生物质燃料干燥和燃烧特性研究
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摘要
随着化石能源的日益枯竭以及焚烧化石燃料引发一系列环境问题,可再生能源日益受到关注,其中生物质能以其清洁性与C02零排放性备受亲睐。生物质发电是利用农业、林业和工业废弃物、城市垃圾等为原料,采取直接燃烧或气化的发电方式。
生物质电厂燃料水分含量变化范围宽,收获季节农作物秸秆的初含水量通常在30%以上,长时间储存非常容易引起秸秆变质。生物质炉排炉直燃技术由于其良好的燃料适应性及不需要对燃料进行预处理而受到普遍关注。尽管炉排炉在国内已经运行和调试多年,但炉排炉仍然存在飞灰含碳量高、燃烧效率低、污染物排放高等问题,且生物质所含元素类型与特性,焚烧时极易引起燃烧系统的积灰、腐蚀等问题。因此深入了解生物质锅炉的干燥和燃烧特性具有重要意义。
针对生物质电厂燃料的特性,以玉米秆和稻壳为原料,研究干燥温度、原料初始水分含量和料层厚度耦合作用下的干燥特性,绘制干燥曲线,获得不同生物质原料的最佳干燥温度区间；以玉米秆为原料,研究了干燥条件对与料层厚度耦合作用下的干燥特性；以玉米秆、高粱秆和稻壳为原料,研究了料层厚度、干燥条件与空气湿度多因素作用下的干燥特性；在空气氛围下以玉米秆为原料开展了多因素作用下的干燥脱挥发分实验,综合考察温度、燃料初始水分含量及料层厚度对其干燥脱挥发分的影响。在此基础上提出一种新型蓄热式干燥方案,为生物质直燃锅炉的设计及优化提供必要的基础数据。
鉴于目前我国锅炉炉内除尘设备的种种缺陷,在深入了解48t/h生物质锅炉存在问题的基础上,提出一种新型的炉内预除尘设备,利用惯性分离原理进行大粒径颗粒的分离,此设备布置在烟道转向处,由三组竖直与倾斜导流挡板组成,不仅可以进行炉内预除尘,且能矫正竖直烟道的气流走向,使得生物质直燃炉严重的气流偏斜得到了很好的缓解。另外,提出双炉排改造方案,通过改变一次风、二次风、点火风的配比,改变前后墙二次风量比,采取双炉排燃烧方式,以使生物质在炉内能够充分燃烧,提高生物质在炉内停留时间,确保生物质燃料燃尽,提高生物质锅炉燃烧效率。通过开展数值模拟、冷态实验和热态实验,获得燃烧特性参数,验证改造方案的可行性,并为生物质电站锅炉的运行提供参考数据。
Renewable energy has received more attention along with the exhaustion of fossil energy and environmental problems caused by combustion of fossil fuel. Biomass energy is an important renewable source for cleaning and zero CO2emission. Wastes from agriculture, forestry and municipal refuse could be used for power generation through direct combustion or gasification methods.
The range of moisture changed in biomass is wide. Initial moisture content of crop straws can be higher than30wt%, and longtime storage would cause straw deterioration. Biomass grate boiler direct combustion technology got general attention for its preferable fuel adaptability and no need for pretreatment. Unfortunately, grate boiler still has some operation problems such as high carbon content in fly ash, low combustion efficiency and high pollutant discharge, although it has been operated and debugged for many years in our country. Besides, combustion system could be readily deposited and corroded due to the element characteristics in biomass fuel. Consequently, understanding of the drying and combustion properties of biomass boiler possesses a great significance.
Influence of moisture content, pyrolysis and volatile removal properties of biomass fuel to boiler combustion efficiency and operation stability was investigated in this paper. Cornstalk and rice husk were selected as raw materials to research the drying property with various drying temperature, initial moisture content and material layer thickness. The optimum drying temperature interval was obtained through the analysis of drying curve. Furthermore, drying characteristics of core stalk was studied under coupling effect of drying conditions and material layer thickness. Drying characteristics with diverse material layer thickness, drying conditions and air moisture was investigated with core stalk, sorghum straw and rice husk. Devolatilization experiments were conducted under multiple factors with corn stalk in air atmosphere, and influence of temperature, initial moisture of fuel and material layer thickness to devolatilization was investigated. On the basis of drying and devolatilization curves, regenerative drying scheme was proposed, and the experimental results could provide necessary data base for the design and optimization of biomass direct combustion boiler.
Considering the deficiencies of the existed biomass boiler dust removal equipment in China, on the basis of a deep understanding the existing problems of the48t/h biomass boiler, a new type of equipment for dust removal in furnace was put forward. The equipment makes use of the inertia separation principle for large particle separation, and it is arranged in the turning of pass, being composed of three groups of vertical and inclined baffle. The device can not only remove dust in furnace, but also correct the flue gas flow direction, relieving the severe airflow deviation of the biomass boiler. Double grates modification scheme was proposed according to the operation status of a48t/h biomass boiler in Bio Energy Group. Biomass fuel could be fully burned through changing the proportion between primary air, secondary air, ignite air and secondary air rate in front and rear wall using double grates combustion method. Besides, residence time of biomass fuel in furnace could increase through such a scheme, and combustion efficiency could hence be promoted. Combustion characteristic parameters would be obtained by conducting numerical simulation, cold-state and thermal state experiments. Feasibility of reforming scheme can be tested and then reference data for the operation of biomass power plant boilers can be provided.
生物质电厂燃料水分含量变化范围宽,收获季节农作物秸秆的初含水量通常在30%以上,长时间储存非常容易引起秸秆变质。生物质炉排炉直燃技术由于其良好的燃料适应性及不需要对燃料进行预处理而受到普遍关注。尽管炉排炉在国内已经运行和调试多年,但炉排炉仍然存在飞灰含碳量高、燃烧效率低、污染物排放高等问题,且生物质所含元素类型与特性,焚烧时极易引起燃烧系统的积灰、腐蚀等问题。因此深入了解生物质锅炉的干燥和燃烧特性具有重要意义。
针对生物质电厂燃料的特性,以玉米秆和稻壳为原料,研究干燥温度、原料初始水分含量和料层厚度耦合作用下的干燥特性,绘制干燥曲线,获得不同生物质原料的最佳干燥温度区间；以玉米秆为原料,研究了干燥条件对与料层厚度耦合作用下的干燥特性；以玉米秆、高粱秆和稻壳为原料,研究了料层厚度、干燥条件与空气湿度多因素作用下的干燥特性；在空气氛围下以玉米秆为原料开展了多因素作用下的干燥脱挥发分实验,综合考察温度、燃料初始水分含量及料层厚度对其干燥脱挥发分的影响。在此基础上提出一种新型蓄热式干燥方案,为生物质直燃锅炉的设计及优化提供必要的基础数据。
鉴于目前我国锅炉炉内除尘设备的种种缺陷,在深入了解48t/h生物质锅炉存在问题的基础上,提出一种新型的炉内预除尘设备,利用惯性分离原理进行大粒径颗粒的分离,此设备布置在烟道转向处,由三组竖直与倾斜导流挡板组成,不仅可以进行炉内预除尘,且能矫正竖直烟道的气流走向,使得生物质直燃炉严重的气流偏斜得到了很好的缓解。另外,提出双炉排改造方案,通过改变一次风、二次风、点火风的配比,改变前后墙二次风量比,采取双炉排燃烧方式,以使生物质在炉内能够充分燃烧,提高生物质在炉内停留时间,确保生物质燃料燃尽,提高生物质锅炉燃烧效率。通过开展数值模拟、冷态实验和热态实验,获得燃烧特性参数,验证改造方案的可行性,并为生物质电站锅炉的运行提供参考数据。
Renewable energy has received more attention along with the exhaustion of fossil energy and environmental problems caused by combustion of fossil fuel. Biomass energy is an important renewable source for cleaning and zero CO2emission. Wastes from agriculture, forestry and municipal refuse could be used for power generation through direct combustion or gasification methods.
The range of moisture changed in biomass is wide. Initial moisture content of crop straws can be higher than30wt%, and longtime storage would cause straw deterioration. Biomass grate boiler direct combustion technology got general attention for its preferable fuel adaptability and no need for pretreatment. Unfortunately, grate boiler still has some operation problems such as high carbon content in fly ash, low combustion efficiency and high pollutant discharge, although it has been operated and debugged for many years in our country. Besides, combustion system could be readily deposited and corroded due to the element characteristics in biomass fuel. Consequently, understanding of the drying and combustion properties of biomass boiler possesses a great significance.
Influence of moisture content, pyrolysis and volatile removal properties of biomass fuel to boiler combustion efficiency and operation stability was investigated in this paper. Cornstalk and rice husk were selected as raw materials to research the drying property with various drying temperature, initial moisture content and material layer thickness. The optimum drying temperature interval was obtained through the analysis of drying curve. Furthermore, drying characteristics of core stalk was studied under coupling effect of drying conditions and material layer thickness. Drying characteristics with diverse material layer thickness, drying conditions and air moisture was investigated with core stalk, sorghum straw and rice husk. Devolatilization experiments were conducted under multiple factors with corn stalk in air atmosphere, and influence of temperature, initial moisture of fuel and material layer thickness to devolatilization was investigated. On the basis of drying and devolatilization curves, regenerative drying scheme was proposed, and the experimental results could provide necessary data base for the design and optimization of biomass direct combustion boiler.
Considering the deficiencies of the existed biomass boiler dust removal equipment in China, on the basis of a deep understanding the existing problems of the48t/h biomass boiler, a new type of equipment for dust removal in furnace was put forward. The equipment makes use of the inertia separation principle for large particle separation, and it is arranged in the turning of pass, being composed of three groups of vertical and inclined baffle. The device can not only remove dust in furnace, but also correct the flue gas flow direction, relieving the severe airflow deviation of the biomass boiler. Double grates modification scheme was proposed according to the operation status of a48t/h biomass boiler in Bio Energy Group. Biomass fuel could be fully burned through changing the proportion between primary air, secondary air, ignite air and secondary air rate in front and rear wall using double grates combustion method. Besides, residence time of biomass fuel in furnace could increase through such a scheme, and combustion efficiency could hence be promoted. Combustion characteristic parameters would be obtained by conducting numerical simulation, cold-state and thermal state experiments. Feasibility of reforming scheme can be tested and then reference data for the operation of biomass power plant boilers can be provided.
引文
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