花座果期和果实膨大期正常供水。这样才能将梨枣树的生长补偿潜力更好的挖掘出来,为实现节水、优质、优产、高效的目标创造条件。
The article is for the premise of water-saving、excellent quality、more production and high-efficiency, for the goal of developing and promoting the use of agricultural water-saving technologies, about the study of pear-jujube tree compensation technique for water-regulated. Tests are carried on in the Ministry of Education Key Experimental Station of arid agricultural laboratory of the Northwest A&F University in Yangling Shaanxi province. Through test analysis the law of water Consumption and environmental factors that affect water consumption and its correlate degree. At the same time, the changes of Eco-physiological indicators and the Compensation effect under different water treatment on pear-jujube trees had been proved. through the quality and production of the fruit, then develop a set of high-quality, more production, and high efficiency irrigation regulate program. The program can provide us some Theoretical basis for development of the water regulation and control compensation technology. The main results of the research are as follows:
(1) For the different water treatment, the vertical distribution of water is not very different. The changes of the moisture mainly concentrated in the 20-80cm depth; water Consumption during all growth stage is concentrated on April to October for Pear-jujube tree, which is accounted for more than80% of year’s; Moisture content and Water-regulated treatment was positive correlation in the plan moist layer.
(2) The study of water consumption feature of pear-jujube indicate: except the winter dormant period, to the normal water-supplying, the remaining phase of the average daily volume of evaporation is about 0.85mm, daytime transpiration water consumption at around 2.3mm; but to the water-regulated, the evaporation and transpiration are less than the normal water-supply. To the transpiration law of normal water-supply: from the 8:00, the transpiration rate began to rise, continued until 13:00 about reached its peak and then begin to decline, by 20:00 at night and then maintained the steady state, changes in the overall day was a single peak curve. At sunny, for water-regulated treatment of pear-jujube tree, the trend of its change is very similar to normal water-supply, but the peak of transpiration rate is smaller than normal, and it occurs about one hour later than the normal water-supplying. At Cloudy, because the transpiration is litter, the trend of change for each treatment is similar to the normal’s.
(3) For environmental factors which affect the transpiration, Finally determine the order of the related factors as follows: at sunny, to normal water supply: The maximum day temperature>Soil moisture>Day average temperature>Net solar radiation intensity; to water-regulated: Soil moisture>The maximum day temperature>Net solar radiation intensity >Day average temperature; at cloudy, at different water treatment, the correlation of the affect between different factors is not very different, temperature is mainly affected, followed by water.
(4) Through the study of the pear–jujube tree physiological indicators of trends, we can find that each physiological indicators has a high sensitivity on water, when moisture stress occurred, consumption and absorption in inner plant will be regulated; there are obvious compensation effect in these respects such as:transpiration rate(flow rate), photosynthetic rate, leaf water potential, jujube hanging and branches, moreover, the Compensation capacity of each indicator at a certain range of water stress is positively correlated to the degree of water stress, which can meet to the goal of water-saving、high-efficiency.
(5) At different stage, different water treatment have different affect on the quality of the pear-jujube, water-regulated in the period of fruit enlargement have adverse effects on much morphological indicators, and reach significant level (P<0.05), which indicate water-regulated is not implemented in this period. Water-regulated in the period of fruit maturity can improve the fruit hardness,colorist rate,and the content of vitamin C,soluble solids,soluble sugar and so on (P<0.05). It can also make the purpose "water-regulated ripening, long-term preservation”achievable. Water- regulated on other stages has certain impacts which between normal water supply during all growth stages and the ripe period. All these statement proved that water-regulated in the period of fruit maturity can not only achieve the purpose of saving water but also to achieve the purpose of "using the water to regulating the quality, Regulating water to speed up ripening, improving effectiveness".
(6) We can finally get the best irrigation program of pear-jujube tree through the analysis of the quality production and economic benefits. The irrigation program is as follows: carried out with mild to moderate combination of regulating water in winter dormancy period, exhibition period of leaf bud and fruit maturity period can not only saving more water but also arouse the compensation growth potential of the pear-jujube tree, and to create more conditions for the purpose of water-saving, more production, high efficient.
(1)不同水分处理下梨枣树小区土壤水分垂直分布差别不大,主要水分活动区域在地下20—80cm范围内;全生育期耗水量主要集中在4—10月份,其占到了全年总耗水量的80%以上;在全生育期,整个计划湿润层内的平均土壤含水量与水分调控程度成正比。
(2)通过对梨枣树耗水特性的研究表明:除越冬休眠期外,其余各阶段正常供水的日均棵间蒸发量在0.85mm左右,日均蒸腾量在2.3mm左右;而水分调控处理的日均蒸发蒸腾耗水量都较正常供水的小。蒸腾耗水规律:正常供水的蒸腾速率从8:00开始上升,一直持续到13:00左右,达到峰值,随后开始下降, 20:00左右降至到夜间平稳状态,总体日变化呈单峰曲线;晴天水分调控处理的其变化趋势类似,但在整个过程中蒸腾速率都较正常的小,且峰值出现的时间较正常的滞后1小时左右;阴雨天,由于蒸腾较小,各控水处理与正常供水的基本一致,峰值也没有出现偏差。
(3)针对影响茎液流(蒸腾耗水)的各环境因子来说,各主要因子间相关度次序为:晴天正常供水:日最高温度>土壤水分>日平均温度>太阳净辐射强度;晴天亏水处理:土壤水分>日最高温度>太阳净辐射强度>日平均温度;阴天不同水分处理间各因子的相关度差别不大,主要的影响因素是温度,其次是水分。
(4)通过对梨枣树生理生态指标的变化研究得到:各生理生态指标对水分的敏感程度都较高,当出现水分胁迫时各指标会相应的调节,来适应外界环境;当合理调控后复水,各指标也会及时调整,加大水分消耗,加快有机物的合成,来弥补前面水分调控时的欠缺,形成明显的补偿效应。这些指标涉及到蒸腾速率(液流速率)、光合速率、叶水势、叶绿素、枣吊以及枝条等多个指标,且这些指标的补偿效应在一定的控水范围内(生育期内标准灌水定额的1/2以上),前期水分胁迫越严重,后期补偿能力越强。
(5)不同阶段不同水分处理对梨枣的品质都有影响,但程度不等。果实膨大期控水对梨枣树果实的多个指标影响不利,并部分达到显著水平(P<0.05),这表明此生育期不宜进行水分调控。果实成熟期控水能相对地提高果实的硬度、色度率等指标,且能向“提前成熟,长久保鲜”的目的靠近;同时能相对地提高维生素C、可溶性固形物、可溶性糖等指标的含量(P<0.05)。这表明成熟期控水不但能提高水分利用效率,达到节水的目的,还能向“以水调质,控水催熟,提高效益”目标靠近。
(6)通过品质、产量及经济效益的分析,得出梨枣树的最佳灌水方案为:在越冬休眠期、萌芽展叶期及果实成熟期三阶段进行轻、中、重度组合控水,在开花座果期和果实膨大期正常供水。这样才能将梨枣树的生长补偿潜力更好的挖掘出来,为实现节水、优质、优产、高效的目标创造条件。
The article is for the premise of water-saving、excellent quality、more production and high-efficiency, for the goal of developing and promoting the use of agricultural water-saving technologies, about the study of pear-jujube tree compensation technique for water-regulated. Tests are carried on in the Ministry of Education Key Experimental Station of arid agricultural laboratory of the Northwest A&F University in Yangling Shaanxi province. Through test analysis the law of water Consumption and environmental factors that affect water consumption and its correlate degree. At the same time, the changes of Eco-physiological indicators and the Compensation effect under different water treatment on pear-jujube trees had been proved. through the quality and production of the fruit, then develop a set of high-quality, more production, and high efficiency irrigation regulate program. The program can provide us some Theoretical basis for development of the water regulation and control compensation technology. The main results of the research are as follows:
(1) For the different water treatment, the vertical distribution of water is not very different. The changes of the moisture mainly concentrated in the 20-80cm depth; water Consumption during all growth stage is concentrated on April to October for Pear-jujube tree, which is accounted for more than80% of year’s; Moisture content and Water-regulated treatment was positive correlation in the plan moist layer.
(2) The study of water consumption feature of pear-jujube indicate: except the winter dormant period, to the normal water-supplying, the remaining phase of the average daily volume of evaporation is about 0.85mm, daytime transpiration water consumption at around 2.3mm; but to the water-regulated, the evaporation and transpiration are less than the normal water-supply. To the transpiration law of normal water-supply: from the 8:00, the transpiration rate began to rise, continued until 13:00 about reached its peak and then begin to decline, by 20:00 at night and then maintained the steady state, changes in the overall day was a single peak curve. At sunny, for water-regulated treatment of pear-jujube tree, the trend of its change is very similar to normal water-supply, but the peak of transpiration rate is smaller than normal, and it occurs about one hour later than the normal water-supplying. At Cloudy, because the transpiration is litter, the trend of change for each treatment is similar to the normal’s.
(3) For environmental factors which affect the transpiration, Finally determine the order of the related factors as follows: at sunny, to normal water supply: The maximum day temperature>Soil moisture>Day average temperature>Net solar radiation intensity; to water-regulated: Soil moisture>The maximum day temperature>Net solar radiation intensity >Day average temperature; at cloudy, at different water treatment, the correlation of the affect between different factors is not very different, temperature is mainly affected, followed by water.
(4) Through the study of the pear–jujube tree physiological indicators of trends, we can find that each physiological indicators has a high sensitivity on water, when moisture stress occurred, consumption and absorption in inner plant will be regulated; there are obvious compensation effect in these respects such as:transpiration rate(flow rate), photosynthetic rate, leaf water potential, jujube hanging and branches, moreover, the Compensation capacity of each indicator at a certain range of water stress is positively correlated to the degree of water stress, which can meet to the goal of water-saving、high-efficiency.
(5) At different stage, different water treatment have different affect on the quality of the pear-jujube, water-regulated in the period of fruit enlargement have adverse effects on much morphological indicators, and reach significant level (P<0.05), which indicate water-regulated is not implemented in this period. Water-regulated in the period of fruit maturity can improve the fruit hardness,colorist rate,and the content of vitamin C,soluble solids,soluble sugar and so on (P<0.05). It can also make the purpose "water-regulated ripening, long-term preservation”achievable. Water- regulated on other stages has certain impacts which between normal water supply during all growth stages and the ripe period. All these statement proved that water-regulated in the period of fruit maturity can not only achieve the purpose of saving water but also to achieve the purpose of "using the water to regulating the quality, Regulating water to speed up ripening, improving effectiveness".
(6) We can finally get the best irrigation program of pear-jujube tree through the analysis of the quality production and economic benefits. The irrigation program is as follows: carried out with mild to moderate combination of regulating water in winter dormancy period, exhibition period of leaf bud and fruit maturity period can not only saving more water but also arouse the compensation growth potential of the pear-jujube tree, and to create more conditions for the purpose of water-saving, more production, high efficient.
引文
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