山东省酿酒葡萄气候区划与品种区划研究
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摘要
本研究采用中国气象中心提供的山东省120个气象站点连续30年(1979—2008年)的气候资料。通过分析排除其他常用的指标,如活动积温、有效积温和水热系数等,提出新的指标体系,结果表明新的指标体系很适合中国的气候特点。利用新的指标对山东省进行酿酒葡萄气候区划。通过分析对山东省进行品种区划。排除不能种植葡萄和数据缺值太多的站点,通过EXCEL软件对剩余站点的区划指标进行计算分析,根据计算结果利用ARCGIS软件做图。
1山东省酿酒葡萄气候区划研究
采用新的指标体系,即无霜期、干燥度和埋土防寒线,对山东省气候特征进行分析。研究结果显示在山东省,生长季干燥度能很好的判断一个地区能否种植葡萄,但对适宜种植产区的优劣区分不好,所以应根据实际情况选择第四指标,通过分析山东省的气候特点(雨热同季),排除水热系数,采用成熟季(7—9月)降水量作为第四指标。利用EXCEL软件进行计算并通过ARCGIS软件做图,将山东省划分为8个气候区。
Ⅰ区:陵县、宁津、阳信、商河、惠民、乐陵、广饶、夏津、高唐、桓台、无棣、庆云、临邑、昌邑、临朐、昌乐、寿光、潍坊
Ⅱ区:章丘、济阳、肥城、泰安、汶上、宁阳、临淄、淄川、安丘、邹平、兖州
Ⅲ区:武城、德州、平原、梁山、高青、沾化、利津、河口、滨州、东营、博兴、垦利、临清、冠县、聊城、阳谷、莘县、禹城、齐河、茌平、东阿、东明
Ⅳ区:长清、平阴、济南、莱芜、周村、淄博、鄄城、郓城、菏泽、鱼台、定陶、东平、巨野、济宁、金乡、邹城、嘉祥、滕州、曹县、青州
Ⅴ区:莱西、即墨、牟平、平度
Ⅵ区:蓬莱、龙口
Ⅶ区:莱州、招远、栖霞、福山、烟台、威海、高密、胶州、崂山、青岛
Ⅷ区:文登、莱阳、莒县、乳山、荣成、博山、沂源、诸城、海阳、曲阜、泗水、新泰、蒙阴、平邑、费县、沂水、沂南、临沂、莒南、五莲、胶南、日照、成武、单县、微山、薛城、峄城、枣庄、台儿庄、苍山、临沭、郯城
通过对各产区气候条件的分析,对各产区进行评价,其中优质产区1个(Ⅵ区),优良产区1个(Ⅰ区和Ⅲ区)和4个一般产区(Ⅱ区、Ⅴ区和Ⅶ区),一个可种植区(Ⅳ区),其余为不适宜种植区。在优质产区和优良产区种植酿酒葡萄可以获得较好的品质,一般产区和可种植区都由于降水过多而影响酿酒葡萄品质,不适宜种植区因为干燥度小于1而不能种植葡萄。
2山东省酿酒葡萄品种区划研究
品种区划需建立在气候区划的基础上。酿酒葡萄品种不同,成熟期不同,所需热量不同,但是山东省的热量条件充足,所以进行品种区划时主要考虑水分条件,在气候区划结果的基础上对山东省进行品种区划。将山东省分成了4个区,每个区包括的地区、适合种植的品种和适合生产的酒种如下: A区:陵县、宁津、阳信、商河、惠民、乐陵、广饶、夏津、高唐、桓台、无棣、庆云、临邑、昌邑、临朐、昌乐、寿光、潍坊、武城、德州、平原、梁山、高青、沾化、利津、河口、滨州、东营、博兴、垦利、临清、冠县、聊城、阳谷、莘县、禹城、齐河、茌平、东阿、东明适宜种植品种:增芳德,白玉霓,宝石,味儿多,赤霞珠,品丽珠适宜生产酒种:白兰地和干红B区:章丘、济阳、肥城、泰安、汶上、宁阳、临淄、淄川、安丘、邹平、兖州,长清、平阴、济南、莱芜、周村、淄博、鄄城、郓城、菏泽、鱼台、定陶、东平、巨野、济宁、金乡、邹城、嘉祥、滕州、曹县、青州适宜种植品种:白玉霓,宝石,味儿多,赤霞珠,品丽珠适宜生产酒种:白兰地和干红适宜生产酒种:白兰地和干红C区:蓬莱、龙口适宜种植品种:意斯林、白羽、小芒森、白玉霓、西拉、梅露辄、味儿多、神索、赤霞珠、品丽珠、桑娇维塞、宝石、増芳德、歌海娜、霞多丽适宜生产酒种:适合生产各种类型的葡萄酒D区:安丘、莱西、即墨、牟平、平度、招远、栖霞、烟台、威海、胶州、青岛适宜种植品种:小芒森、白玉霓、梅露辄、味儿多、赤霞珠、品丽珠、桑娇维塞、歌海娜适宜生产酒种:干白、白兰地、干红
This research used the climatic data of 120 meteorological stations in Shandong province (from China Meteorological Administration) for 30 years (1979-2008). The general indices such as the active accumulated temperature, the effective accumulated temperature and water-hot coefficient are excluded. Then a new index system is established. The result showed that the new system was suitable for the climate in China. These indices were calculated by EXCEL software and then made the drafting by ARCGIS software.
1. The study on the climate zoning of Grapevine in Shandong Province
The new index includes frost-free period (F), the dryness index (DI) in growing period (Apr.-Sept.) and the bury line for cold proof. The analysis of climate characteristics in Shandong province was made based on the new system. The results showed that DI in growing period (Apr.-Sept.) is good at judging whether an area is suitable for vine cultivation, but it doesn’t work when estimating whether an area is good or general. So this research chose the precipitation of mature season (July-Sept.) as the forth index by analyzing the characteristics of climate (hot rainy season). According to the result, Shandong province was subdivided into 8 climate areas
The basic frame is shown below:
Ⅰ: Lingxian, Ningjin, Yangxin, Shanghe, Huimin, Leling, Guangrao, Xinjin, Gaotang, Huantai, Wudi, Qingyun, Linyi, Changyi, Linqu, Changle, Shouguang, Weifang
Ⅱ: Zhangqiu, Jiyang, Feicheng, Tai’an, Wenshang, Ningyang, Linzi, Zichuan, Anqiu, Zouping, Yanzhou
Ⅲ: Wucheng, Dezhou, Pingyuan, Liangshan, Gaoqing, Zhanhua, Lijin, Hekou, Binzhou, Dongying, Boxing, Kenli, Linqing, Guanxian, Liaocheng, Yanggu, Shenxian, Yucheng, Qihe, Chiping, Dong’e, Dongming
Ⅳ: Changqing, Pingyin, Jinan, Laiwu, Zhoucun, Zibo, Juancheng, Yuncheng, Heze, Yutai, Dingtao, Dongping, Juye, Jining, Jinxiang, Zoucheng, Jiaxiang, Tengzhou, Caoxian, Qingzhou
Ⅴ: Laixi, Jimo, Muping, Pingdu
Ⅵ: Penglai, Longkou
Ⅶ: Laizhou, Zhaoyuan, Qixia, Fushan, Yantai, Weihai, Gaomi, Jiaozhou, Laoshan, Qingdao
Ⅷ: Wengdeng, Laiyang, Juxian, Rushan, Rongcheng, Boshan, Yiyuan, Zhucheng, Haiyang, Qufu, Sishui, Xintai, Mengyin, Pingyi, Feixian, Yishui, Yinan, Linyi, Junan, Wulian, Jiaonan, Rizhao, Chengwu, Shanxian, Weishan, Xuecheng, Yicheng, Zaozhuang, Taierzhuang, Cangshan, Linshu, Tancheng
After the analysis and comparing of the climate characteristics of these areas, 7 zones were suitable for viticulture, which included one high- quality area (Ⅵ), two good area (Ⅰ&Ⅲ), three general areas (Ⅱ,Ⅴ,&Ⅶ) and 1 area can only produce wine. We could get good wine from the high-quality and the good areas, but the other areas can only produce general wine.
2. The grapevine variety zoning of Shandong province
The zoning of grapevine varieties must be based on the climate zoning. The amount of heat the varieties need is different because of the diversity in maturation stage. While there is much heat in Shandong province, the water is the point. So water is more considered when the varieties zoning was carried on. According to the precipitation in maturing period, Shandong province is divided into four regions. The result was as follows:
A: Lingxian, Ningjin, Yangxin, Shanghe, Huimin, Leling, Guangrao, Xinjin, Gaotang, Huantai, Wudi, Qingyun, Linyi, Changyi, Linqu, Changle, Shouguang, Weifang, Wucheng, Dezhou, Pingyuan, Liangshan, Gaoqing, Zhanhua, Lijin, Hekou, Binzhou, Dongying, Boxing, Kenli, Linqing, Guanxian, Liaocheng, Yanggu, Shenxian, Yucheng, Qihe, Chiping, Dong’e, Dongming
Suitable varieties: Zinfandel, Ugni Blanc, Ruby, Petit verdot, Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc
Suitable wine: brandy and dry red
B: Zhangqiu, Jiyang, Feicheng, Tai’an, Wenshang, Ningyang, Linzi, Zichuan, Anqiu, Zouping, Yanzhou, Changqing, Pingyin, Jinan, Laiwu, Zhoucun, Zibo, Juancheng, Yuncheng, Heze, Yutai, Dingtao, Dongping, Juye, Jining, Jinxiang, Zoucheng, Jiaxiang, Tengzhou, Caoxian, Qingzhou
Suitable varieties: Ugni Blanc, Ruby, Petit verdot, Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc Suitable wine: brandy and red C: penglai, Longkou
Suitable varieties: Italian Riesling, Rkatsiteli, Petit mangsen, Ugni Blanc, Syrah, Merlot, Petit verdot, Cinsaut, Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, Sangiovese, Ruby, Zinfandel, Grenache, Chardonney Suitable wine: all kinds of wine
D: Anqiu, Laixi, Jimo, Muping, Pingdu, Zhaoyuan, Qixia, Yantai, Fushan, Weihai, Jiaozhou, Qingdao
Suitable varieties: Petit mangsen, Ugni blanc, Merlot, Petit verdot, Cabernet Sauvignon,
Cabernet Franc, Sangiovese, Grenache, Chardonney, Italian Riesling
Suitable wine: dry white, dry red and brandy
Suitable varieties: Ugni Blanc, Petit verdot, Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc
Suitable wine: brandy and dry red
1山东省酿酒葡萄气候区划研究
采用新的指标体系,即无霜期、干燥度和埋土防寒线,对山东省气候特征进行分析。研究结果显示在山东省,生长季干燥度能很好的判断一个地区能否种植葡萄,但对适宜种植产区的优劣区分不好,所以应根据实际情况选择第四指标,通过分析山东省的气候特点(雨热同季),排除水热系数,采用成熟季(7—9月)降水量作为第四指标。利用EXCEL软件进行计算并通过ARCGIS软件做图,将山东省划分为8个气候区。
Ⅰ区:陵县、宁津、阳信、商河、惠民、乐陵、广饶、夏津、高唐、桓台、无棣、庆云、临邑、昌邑、临朐、昌乐、寿光、潍坊
Ⅱ区:章丘、济阳、肥城、泰安、汶上、宁阳、临淄、淄川、安丘、邹平、兖州
Ⅲ区:武城、德州、平原、梁山、高青、沾化、利津、河口、滨州、东营、博兴、垦利、临清、冠县、聊城、阳谷、莘县、禹城、齐河、茌平、东阿、东明
Ⅳ区:长清、平阴、济南、莱芜、周村、淄博、鄄城、郓城、菏泽、鱼台、定陶、东平、巨野、济宁、金乡、邹城、嘉祥、滕州、曹县、青州
Ⅴ区:莱西、即墨、牟平、平度
Ⅵ区:蓬莱、龙口
Ⅶ区:莱州、招远、栖霞、福山、烟台、威海、高密、胶州、崂山、青岛
Ⅷ区:文登、莱阳、莒县、乳山、荣成、博山、沂源、诸城、海阳、曲阜、泗水、新泰、蒙阴、平邑、费县、沂水、沂南、临沂、莒南、五莲、胶南、日照、成武、单县、微山、薛城、峄城、枣庄、台儿庄、苍山、临沭、郯城
通过对各产区气候条件的分析,对各产区进行评价,其中优质产区1个(Ⅵ区),优良产区1个(Ⅰ区和Ⅲ区)和4个一般产区(Ⅱ区、Ⅴ区和Ⅶ区),一个可种植区(Ⅳ区),其余为不适宜种植区。在优质产区和优良产区种植酿酒葡萄可以获得较好的品质,一般产区和可种植区都由于降水过多而影响酿酒葡萄品质,不适宜种植区因为干燥度小于1而不能种植葡萄。
2山东省酿酒葡萄品种区划研究
品种区划需建立在气候区划的基础上。酿酒葡萄品种不同,成熟期不同,所需热量不同,但是山东省的热量条件充足,所以进行品种区划时主要考虑水分条件,在气候区划结果的基础上对山东省进行品种区划。将山东省分成了4个区,每个区包括的地区、适合种植的品种和适合生产的酒种如下: A区:陵县、宁津、阳信、商河、惠民、乐陵、广饶、夏津、高唐、桓台、无棣、庆云、临邑、昌邑、临朐、昌乐、寿光、潍坊、武城、德州、平原、梁山、高青、沾化、利津、河口、滨州、东营、博兴、垦利、临清、冠县、聊城、阳谷、莘县、禹城、齐河、茌平、东阿、东明适宜种植品种:增芳德,白玉霓,宝石,味儿多,赤霞珠,品丽珠适宜生产酒种:白兰地和干红B区:章丘、济阳、肥城、泰安、汶上、宁阳、临淄、淄川、安丘、邹平、兖州,长清、平阴、济南、莱芜、周村、淄博、鄄城、郓城、菏泽、鱼台、定陶、东平、巨野、济宁、金乡、邹城、嘉祥、滕州、曹县、青州适宜种植品种:白玉霓,宝石,味儿多,赤霞珠,品丽珠适宜生产酒种:白兰地和干红适宜生产酒种:白兰地和干红C区:蓬莱、龙口适宜种植品种:意斯林、白羽、小芒森、白玉霓、西拉、梅露辄、味儿多、神索、赤霞珠、品丽珠、桑娇维塞、宝石、増芳德、歌海娜、霞多丽适宜生产酒种:适合生产各种类型的葡萄酒D区:安丘、莱西、即墨、牟平、平度、招远、栖霞、烟台、威海、胶州、青岛适宜种植品种:小芒森、白玉霓、梅露辄、味儿多、赤霞珠、品丽珠、桑娇维塞、歌海娜适宜生产酒种:干白、白兰地、干红
This research used the climatic data of 120 meteorological stations in Shandong province (from China Meteorological Administration) for 30 years (1979-2008). The general indices such as the active accumulated temperature, the effective accumulated temperature and water-hot coefficient are excluded. Then a new index system is established. The result showed that the new system was suitable for the climate in China. These indices were calculated by EXCEL software and then made the drafting by ARCGIS software.
1. The study on the climate zoning of Grapevine in Shandong Province
The new index includes frost-free period (F), the dryness index (DI) in growing period (Apr.-Sept.) and the bury line for cold proof. The analysis of climate characteristics in Shandong province was made based on the new system. The results showed that DI in growing period (Apr.-Sept.) is good at judging whether an area is suitable for vine cultivation, but it doesn’t work when estimating whether an area is good or general. So this research chose the precipitation of mature season (July-Sept.) as the forth index by analyzing the characteristics of climate (hot rainy season). According to the result, Shandong province was subdivided into 8 climate areas
The basic frame is shown below:
Ⅰ: Lingxian, Ningjin, Yangxin, Shanghe, Huimin, Leling, Guangrao, Xinjin, Gaotang, Huantai, Wudi, Qingyun, Linyi, Changyi, Linqu, Changle, Shouguang, Weifang
Ⅱ: Zhangqiu, Jiyang, Feicheng, Tai’an, Wenshang, Ningyang, Linzi, Zichuan, Anqiu, Zouping, Yanzhou
Ⅲ: Wucheng, Dezhou, Pingyuan, Liangshan, Gaoqing, Zhanhua, Lijin, Hekou, Binzhou, Dongying, Boxing, Kenli, Linqing, Guanxian, Liaocheng, Yanggu, Shenxian, Yucheng, Qihe, Chiping, Dong’e, Dongming
Ⅳ: Changqing, Pingyin, Jinan, Laiwu, Zhoucun, Zibo, Juancheng, Yuncheng, Heze, Yutai, Dingtao, Dongping, Juye, Jining, Jinxiang, Zoucheng, Jiaxiang, Tengzhou, Caoxian, Qingzhou
Ⅴ: Laixi, Jimo, Muping, Pingdu
Ⅵ: Penglai, Longkou
Ⅶ: Laizhou, Zhaoyuan, Qixia, Fushan, Yantai, Weihai, Gaomi, Jiaozhou, Laoshan, Qingdao
Ⅷ: Wengdeng, Laiyang, Juxian, Rushan, Rongcheng, Boshan, Yiyuan, Zhucheng, Haiyang, Qufu, Sishui, Xintai, Mengyin, Pingyi, Feixian, Yishui, Yinan, Linyi, Junan, Wulian, Jiaonan, Rizhao, Chengwu, Shanxian, Weishan, Xuecheng, Yicheng, Zaozhuang, Taierzhuang, Cangshan, Linshu, Tancheng
After the analysis and comparing of the climate characteristics of these areas, 7 zones were suitable for viticulture, which included one high- quality area (Ⅵ), two good area (Ⅰ&Ⅲ), three general areas (Ⅱ,Ⅴ,&Ⅶ) and 1 area can only produce wine. We could get good wine from the high-quality and the good areas, but the other areas can only produce general wine.
2. The grapevine variety zoning of Shandong province
The zoning of grapevine varieties must be based on the climate zoning. The amount of heat the varieties need is different because of the diversity in maturation stage. While there is much heat in Shandong province, the water is the point. So water is more considered when the varieties zoning was carried on. According to the precipitation in maturing period, Shandong province is divided into four regions. The result was as follows:
A: Lingxian, Ningjin, Yangxin, Shanghe, Huimin, Leling, Guangrao, Xinjin, Gaotang, Huantai, Wudi, Qingyun, Linyi, Changyi, Linqu, Changle, Shouguang, Weifang, Wucheng, Dezhou, Pingyuan, Liangshan, Gaoqing, Zhanhua, Lijin, Hekou, Binzhou, Dongying, Boxing, Kenli, Linqing, Guanxian, Liaocheng, Yanggu, Shenxian, Yucheng, Qihe, Chiping, Dong’e, Dongming
Suitable varieties: Zinfandel, Ugni Blanc, Ruby, Petit verdot, Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc
Suitable wine: brandy and dry red
B: Zhangqiu, Jiyang, Feicheng, Tai’an, Wenshang, Ningyang, Linzi, Zichuan, Anqiu, Zouping, Yanzhou, Changqing, Pingyin, Jinan, Laiwu, Zhoucun, Zibo, Juancheng, Yuncheng, Heze, Yutai, Dingtao, Dongping, Juye, Jining, Jinxiang, Zoucheng, Jiaxiang, Tengzhou, Caoxian, Qingzhou
Suitable varieties: Ugni Blanc, Ruby, Petit verdot, Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc Suitable wine: brandy and red C: penglai, Longkou
Suitable varieties: Italian Riesling, Rkatsiteli, Petit mangsen, Ugni Blanc, Syrah, Merlot, Petit verdot, Cinsaut, Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, Sangiovese, Ruby, Zinfandel, Grenache, Chardonney Suitable wine: all kinds of wine
D: Anqiu, Laixi, Jimo, Muping, Pingdu, Zhaoyuan, Qixia, Yantai, Fushan, Weihai, Jiaozhou, Qingdao
Suitable varieties: Petit mangsen, Ugni blanc, Merlot, Petit verdot, Cabernet Sauvignon,
Cabernet Franc, Sangiovese, Grenache, Chardonney, Italian Riesling
Suitable wine: dry white, dry red and brandy
Suitable varieties: Ugni Blanc, Petit verdot, Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc
Suitable wine: brandy and dry red
引文
曹慧,周磊. 2007.水分胁迫下非气孔因素对葡萄叶片光合作用的影响.潍坊学院学报, 7(2): 56~59
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