干燥和烘焙预处理制备高品质生物质原料的基础研究
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摘要
生物质资源总量巨大,但品质较低。生物质原料中过多的水分往往会延迟热解反应、增加供热成本和破坏热解液化产物的稳定性。此外,生物质还具有亲水性强、氧含量高、能量密度低、不易储存且产地分散等缺点,造成其在运输、储存以及作为能源利用的成本偏高,进而限制了生物质利用技术的进一步发展。基于此背景,本文开展了通过干燥和烘焙预处理制备高品质生物质热解原料的研究,系统分析了生物质干燥过程的传热传质机理,提出了测定有效水分扩散系数的简便方法,揭示了烘焙三种产物理化特性的变化规律,明确了干燥和烘焙预处理对生物质热解转化的影响。
(1)生物质等温和非等温干燥的传热传质机理研究
生物质干燥是一个复杂的传热传质过程。在等温条件下,生物质干燥过程可分为升速干燥段、第一降速干燥段和第二降速干燥段,水分与物料结合力的不同是导致出现不同干燥阶段的主要原因。提高干燥温度和减小颗粒粒径有助于提高干燥速率,降低最终含水量。干燥动力学分析表明,Midilli模型对秸秆等温干燥的模拟效果最好,而非等温Page模型能很好地模拟木屑、稻壳和棉花秆的非等温干燥过程。传热传质有紧密的内在联系,干燥热流由水分蒸发热流、未蒸发水分热容热流、干秸秆热容热流三部分叠加而成,其中水分蒸发热流是主要部分。干燥吸热主要用于水分的扩散和蒸发。干燥需热量模拟值与实验值吻合较好,表明了干燥动力学分析以及热流模拟的可靠性。
(2)生物质有效水分扩散系数测定方法的研究
提出了基于热重分析的等温两步法和非等温一步法,以准确快速测定生物质颗粒的水分扩散系数(Deff)。在等温两步法中,利用Fick扩散定律可以得到Deff,再通过ln(Defff)和1/(T+273.15)的关系可以计算干燥活化能。本方法对样品需求量少、实验简单、计算简便,基本上克服了等温条件难以实现的困难。为了尽可能减少热滞后现象以得到更准确的计算结果,本文对上述等温两步法进行了一些改进,排除了由表面汽化所控制的短暂的升速干燥段,以内部扩散占主导的降速干燥段计算Deff。花生壳的干燥结果表明,改进的等温两步法的计算结果更加可靠。由于升速干燥段比较短暂,对整个干燥过程的影响较小,改进前后的等温两步法的计算结果比较接近。在非等温一步法中,由于TGA能够精确进行温度控制,生物质的热滞后显现基本得以消除。在升温速率2-8℃/min时,非等温的结算结果包含于等温两步法的计算结果(30和100℃)内。非等温一步法用料需求低、试验次数少,降低了热滞后效应,计算结果稳定可靠,是一种较好的测定生物质干燥参数的方法。
(3)烘焙预处理改性提质生物质原料的研究
烘焙是一种在常压、隔绝氧气的情况下,反应温度介于200～300℃之间的慢速热解过程。本文对生物质烘焙的实验方法进行了改进,明确了烘焙时间,确保了生物质样品的理化特性变化以及挥发分析出都在设定的烘焙温度下进行。稻壳经过烘焙预处理后,纤维结构遭到破坏,体积逐渐缩小,研磨性能得到改善,疏水性明显增强,在260℃中温烘焙可获得平均孔径最小、比表面积最大的较好孔结构的固体产物。
随着烘焙温度的提高,挥发分含量逐渐减少,而灰分和固定碳含量大幅上升。硫元素和氮元素在烘焙中基本保持不变,氢元素含量少许下降,碳元素含量逐渐升高,氧元素含量大量减少。能量得率与固体得率具有相似的变化趋势,都随着烘焙温度的升高和烘焙时间的增加而降低。半纤维素在烘焙中大量分解,纤维素含量变化不大,而木质素的含量大幅上升。TG-FTIR分析表明,半纤维素的大量分解是稻壳理化特性变化的主要原因。随着一些含氧官能团的断裂和脱出,固体产物的有机官能团逐渐简化；液体产物含有大量的水分和少量的乙酸；烘焙气体产物有CO2和CO组成。
(4)干燥和烘焙预处理对生物质热解影响的研究
生物质热解过程可以分为干燥、主脱挥发分和缓慢脱挥发分三个阶段。DTG曲线中有三个不同的峰,第一个是失水峰,第二个是半纤维素热解形成的肩状侧峰,第三个是由纤维素热解形成的热解主峰。干燥预处理提高了秸秆整体热解速率和挥发分产率,同时也提高了生物油的热值,降低了生物油中的水分含量。Py-GC/MS分析表明,水分对稻壳热解产物的种类和生成途径没有多少影响。水分的存在,相对减少了生物质原料中有机组分的含量,使得热解产物中的化学品含量相对减少。
稻壳经中高温烘焙(260℃和290℃)后,半纤维素大量分解,热解失重肩峰消失。随着烘焙温度的升高,生物油中水分明显减少、热值逐渐增加,酸性也有不同程度的降低。这有助于生物油的储存和高值化利用。烘焙过程促进了不可冷凝气和焦炭的生成,在中低温(小于260℃)烘焙时,液体(生物油和烘焙液)仍然是主要产物,而在高温(290℃)烘焙时,不可冷凝气是主要产物。Py-GC/MS表明,烘焙对快速热解产物种类没有影响,但提高了木质素热解产物中酚类物质的含量。
The total quantity of biomass resources is huge, but the quality is low. Too much moisture in raw materials always leads to delay pyrolysis reaction, increase the heating cost and destruct the stability of pyrolysis liquid products. In addition, the biomass has many adverse characteristics, such as strong hydrophilicity, high oxygen contents, low energy density, not easy to store and wide dispersion. These drawbacks cause higher costs in the transport and storage, which limits the further development of biomass utilization technology. Based on this background, the research was carried out to obtain high quality biomass pyrolysis feedstock by dry ing and torrefaction methods. In this work, the heat and mass transfer mechanism of biomass drying was first systematically researched, and then two convenient methods were proposed for determination of effective moisture diffusivity, finally torrefaction mechanism of biomass and the effect of drying and torrefaction on biomass pyrolysis were in-depth studied.
(1) The heat and mass transfer mechanism of biomass isothermal and non-isothermal drying
The drying of biomass is a complicated heat and mass transfer process. Under isothermal condition, the whole process can be divided into three stages:rising rate period, first falling rate period and second falling rate period, which is closely related to the bonding force between water and biomass. Midillokucuk model shows the best fit to experimental dying data of rice straw under isothermal condition, while the Page model is the best model for describing the non-isothermal conditions of sawdust, cotton stalk and rice straw. There is an internal relation between heat and mass transfer, and the total heat flow can be decomposed into three components:heat flow from the water evaporation, heat flow from the heat capacity of unevaporated water and heat flow from the heat capacity of dry base biomass. The main part of the heat requirement of drying is corresponds to water evaporation. The simulative results agree well with the experimental ones, showing the reliability of the drying kinetics and the thermal simulation.
(2) The measuring method of the effective moisture diffusion coefficient in biomass
The isothermal two-step method and the non-isothermal one-step method were proposed for measuring the moisture diffusion coefficient. In the isothermal two-step method, Deff can be obtained with the Fick diffusion law, and the drying activation energy can be calculated by the relation of the ln(Deff) and1/(T+273.15). This method overcomes the difficulty of the isothermal condition which is difficult to achieve. In order to reduce the influence of the thermal hysteresis phenomenon and get a more accurate calculation result, this paper has made some improvements to the isothermal two-step method. The rising rate period which is controlled by the surface vaporization is excluded and the falling rate period which is dominated by the internal diffusion was used to calculate the Deff.The results show that the improved isothermal two-step method is more reliable. The calculation results of the isothermal two-step method is relatively close between the before improvement and the after improvement. In the non-isothermal one-step method, the phenomenon of the biomass thermal hysteresis is eliminated. When the heating rate is2～8℃/min, the result of the non-isothermal one-step method was included in the isothermal two-step method (30and100℃). The non-isothermal one-step method has some advantages, such as, fewer material requirements, less experiments, reducing the thermal hysteresis, and the calculation result reliable. It is a better measuring method of the biomass drying parameters.
(3) Torrefaction research for preparation high-quality biomass feedstock
Torrefaction is a slow pyrolysis process that occurs at atmospheric pressure and in the200～300℃temperature range in the absence of oxygen. The experimental method of torrefaction on biomass was improved in this study. Residence time could be determined more easily, so that the biomass material was torrefied under pre-determined temperature. The textural structure of rice husk was destroyed and the bulk was gently shrunk after the torrefaction pretreatment. Besides, the grinding performance was improved and the hydrophobicity was largely enhanced. The solid product with favourable pore structure, namely minimum average pore size and maximum specific surface area, was attained at260℃.
The volatiles gradually decreased while the ash and fixed carbon substantially increased with the temperature increase. The sulfur and nitrogen contents remained unchanged, the hydrogen content slightly decreased, the carbon content gently increased, and the oxygen heavily decreased in the process of torrefaction. Both the energy and solid mass yleld decreased with the increase of operating temperature and residence time. The hemicellulose was mostly decomposed, the cellulose remained unchanged, and the lignin increased greatly after torrefaction. The results of TG-FTIR indicated that the change of physicochemical property of rice husk was mainly owed to the decomposition of the hemicellulose. The organic functional groups of solid product were simplified as a result of the breakage and removal of some oxygen-containing functional group. The liquid product contained plentiful water and a little ethanol and the gaseous product was composed of CO2and CO.
(4) Effect of drying and torrefaction on biomass feedstock pyrolysis
Biomass pyrolysis has three stages:moisture evaporation, main devolatilization, and continuous slight devolatilization. Moisture loss peak, the shoulder side peak formed by the hemicellulose pyrolysis, and the sharp main peak formed by cellulose pyrolysis are the three different peaks in the DTG curve. The drying pretreatment improves the overall rate of straw pyrolysis and volatile matter yield, but also improve the calorific value of the bio-oil, reducing the moisture content in the bio-oil. The Py-GC/MS analysis showed that the moisture content in rice husk had little effect on thermal decomposition products. The relative reduction of pyrolysis products result from the relative reduction of the organic content of dried biomass.
The weight loss peak of hemicellulose is disappear when the torrefaction temperature is high (260and290℃). As the torrefaction temperature increases, the moisture in the bio-oil and the acidity are significantly reduced while the calorific value is gradually increased. This helps bio-oil storage and high-value use. The baking process for the generation of non-condensible gas and coke, baking, liquid (bio-oil and baking liquid) is still the main product in the low temperature (less than260℃), while in the high temperature (290℃) baking, non-condensible The gas is the main product. The Py-GC/MS show that baking has no effect on the types of fast pyrolysis products, but improving the content of phenolic compounds in the lignin pyrolysis products.
(1)生物质等温和非等温干燥的传热传质机理研究
生物质干燥是一个复杂的传热传质过程。在等温条件下,生物质干燥过程可分为升速干燥段、第一降速干燥段和第二降速干燥段,水分与物料结合力的不同是导致出现不同干燥阶段的主要原因。提高干燥温度和减小颗粒粒径有助于提高干燥速率,降低最终含水量。干燥动力学分析表明,Midilli模型对秸秆等温干燥的模拟效果最好,而非等温Page模型能很好地模拟木屑、稻壳和棉花秆的非等温干燥过程。传热传质有紧密的内在联系,干燥热流由水分蒸发热流、未蒸发水分热容热流、干秸秆热容热流三部分叠加而成,其中水分蒸发热流是主要部分。干燥吸热主要用于水分的扩散和蒸发。干燥需热量模拟值与实验值吻合较好,表明了干燥动力学分析以及热流模拟的可靠性。
(2)生物质有效水分扩散系数测定方法的研究
提出了基于热重分析的等温两步法和非等温一步法,以准确快速测定生物质颗粒的水分扩散系数(Deff)。在等温两步法中,利用Fick扩散定律可以得到Deff,再通过ln(Defff)和1/(T+273.15)的关系可以计算干燥活化能。本方法对样品需求量少、实验简单、计算简便,基本上克服了等温条件难以实现的困难。为了尽可能减少热滞后现象以得到更准确的计算结果,本文对上述等温两步法进行了一些改进,排除了由表面汽化所控制的短暂的升速干燥段,以内部扩散占主导的降速干燥段计算Deff。花生壳的干燥结果表明,改进的等温两步法的计算结果更加可靠。由于升速干燥段比较短暂,对整个干燥过程的影响较小,改进前后的等温两步法的计算结果比较接近。在非等温一步法中,由于TGA能够精确进行温度控制,生物质的热滞后显现基本得以消除。在升温速率2-8℃/min时,非等温的结算结果包含于等温两步法的计算结果(30和100℃)内。非等温一步法用料需求低、试验次数少,降低了热滞后效应,计算结果稳定可靠,是一种较好的测定生物质干燥参数的方法。
(3)烘焙预处理改性提质生物质原料的研究
烘焙是一种在常压、隔绝氧气的情况下,反应温度介于200～300℃之间的慢速热解过程。本文对生物质烘焙的实验方法进行了改进,明确了烘焙时间,确保了生物质样品的理化特性变化以及挥发分析出都在设定的烘焙温度下进行。稻壳经过烘焙预处理后,纤维结构遭到破坏,体积逐渐缩小,研磨性能得到改善,疏水性明显增强,在260℃中温烘焙可获得平均孔径最小、比表面积最大的较好孔结构的固体产物。
随着烘焙温度的提高,挥发分含量逐渐减少,而灰分和固定碳含量大幅上升。硫元素和氮元素在烘焙中基本保持不变,氢元素含量少许下降,碳元素含量逐渐升高,氧元素含量大量减少。能量得率与固体得率具有相似的变化趋势,都随着烘焙温度的升高和烘焙时间的增加而降低。半纤维素在烘焙中大量分解,纤维素含量变化不大,而木质素的含量大幅上升。TG-FTIR分析表明,半纤维素的大量分解是稻壳理化特性变化的主要原因。随着一些含氧官能团的断裂和脱出,固体产物的有机官能团逐渐简化；液体产物含有大量的水分和少量的乙酸；烘焙气体产物有CO2和CO组成。
(4)干燥和烘焙预处理对生物质热解影响的研究
生物质热解过程可以分为干燥、主脱挥发分和缓慢脱挥发分三个阶段。DTG曲线中有三个不同的峰,第一个是失水峰,第二个是半纤维素热解形成的肩状侧峰,第三个是由纤维素热解形成的热解主峰。干燥预处理提高了秸秆整体热解速率和挥发分产率,同时也提高了生物油的热值,降低了生物油中的水分含量。Py-GC/MS分析表明,水分对稻壳热解产物的种类和生成途径没有多少影响。水分的存在,相对减少了生物质原料中有机组分的含量,使得热解产物中的化学品含量相对减少。
稻壳经中高温烘焙(260℃和290℃)后,半纤维素大量分解,热解失重肩峰消失。随着烘焙温度的升高,生物油中水分明显减少、热值逐渐增加,酸性也有不同程度的降低。这有助于生物油的储存和高值化利用。烘焙过程促进了不可冷凝气和焦炭的生成,在中低温(小于260℃)烘焙时,液体(生物油和烘焙液)仍然是主要产物,而在高温(290℃)烘焙时,不可冷凝气是主要产物。Py-GC/MS表明,烘焙对快速热解产物种类没有影响,但提高了木质素热解产物中酚类物质的含量。
The total quantity of biomass resources is huge, but the quality is low. Too much moisture in raw materials always leads to delay pyrolysis reaction, increase the heating cost and destruct the stability of pyrolysis liquid products. In addition, the biomass has many adverse characteristics, such as strong hydrophilicity, high oxygen contents, low energy density, not easy to store and wide dispersion. These drawbacks cause higher costs in the transport and storage, which limits the further development of biomass utilization technology. Based on this background, the research was carried out to obtain high quality biomass pyrolysis feedstock by dry ing and torrefaction methods. In this work, the heat and mass transfer mechanism of biomass drying was first systematically researched, and then two convenient methods were proposed for determination of effective moisture diffusivity, finally torrefaction mechanism of biomass and the effect of drying and torrefaction on biomass pyrolysis were in-depth studied.
(1) The heat and mass transfer mechanism of biomass isothermal and non-isothermal drying
The drying of biomass is a complicated heat and mass transfer process. Under isothermal condition, the whole process can be divided into three stages:rising rate period, first falling rate period and second falling rate period, which is closely related to the bonding force between water and biomass. Midillokucuk model shows the best fit to experimental dying data of rice straw under isothermal condition, while the Page model is the best model for describing the non-isothermal conditions of sawdust, cotton stalk and rice straw. There is an internal relation between heat and mass transfer, and the total heat flow can be decomposed into three components:heat flow from the water evaporation, heat flow from the heat capacity of unevaporated water and heat flow from the heat capacity of dry base biomass. The main part of the heat requirement of drying is corresponds to water evaporation. The simulative results agree well with the experimental ones, showing the reliability of the drying kinetics and the thermal simulation.
(2) The measuring method of the effective moisture diffusion coefficient in biomass
The isothermal two-step method and the non-isothermal one-step method were proposed for measuring the moisture diffusion coefficient. In the isothermal two-step method, Deff can be obtained with the Fick diffusion law, and the drying activation energy can be calculated by the relation of the ln(Deff) and1/(T+273.15). This method overcomes the difficulty of the isothermal condition which is difficult to achieve. In order to reduce the influence of the thermal hysteresis phenomenon and get a more accurate calculation result, this paper has made some improvements to the isothermal two-step method. The rising rate period which is controlled by the surface vaporization is excluded and the falling rate period which is dominated by the internal diffusion was used to calculate the Deff.The results show that the improved isothermal two-step method is more reliable. The calculation results of the isothermal two-step method is relatively close between the before improvement and the after improvement. In the non-isothermal one-step method, the phenomenon of the biomass thermal hysteresis is eliminated. When the heating rate is2～8℃/min, the result of the non-isothermal one-step method was included in the isothermal two-step method (30and100℃). The non-isothermal one-step method has some advantages, such as, fewer material requirements, less experiments, reducing the thermal hysteresis, and the calculation result reliable. It is a better measuring method of the biomass drying parameters.
(3) Torrefaction research for preparation high-quality biomass feedstock
Torrefaction is a slow pyrolysis process that occurs at atmospheric pressure and in the200～300℃temperature range in the absence of oxygen. The experimental method of torrefaction on biomass was improved in this study. Residence time could be determined more easily, so that the biomass material was torrefied under pre-determined temperature. The textural structure of rice husk was destroyed and the bulk was gently shrunk after the torrefaction pretreatment. Besides, the grinding performance was improved and the hydrophobicity was largely enhanced. The solid product with favourable pore structure, namely minimum average pore size and maximum specific surface area, was attained at260℃.
The volatiles gradually decreased while the ash and fixed carbon substantially increased with the temperature increase. The sulfur and nitrogen contents remained unchanged, the hydrogen content slightly decreased, the carbon content gently increased, and the oxygen heavily decreased in the process of torrefaction. Both the energy and solid mass yleld decreased with the increase of operating temperature and residence time. The hemicellulose was mostly decomposed, the cellulose remained unchanged, and the lignin increased greatly after torrefaction. The results of TG-FTIR indicated that the change of physicochemical property of rice husk was mainly owed to the decomposition of the hemicellulose. The organic functional groups of solid product were simplified as a result of the breakage and removal of some oxygen-containing functional group. The liquid product contained plentiful water and a little ethanol and the gaseous product was composed of CO2and CO.
(4) Effect of drying and torrefaction on biomass feedstock pyrolysis
Biomass pyrolysis has three stages:moisture evaporation, main devolatilization, and continuous slight devolatilization. Moisture loss peak, the shoulder side peak formed by the hemicellulose pyrolysis, and the sharp main peak formed by cellulose pyrolysis are the three different peaks in the DTG curve. The drying pretreatment improves the overall rate of straw pyrolysis and volatile matter yield, but also improve the calorific value of the bio-oil, reducing the moisture content in the bio-oil. The Py-GC/MS analysis showed that the moisture content in rice husk had little effect on thermal decomposition products. The relative reduction of pyrolysis products result from the relative reduction of the organic content of dried biomass.
The weight loss peak of hemicellulose is disappear when the torrefaction temperature is high (260and290℃). As the torrefaction temperature increases, the moisture in the bio-oil and the acidity are significantly reduced while the calorific value is gradually increased. This helps bio-oil storage and high-value use. The baking process for the generation of non-condensible gas and coke, baking, liquid (bio-oil and baking liquid) is still the main product in the low temperature (less than260℃), while in the high temperature (290℃) baking, non-condensible The gas is the main product. The Py-GC/MS show that baking has no effect on the types of fast pyrolysis products, but improving the content of phenolic compounds in the lignin pyrolysis products.
引文
[1]BP世界能源统计年鉴(2012年6月).bp.com/statisticalreview.
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