基于GIS的灌溉输配水管网优化研究
|
摘要
管道输、配水灌溉系统与其它节水灌溉技术相比在提高灌溉水利用率、节省农田、便于机耕和扩大灌溉面积等方面都显示了巨大的效益和潜力。管道化灌溉将是本世纪节水灌溉发展的一个重要趋势,但与此相应的是管道系统建设规划设计内容复杂,需要的材料和设备多,一次性投资较高。因此进行灌溉管网优化设计,即寻求满足水量、水压、流速等约束条件,使管网投资、年运行费或单位面积上的投资最小,系统可靠性高的设计方案,对节约投资、降低能耗、促进新技术的发展都有重要的现实意义。
本文以灌溉输、配水管网的优化为研究对象,借鉴前人研究成果,采用现代数学优化方法,对各类管网的优化设计模型进行研究,取得了以下几个方面的进展:
1)建立了树状管网优化布置的数学模型,该模型的目标函数仅有各个管段的长度和流量,既考虑了流量的变化,又摒除了管材的价格、规格型号等因素的影响,使优化计算更直接、简便。在建立模型和求解的过程中,把图论理论和列队竞争算法应用到其中,通过实例验证表明所建立的树状优化布置模型可行,编码方式合理,需要输入的数据少,计算简单,能得到管网优化布置的最优解。
2)以往的管网优化模型都是以管材费用或者经过折算的管材费用最小为目标建立优化模型的,它忽略了其它费用项对对优化结果的影响,只能达到使管材费用最小的目标,并不能达到管网系统整体投资费用的最小的目的。在树状重力输、配水管网中,提出了以两种重力水头利用率,即管段水头利用率和路径水头利用率最大为目标建立优化设计模型,既达到管材费用较小,又充分利用地形落差所产生的重力水头,减少消能减压设施的费用,真正达到使系统总投资最小的目标。用列队竞争算法对该模型进行求解,通过实例验证表明用该方法适用于树状重力输、配水管网的优化设计,且当项目所在地的地形落差较大时,优化效果更显著。该方法收敛速度快,而以路径重力水头利用率为目标函数的模型因没有约束条件的限制,计算速度更快。
3)现有的管网规划模型大都是确定性规划模型,但在系统的使用年限内,各用水单位的需水量、灌水方法、管道输水能力都是变化的,即有一些设计参数在设计年限内是变化的。本文将管段设计流量、管道粗糙系数、节点工作水头作为随机变量,建立了基于约束规划的树状管网不确定优化模型。通过算例分析表明,不确定优化模型与确定性优化模型所得的优化结果中,如管段设计流量、管径组合方案以及管材费用等都有显著的不同,且该模型与实际情况更接近。在实际的规划设计当中,需要对工程进行实地的考察分析来确定不确定规划的有关参数,如随机变量的方差、置信水平等。
4)环状管网由于节点压力分布均匀,水量调度灵活,管道利用率高而得到了广泛的应用,但目前对环状管网优化设计的研究则比较少。环状管网优化优化计算的核心是管网的水力平衡计算,其目的是在确定管径的情况下求出满足连续方程和能量方程的节点压力水头和管段设计流量。本文用列队竞争算法产生管段组合方案并进行优化计算,用基于图论理论的水力平衡计算模型计算出满足连续方程和能量方程的各节点压力水头、所需扬程和管段设计流量等,该模型把复杂的水力计算转化为向量、矩阵运算,且无需进行初始流量分配。
5)目前制约灌溉管网优化设计发展的其中一个原因是管网的规划设计没有与考虑将它和实际地形相结合,而它本身又受地形的影响与制约,所以在一定程度上管网的优化研究还停留的在理论研究上。本文将地理信息系统以及数据库技术应用到管网的优化当中,用地理信息系统的空间分析和网络分析功能和数据库的大量数据存储、计算处理能力,实现了地图、优化计算模型和管网数据的存储、读取的无缝连接,将优化计算结果可视化显示出来,用起来更方便直观。
6)所建立的模型都是以实际应用为最终目标的。本文在所建立的模型的基础上,用Visual Basic编程语言、MapX组件和Access数据库开发了灌溉输、配水管网优化软件。并通过工程实例对所建立的模型和程序进行了验证和测试。
Compared with other water-saving irrigation technology, delivery and distribution pipe network systems have great superiority and developmental potential in improving the utilization of irrigation water, saving farmland, expanding irrigated area and tractor-plowing. Pipeline networks will be an important trend for water-saving irrigation in the development of irrigation. Meanwhile, pipeline network systems are complex to design, need much more materials and equipment; its first-time investment is much higher. Seeking the optimum plan of pipe network with the higher irrigation quality, less investment and lower consumption of energy can produce great economy benefits using the optimal design theory, methods and tools.
This paper takes irrigation pipe network optimization as research object, based on the summarization of the domestic and foreign pipe network optimization and the optimized technology achievement, using modern mathematics optimization method, discussed several type of pipe network. The mainly research achievements of this paper are as flowers:
1) Build the optimal layout model for tree pipe network. The objective function of this model only has parameters of pipe length and flow, not only take flow change into consideration but also exclude the influence from pipe price, pipe type, etc, that get the optimal calculation directly and easy. Use the graph theory and LCA (Line-up Competition Algorithm) in the process of modeling and computer, LCA with the f two means competition that between families and inside a family and little controls parameter was introduced in optimal design. It was testified by case study that this model can obtain the optimal result, and is better in search efficiency and stability compared with other algorithm.
2) Previous irrigation pipe network model take pipe cost as objective function in pipe network optimization which ignored the other fee for network build and run, can’t guarantee that the optimal design calculated by that objective function can provides a satisfactory performance practically. This paper proposed take the utilization degree of gravity head to evaluate the design’s utilization rate of pressure drop created by hypsography, using two different expressions namely utilization rate of pipe gravity head and utilization rate of path gravity head as network optimization objective functions. The result testified by case study and compared with the model based on minimization of cost showed that the method this paper proposed is more suitable for tree pipe network with more elevation difference and can obtain the optimal result and is superior in search efficiency.
3) The existed water distribution pipe net work deterministic optimal design model simplified the influence factor for model development, but many parameters is uncertain in practical, the existed model doesn’t consider the influence on optimal result of uncertain parameter. This paper took pipe flow, node required minimal water head and pipe roughness coefficient as stochastic, established pipe network chance-constrained programming models for optimal design of water distribution network by gravity pressure and pump station. Based on the technical of stochastic simulation, line-up competition algorithm was applied for model solving. The result testified by case study showed that the uncertain parameter had obvious influence to optimal result, and with the wider variable range, the larger pump and cost.
4) For evenly pressure distribution, flexible flow dispatch and high rate of pipe utilization, the loop network is widely used, but the research about it is less. The core of loop pipe network optimization is hydraulic balance calculate, to get pipe pressure, flow, pump head etc. This paper use LCA to optimal calculation, and graph theory to hydraulic balance calculation, make the complicated hydraulic calculation become simple matrix transform, needn’t initial flow distribution.
5) One of the main factors that restrict the development of pipe network optimization is that the optimal design isn’t take the terrain into account. In some extent, the pipe network optimal is still remains at theoretical research. This paper takes GIS and Access Database into irrigation pipe network optimization, uses spatial analysis and network analysis function of GIS, data store and data processing function of database, achieve seamless link of map, optimal model and data’s read-write and store, the result can be showed by three approach, such as map, program and database.
6) All optimal models build are for practical application. The program using Visual Basic language, MapX COM (Component Object Model) and Access database have been designed for irrigation delivery and distribution pipe network optimization. The models and the program tested by case study showed that the program have great practicality and universality.
本文以灌溉输、配水管网的优化为研究对象,借鉴前人研究成果,采用现代数学优化方法,对各类管网的优化设计模型进行研究,取得了以下几个方面的进展:
1)建立了树状管网优化布置的数学模型,该模型的目标函数仅有各个管段的长度和流量,既考虑了流量的变化,又摒除了管材的价格、规格型号等因素的影响,使优化计算更直接、简便。在建立模型和求解的过程中,把图论理论和列队竞争算法应用到其中,通过实例验证表明所建立的树状优化布置模型可行,编码方式合理,需要输入的数据少,计算简单,能得到管网优化布置的最优解。
2)以往的管网优化模型都是以管材费用或者经过折算的管材费用最小为目标建立优化模型的,它忽略了其它费用项对对优化结果的影响,只能达到使管材费用最小的目标,并不能达到管网系统整体投资费用的最小的目的。在树状重力输、配水管网中,提出了以两种重力水头利用率,即管段水头利用率和路径水头利用率最大为目标建立优化设计模型,既达到管材费用较小,又充分利用地形落差所产生的重力水头,减少消能减压设施的费用,真正达到使系统总投资最小的目标。用列队竞争算法对该模型进行求解,通过实例验证表明用该方法适用于树状重力输、配水管网的优化设计,且当项目所在地的地形落差较大时,优化效果更显著。该方法收敛速度快,而以路径重力水头利用率为目标函数的模型因没有约束条件的限制,计算速度更快。
3)现有的管网规划模型大都是确定性规划模型,但在系统的使用年限内,各用水单位的需水量、灌水方法、管道输水能力都是变化的,即有一些设计参数在设计年限内是变化的。本文将管段设计流量、管道粗糙系数、节点工作水头作为随机变量,建立了基于约束规划的树状管网不确定优化模型。通过算例分析表明,不确定优化模型与确定性优化模型所得的优化结果中,如管段设计流量、管径组合方案以及管材费用等都有显著的不同,且该模型与实际情况更接近。在实际的规划设计当中,需要对工程进行实地的考察分析来确定不确定规划的有关参数,如随机变量的方差、置信水平等。
4)环状管网由于节点压力分布均匀,水量调度灵活,管道利用率高而得到了广泛的应用,但目前对环状管网优化设计的研究则比较少。环状管网优化优化计算的核心是管网的水力平衡计算,其目的是在确定管径的情况下求出满足连续方程和能量方程的节点压力水头和管段设计流量。本文用列队竞争算法产生管段组合方案并进行优化计算,用基于图论理论的水力平衡计算模型计算出满足连续方程和能量方程的各节点压力水头、所需扬程和管段设计流量等,该模型把复杂的水力计算转化为向量、矩阵运算,且无需进行初始流量分配。
5)目前制约灌溉管网优化设计发展的其中一个原因是管网的规划设计没有与考虑将它和实际地形相结合,而它本身又受地形的影响与制约,所以在一定程度上管网的优化研究还停留的在理论研究上。本文将地理信息系统以及数据库技术应用到管网的优化当中,用地理信息系统的空间分析和网络分析功能和数据库的大量数据存储、计算处理能力,实现了地图、优化计算模型和管网数据的存储、读取的无缝连接,将优化计算结果可视化显示出来,用起来更方便直观。
6)所建立的模型都是以实际应用为最终目标的。本文在所建立的模型的基础上,用Visual Basic编程语言、MapX组件和Access数据库开发了灌溉输、配水管网优化软件。并通过工程实例对所建立的模型和程序进行了验证和测试。
Compared with other water-saving irrigation technology, delivery and distribution pipe network systems have great superiority and developmental potential in improving the utilization of irrigation water, saving farmland, expanding irrigated area and tractor-plowing. Pipeline networks will be an important trend for water-saving irrigation in the development of irrigation. Meanwhile, pipeline network systems are complex to design, need much more materials and equipment; its first-time investment is much higher. Seeking the optimum plan of pipe network with the higher irrigation quality, less investment and lower consumption of energy can produce great economy benefits using the optimal design theory, methods and tools.
This paper takes irrigation pipe network optimization as research object, based on the summarization of the domestic and foreign pipe network optimization and the optimized technology achievement, using modern mathematics optimization method, discussed several type of pipe network. The mainly research achievements of this paper are as flowers:
1) Build the optimal layout model for tree pipe network. The objective function of this model only has parameters of pipe length and flow, not only take flow change into consideration but also exclude the influence from pipe price, pipe type, etc, that get the optimal calculation directly and easy. Use the graph theory and LCA (Line-up Competition Algorithm) in the process of modeling and computer, LCA with the f two means competition that between families and inside a family and little controls parameter was introduced in optimal design. It was testified by case study that this model can obtain the optimal result, and is better in search efficiency and stability compared with other algorithm.
2) Previous irrigation pipe network model take pipe cost as objective function in pipe network optimization which ignored the other fee for network build and run, can’t guarantee that the optimal design calculated by that objective function can provides a satisfactory performance practically. This paper proposed take the utilization degree of gravity head to evaluate the design’s utilization rate of pressure drop created by hypsography, using two different expressions namely utilization rate of pipe gravity head and utilization rate of path gravity head as network optimization objective functions. The result testified by case study and compared with the model based on minimization of cost showed that the method this paper proposed is more suitable for tree pipe network with more elevation difference and can obtain the optimal result and is superior in search efficiency.
3) The existed water distribution pipe net work deterministic optimal design model simplified the influence factor for model development, but many parameters is uncertain in practical, the existed model doesn’t consider the influence on optimal result of uncertain parameter. This paper took pipe flow, node required minimal water head and pipe roughness coefficient as stochastic, established pipe network chance-constrained programming models for optimal design of water distribution network by gravity pressure and pump station. Based on the technical of stochastic simulation, line-up competition algorithm was applied for model solving. The result testified by case study showed that the uncertain parameter had obvious influence to optimal result, and with the wider variable range, the larger pump and cost.
4) For evenly pressure distribution, flexible flow dispatch and high rate of pipe utilization, the loop network is widely used, but the research about it is less. The core of loop pipe network optimization is hydraulic balance calculate, to get pipe pressure, flow, pump head etc. This paper use LCA to optimal calculation, and graph theory to hydraulic balance calculation, make the complicated hydraulic calculation become simple matrix transform, needn’t initial flow distribution.
5) One of the main factors that restrict the development of pipe network optimization is that the optimal design isn’t take the terrain into account. In some extent, the pipe network optimal is still remains at theoretical research. This paper takes GIS and Access Database into irrigation pipe network optimization, uses spatial analysis and network analysis function of GIS, data store and data processing function of database, achieve seamless link of map, optimal model and data’s read-write and store, the result can be showed by three approach, such as map, program and database.
6) All optimal models build are for practical application. The program using Visual Basic language, MapX COM (Component Object Model) and Access database have been designed for irrigation delivery and distribution pipe network optimization. The models and the program tested by case study showed that the program have great practicality and universality.
引文
[1] 兰才有. 我国发展节水灌溉若干问题的探讨. http://www.water114.cn/new_view.asp?id=1207,2006,7.
[2] 金永堂,孺子牛. 国外低压管道输水灌溉技术发展概况[J]. 节水灌溉 , 1989, 1,43.
[3]《中国水利年鉴》编纂委员会. 中国水利年鉴 2003[M]. 中国水利水电出版社,2003.
[4] 汪志农. 灌溉排水工程学[M]. 北京:中国农业出版社,2000: 147-148.
[5] 白 丹. 树状给水管网的优化[J]. 水利学报,1996, (11): 52-56.
[6] 张启海,李振佳. 井群供水管网优化方法[J].山东工业大学学报,1999,20(1):71-76.
[7] 齐学斌.农田输、配水管网优化设计研究[J]. 海河水利, 1996,(4): 14-16.
[8] 白 丹. 自压喷灌干管管网的优化计算[J]. 农业机械学报, 1995, 26(2): 43-46.
[9] 童水森,潘就兴.喷灌系统田间管网的优化设计及其投资比较[J].节水灌溉,1999,(3): 4-7.
[10] 王新坤,程冬玲,林性粹.枚举法与动态规划法结合优化田间管网[J].干旱地区农业研究, 2001,19(2): 61-66.
[11] 白 丹.给水输、配水管网系统优化设计研究[D].陕西西安:西安理工大学,2003.
[12] 董文楚.树状管网布置的优化方法[J].喷灌技术,1984,(4):4-7.
[13] 周卫平.国外灌溉节水技术的进展及启示[J].节水灌溉,1997 年,(4):18-20.
[14] 陈耀峰.树枝状管网优化布置形式初探[J].地下水,1994,16(1):17-18.
[15] 魏永曜,王雪珍. 树状输、配水管网的优化设计[J].水利学报, 1992 (5): 9-18.
[16] Morgan G., Goulter I. Optimal urban water distribution design [J]. Water Resource Research, 1985,21(5):642-652
[17] LanseyK, Mays L. Optimization model for water distribution system design [J]. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering ASEC, 1989, 115(10): 1401-1418
[18] 周荣敏,雷延峰.管网最优化理论与技术—遗传算法与神经网络[M]. 郑州:黄河水利出版社, 2002.
[19] 陈胜兵,娄金生. 排水管网平面布置的优化[J].工业用水与废水,2005,36(6):47-49
[20] 王 烜,段常贵,于碧涌.基于遗传算法的枝状燃气管网布局优化[J].煤气与热,2005,25(4):1:4
[21] 徐翠兰. 微灌系统随机规划数学模型研究[D]. 江苏南京:河海大学, 2003, 3
[22] 付玉娟.轮灌条件下树状灌溉管网优化设计[D].陕西:西北农林科技大学,2006.
[23] 祝 健.一种环状给水管网流量优化分配方法[J]. 合肥工业大学学报(自然科学版)[J].1999,22(2):70-73
[24] 陈钢军. 环状管网水力计算的图论方法[J].华侨大学学报(自然科学版) [J].1994,15(4):418-422
[25] 陈钢军,林建华. 图论在环状管网水力计算中的应用[J].给水工程.1994,8:5-8
[26] 张学群,运筹学基础[M].北京:经济科学出版社出版.1996
[27] Lorente.S, Wechsatol W, Bejan A. Tree-shaped flow structures designed by minimizing path length [J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2002, 45:3299-3312
[28] De Schaetzen W.B.F, Walters G.A, Savic D.A. Optimal sampling design for model calibration using shortest path genetic and entropy algorithms [J].Urban water, 2000, 2:141-152
[29] Gosselin L, Bejan A.Tree networks for minimal pumping power [J]. International Journal of ThermalScience, 2005, 44:53-63
[30] 谢敬东、王磊、唐国庆. 遗传算法在多目标电网优化规划中的应用[J]. 电力系统自动化,1998,22(10)20-22.
[31] 王仁超,张立岗,杭仁兵. 渠灌区输水系统优化设计问题研究[J]. 水利学报, 2005, (5): 42-48.
[32] 白 丹. 微灌管网系统优化设计[J].农业机械学报, 1997,28(4): 63-68.
[33] 白 丹. 低压管道线性规划模型[J]. 地下水, 1994, 16(3): 115-117.
[34] 裘哲勇.燃气输配的数学模型[J].数学的实践与认识,2004,34(12):1-7.
[35] 魏运才.最优化梯度法的改进[J].工程数学,1996,12(1):77-79.
[36] 刘铁男,苑向兵,杨文升.注水系统建模和优化的理论方法[J].大庆石油学院学报,1995,19(4): 59-62.
[37] 王新坤.微灌管网水力解析及优化设计研究[D]. 陕西杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2004.
[38] 赵树旗. 环状管网优化设计新方法[J]. 华北水利水电学院学报, 1996, 17(2): 84-91.
[39] 张新平,林性粹.正交表优化管网布置的原理[J].上海农学院学报,1993,12(3):20-24.
[40] 王荣和,顾国维.优选管径法在给水管网优化设计中的应用 [J].中国给水排水,1998,14(1):14-18.
[41] 程吉林,金兆森,沈洁等.喷灌系统优化设计混合模型及其求解方法[J].水利学报,1997, (7):60 -65.
[42] Perelman L, Ostfeld A. Water Distribution Systems Optimal Design Using Cross Entropy [J]. CECCO. 2005, 6:25-29.
[43] Dandy,G. C., Simpson, A. R. and Murphy,L. J. Genetic algorithms compared to other techniques for pipe optimization [J]. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management. 1994, 120(4):423-443.
[44] Cunha, M.D.C., Sous. Water distribution network design optimization: simulated annealing approach [J]. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Managemen.1999, 125(4):215-221.
[45] Lippai, I, Heaney, J. P., Laguna, M., Robust. Water system design with commercial intelligent search optimizers [J]. Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering.1999, 13(3):35-143.
[46] 李敏强,寇纪淞,林丹,李书全. 遗传算法的基本理论与应用[M]. 北京:科学出版社,2002.
[47] 王小平,曹立明.遗传算法—理论、应用与软件实现[M]. 西安:西安交通大学出版社, 2002.
[48] 王文远.用基因算法球管网经济管径[J].给水排水,1997,23(12):22-25.
[49] 朱家松,龚健雅,郑皓.遗传算法在管网优化设计中的应用[J].武汉大学学报(信息科学版), 2003,28(3):363-367.
[50] 葛琳,许仕荣.基于遗传算法的给水管网优化设计[J].湖南大学学报(自然科学版), 2003,30(3):167-170.
[51] 邹林,马光文,丁晶. 给水管网管径优化设计的遗传算法[J]. 四川联合大学学报(工程科学版), 1998, 2(1): 1-6.
[52] 周荣敏,雷延峰. 基于遗传算法的雨水管道系统优化设计[J]. 郑州大学学报(工学版),2003.24 (4): 59-62.
[53] 刘永淞,曹爱国,黄明娜.给水管网优化布置的探讨[J]. 湘潭大学学报(自然科学版), 1996, (2): 100-10.
[54] 谢礼贵,戴向前,王玉坤.低压管道输水灌溉管网优化设计[J].河北水利科技,2000,21(增刊):6-15.
[55] 刘小静,何元春,贺国定等.管网扩建中管线布局和离散管径的遗传算法[J].管道技术与设备, 2001,(3):12-14.
[56] Dandy, G. C, Simpson, A. R. and Murphy,L. J. An improved genetic algorithm for pipe network optimization [J]. Water Resources Research, 1996, 32(2):449-458.
[57] Montesinos, P., Garcia-Guzman, A., Ayuso, J. L. Water distribution network optimization using a modified genetic algorithm [J]. Water Resources Research, 1999, 35(11):3467-3473
[58] Edward Keedwell, Soon-Thiam Khu. A hybrid genetic algorithm for the design of water distribution networks [J], Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence.2005,18:461-472.
[59] Neppalli, V.R., Chen, C.-L., Gupta, J.N.D. Genetic algorithms for the two stage bicriteria flow shop problem [J]. European Journal of Operational Research 1996, 95:356-373.
[60] Harik, G.R., Goldberg, D.E. Linkage learning through probabilistic expression [J]. Computer Methods Applied in Mechanics and Engineering. 2000, 186: 295-310.
[61] Liaw, C.-F. A hybrid genetic algorithm for the open shop scheduling problem [J]. European Journal of Operational Research. 2000,124 (1):28-42.
[62] Hopper, E., Turton, B.C.H. An empirical investigation of meta-heuristic and heuristic algorithms for a 2D packing problem [J]. European Journal of Operational Research. 2001,128:34-57.
[63] Yang, M., Zhang, X., Li, X., Wu, X.. A hybrid genetic algorithm for the fitting of models to electrochemical impedance Data [J]. Journal of Electro Analytical Chemistry. 2002, 519:1-8.
[64] 周荣敏,雷延峰,林性粹.压力输水树状管网遗传优化布置和神经网络优化设计[J],农业工程学报, 2002,18(2):41-44.
[65] 周荣敏,林性粹.用基于整数编码的改进遗传算进行环状管网优化设计[J].灌溉排水, 2001,20(3):49-52.
[66] 丛爽. 面向 MATLAB 工具箱的神经网络理论与应用[M].安徽合肥:中国科学技术大学出版社,2003.
[67] 王磊,吕谋.基于蚁群算法的排水管道系统优化设计[J].中国给水排水, 2005,21(10):67-69.
[68] 王 磊,张宗国.吕谋;蚁群算法在雨水管道系统优化设计中的新尝试[J].青岛理工大学学报,2007, 28(1): 61-64 .
[69] 许 刚,朱汶迁.吴金民;基于蚁群算法的给水管网改扩建优化[J].中国农村水利水电, 2006, :67-69.
[70] 顾永东,金义雄.粒子群算法及其在电网规划中的应用[J].电气应用,2007,26(2):37-42.
[71] 李 翔 , 牛 东 晓 . 杨 尚 东 ; 改 进 粒 子 群 优 化 算 法 在 电 源 规 划 中 的 应 用 [J]. 中 国 管 理 科学.2006,14(6):113-118.
[72] 钟建伟,杨俊杰.粒子群优化算法及其在水库优化调度中的应用[J]. 湖北民族学院学报(自然科学版) 2006,24(3) :239-242.
[73] 范兴业.树状灌溉管网两级优化模型和算法研究[D]. 陕西:西北农林科技大学,2007.
[74] 张学群.运筹学基础[M].北京:经济科学出版社出版.1996.
[75] 傅兆敏,胡金宝. 地理信息系统概述[J],重庆工学院学报,2006,20(2):135-137.
[76] 曾文英,王明文.3S 技术的发展现状及其趋势综述[J].新余高专学报,2003,8(2):16-24.
[77]] 北京争上游科技.地理信息系统与数字水利 http://www.powergis.net/show_article.asp?id=1194
[78] 连军.基于 GIS 的城市地下管线综合管理信息化研究[D].重庆:重庆大学,2005.
[79] 程耀东,孙建国.基于 GIS 组件的城市地下综合管网信息系统开发研究[J].测绘与空间地理信息2005,28(1):5-8.
[80] 余彼力.基于 GIS 的供水管网管理信息系统的建设探讨[D].湖北武汉:华中科技大学,2004.
[81] 汪刘艳.基于 SuperMap objects 的城市供水管网系统的设计与实现[D],四川成都:成都理工大学,2005.
[82] 李新国.基于 MapInfo 的城市供水管网信息系统的研究[D]. 黑龙江哈尔滨:东北农业大学,2003.
[83] 曾德飞.城市污水管网地理信息系统(GIS)设计与实现[D].湖北武汉:武汉理工大学,2004.
[84] 李石科.基于 GIS 的道路选线及城市交通路网评价研究[D].重庆:重庆大学,2005.
[85] 赵尘,马健霄,陶建岳等.基于 GIS 的道路选线辅助系统[J].南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),2001,25(4):77-80.
[86] 王卫红.基于 MapGIS 的公路选线[J].测绘通报,2002,11:49-51.
[87] 张文君.GIS 的路径分析算法及实现[J].绵阳经济技术高等专科学校学报,2002,19(1):51-54.
[88] 吴奇石,邱家驹. 基于 GIS 的配电网规划人工智能方法一配电网规划智能决策支持系统概述[J].电力系统自动化,1998, 22(10):17-19.
[89] 吴奇石,邱家驹. 基于 GIS 的配电网规划人工智能方法二遗传算法在配电网初级布线系统中的应用,电力系统自动化.1998, 22(11):21-23.
[90] 孟令奎,边馥苓,陈晓宁.基于 GIS 的城市雨水管网优化设计模型研究[J].武汉测绘科技大学学报,1996, 21(4):361-365.
[91] 孟令奎,边馥苓,刘玉贤. GIS 环境下污水管网设计流量的快速计算[J].武汉测绘科技大学学报,1997,22(1):16-20.
[92] 冯小忠.基于 GIS 树状低压输水灌溉管网计算机辅助设计系统研究[D].江苏扬州:扬州大学, 2002.
[93] John W.L, Saud .A.T. Optimal design of water distribution networks with GIS.http://gis.esri.com / library / userconf/proc99/proceed/papers/pap756/p756.htm
[94] Saud A. T, John W.L. Optimal design of water distribution networks with GIS. Water Resources Planning and Management. 122(4):301-311
[95] 常立冬.给水管网地理信息系统需求分析与设计[D].上海:同济大学,2006.
[96] 杨克诚.GIS 二次开发(e-book).云南大学.
[97] 罗云启,罗毅.数字化地理信息系统 MapInfo 应用大全[M].北京:北京希望电子出版社,2001.
[98] 陈亚新,魏占民,史海滨. 21 世纪灌溉原理与实践学科前沿关注的问题[J]. 灌溉排水学报. 2004,23(4):1-5.
[99] 李纪人, 黄诗峰. “3S”技术水利应用指南[M]. 北京:中国水利水电出版社,2003.
[100] 龚健雅.地理信息系统基础[M]. 北京:科学出版社.2001.
[101] 云庆夏.进化算法[M]. 北京:冶金工业出版社.2000.2-10
[102] Yan, L.X., Ma D.X., Global optimization of nonconvex nonlinear programs using line-up competition algorithm[J ] .Computers and Chemical Engineering, 2001,25:1601-1605.
[103] Yan, L.X. Solving combinatorial optimization problems with line-up competition algorithm [J]. Computers and Chemical Engineering. 2003, 27:251-258.
[104] 鄢烈祥,麻德贤.全局优化搜索新算法—列队竞争算法解非线性和混合整数非线性规划问题[J].化工学报,1999,50(5):663-670.
[105] 鄢烈祥,麻德贤.连续变量函数全局优化算法—列队竞争算法[J].湖北工学院学报,1999,14 (12):38-44
[106] 鄢烈祥.用列队竞争算法解旅行商问题[J].运筹与管理,1999,8(3):24-30
[107] 鄢烈祥,麻德贤.全局优化搜索新算法列队竞争算法(Ⅱ)——解网络综合问题[J].化工学报,2000,51(2):221-226.
[108] 鄢烈祥,麻德贤.解换热网络同步综合问题的列队竞争算法[J].北京化工大学学报, 2000,27(1):9-11.
[109] 鄢烈祥,胡晟华,麻德贤.锅炉蒸汽系统多操作周期的优化调度[J].化工学报,2003,54 (12): 1708-1710
[110] 李浩,黄政,鄢烈祥.电站汽轮机组优化操作支持系统的研究与应用[J].武汉理工大学学报(信息与管理工程版),2004,26(5):20-22.
[111] 沈堃,史彬,鄢烈祥.列队竞争算法求解布局-分配问题用[J].武汉理工大学学报,2005, 27(12):105-107.
[112] 孔令启,玉刚,金彩等.队竞争算法求解多目的厂间歇过程调度问题[J].青岛科技大学学报,2006,27(5):419-424.
[113] 卜月华.图论及其应用[M].南京:东南大学出版社,2002.
[114] J.A.邦迪,U.S.R.默迪.图论及其应用[M]. 北京:科学出版社.1984.
[115] 晋良颖.数据结构[M].北京:人民邮电出版社.2002.
[116] 王树禾.数学原理之二:图论及其算法[M]. 合肥:中国科学技术大学出版社.1990..27- 33
[117] Gupta I., Gupta A., Khanna P. Genetic algorithm for optimization of water distribution systems [J]. Environmental Modeling and Software, 1999, 14(5):437-446.
[118] Keedwell, E., Khu. S. T., Hybrid genetic algorithms for multi-objective optimization of water distribution networks [C]. Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, 2004, 2:1042-1054.
[119] Bagabewicz, M., A review of recent design procedures for water networks in refineries and process plants [J].Computers and Chemical Engineering.2000, 24: 2093–2113.
[120] Prasad T. D., Park N.-S., Multiobjective genetic algorithms for design of water distribution networks[J].Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management , 2004,130(1):73-82.
[121] Simpson, R.A., Dandy, G. C., Murphy J. L. Genetic algorithms compared to other techniques for Pipe Optimization [J].Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management. 1994, 120(4): 423–443.
[122] Lorente, S. W., Wechsatol, B.A., Tree-shaped flow structures designed by minimizing path lengths [J].International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 2002, 45:3299–3312.
[123] 周荣敏,林性粹.应用单亲遗传算法进行树状管网优化布置[J].水利学报.2001, (6):14-18.
[124] 徐刚,禹华谦.应用模拟退火遗传算法进行树状管网布置优化[J].四川建筑.2005, 25(5):17-19.
[125] Lavric.V, Iancu.P, Plesu.V. Cost-based design of wastewater network optimal topology [J].Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2006, 44:53-63.
[126] Prasad T D, Park N S. Multi-objective genetic algorithms for design of water distribution networks [J]. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 2004, 130(1):73-82.
[127] Mariano C, Yamanaka V, Morales E. Multi-objective optimization of water using systems[J]. European Journal of Operational Research, 2007, 181(3):1691-1707
[128] 陈南祥 , 李跃鹏 , 徐晨光 . 基于多目标遗传算法的水资源优化配置 [J]. 水利学报 ,2006, 37(3):308-313.
[129] 魏立新,刘扬,翁庆林.油田地面管网总体规划方案优化设计[J].油气田地面工程.2006,25 (11):9- 10.
[130] 蒋怀德.给水管网多目标优化设计[D].上海:同济大学,2007.
[131] 王圃,龙腾锐,王力.城市给水管网靠性分析与应用[J].给水排水,2005,31(6):107-110.
[132] Lansey K E, Duan N, Mays L W etc. Water distribution system design under uncertainties[J]. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management. 1989, 115(5):630-645.
[133] 程小娟. 随机规划在输水管及树状管网优化中的应用[D].陕西西安:西安理工大学,2005.
[134] Xu X C, Goulter I C. Reliability-based optimal design of water distribution networks [J]. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management. 1999, 125(16):352-362.
[135] 刘宝旋,赵瑞清,王纲.不确定规划及应用[M].北京: 清华大学出版社, 2003.
[136] Liu B. Uncertain Programming[M], New York: Wiley, 1999.
[137] 亨利·N·波拉克(美).不确定的科学与不确定的世界[M]. 上海:上海世纪出版集团,2005.
[138] 袁一星,曲世琳,伍悦滨.城市给水管网系统的阻力变化规律研究[J].中国给水排水.2003, 19(10):52-24.
[139] 白 丹. 泵站加压输水管的优化[J]. 西安理工大学学报,1996,4: 348-350.
[140] 石继,张丰周,魏永曜. 图论法用于供水管网水力计算的研究[J].水利学报.1999, 2: 9-56.
[141] 王国明,詹宇胜,叶灵. 环状给水管网节点流量算法.合肥工业大学学报(自然科学版) [J]. 2003, 26(2):1208-1212.
[142] 祝健. 一种环状给水管网流量优化分配方法[J].合肥工业大学学报(自然科学版). 1999,22 (2):70-73.
[143] 刘光. 地理信息系统二次开发教程——组件篇[M].北京,清华大学出版社,2003.
[144] 李连营,李清泉,李汉武等. 基于 MapX 的 GIS 应用开发[M]. 武汉:武汉大学出版社,2003.
[145] 陈强. 城市地理信息系统软件与工程设计[D].上海:华东师范大学,2004.
[2] 金永堂,孺子牛. 国外低压管道输水灌溉技术发展概况[J]. 节水灌溉 , 1989, 1,43.
[3]《中国水利年鉴》编纂委员会. 中国水利年鉴 2003[M]. 中国水利水电出版社,2003.
[4] 汪志农. 灌溉排水工程学[M]. 北京:中国农业出版社,2000: 147-148.
[5] 白 丹. 树状给水管网的优化[J]. 水利学报,1996, (11): 52-56.
[6] 张启海,李振佳. 井群供水管网优化方法[J].山东工业大学学报,1999,20(1):71-76.
[7] 齐学斌.农田输、配水管网优化设计研究[J]. 海河水利, 1996,(4): 14-16.
[8] 白 丹. 自压喷灌干管管网的优化计算[J]. 农业机械学报, 1995, 26(2): 43-46.
[9] 童水森,潘就兴.喷灌系统田间管网的优化设计及其投资比较[J].节水灌溉,1999,(3): 4-7.
[10] 王新坤,程冬玲,林性粹.枚举法与动态规划法结合优化田间管网[J].干旱地区农业研究, 2001,19(2): 61-66.
[11] 白 丹.给水输、配水管网系统优化设计研究[D].陕西西安:西安理工大学,2003.
[12] 董文楚.树状管网布置的优化方法[J].喷灌技术,1984,(4):4-7.
[13] 周卫平.国外灌溉节水技术的进展及启示[J].节水灌溉,1997 年,(4):18-20.
[14] 陈耀峰.树枝状管网优化布置形式初探[J].地下水,1994,16(1):17-18.
[15] 魏永曜,王雪珍. 树状输、配水管网的优化设计[J].水利学报, 1992 (5): 9-18.
[16] Morgan G., Goulter I. Optimal urban water distribution design [J]. Water Resource Research, 1985,21(5):642-652
[17] LanseyK, Mays L. Optimization model for water distribution system design [J]. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering ASEC, 1989, 115(10): 1401-1418
[18] 周荣敏,雷延峰.管网最优化理论与技术—遗传算法与神经网络[M]. 郑州:黄河水利出版社, 2002.
[19] 陈胜兵,娄金生. 排水管网平面布置的优化[J].工业用水与废水,2005,36(6):47-49
[20] 王 烜,段常贵,于碧涌.基于遗传算法的枝状燃气管网布局优化[J].煤气与热,2005,25(4):1:4
[21] 徐翠兰. 微灌系统随机规划数学模型研究[D]. 江苏南京:河海大学, 2003, 3
[22] 付玉娟.轮灌条件下树状灌溉管网优化设计[D].陕西:西北农林科技大学,2006.
[23] 祝 健.一种环状给水管网流量优化分配方法[J]. 合肥工业大学学报(自然科学版)[J].1999,22(2):70-73
[24] 陈钢军. 环状管网水力计算的图论方法[J].华侨大学学报(自然科学版) [J].1994,15(4):418-422
[25] 陈钢军,林建华. 图论在环状管网水力计算中的应用[J].给水工程.1994,8:5-8
[26] 张学群,运筹学基础[M].北京:经济科学出版社出版.1996
[27] Lorente.S, Wechsatol W, Bejan A. Tree-shaped flow structures designed by minimizing path length [J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2002, 45:3299-3312
[28] De Schaetzen W.B.F, Walters G.A, Savic D.A. Optimal sampling design for model calibration using shortest path genetic and entropy algorithms [J].Urban water, 2000, 2:141-152
[29] Gosselin L, Bejan A.Tree networks for minimal pumping power [J]. International Journal of ThermalScience, 2005, 44:53-63
[30] 谢敬东、王磊、唐国庆. 遗传算法在多目标电网优化规划中的应用[J]. 电力系统自动化,1998,22(10)20-22.
[31] 王仁超,张立岗,杭仁兵. 渠灌区输水系统优化设计问题研究[J]. 水利学报, 2005, (5): 42-48.
[32] 白 丹. 微灌管网系统优化设计[J].农业机械学报, 1997,28(4): 63-68.
[33] 白 丹. 低压管道线性规划模型[J]. 地下水, 1994, 16(3): 115-117.
[34] 裘哲勇.燃气输配的数学模型[J].数学的实践与认识,2004,34(12):1-7.
[35] 魏运才.最优化梯度法的改进[J].工程数学,1996,12(1):77-79.
[36] 刘铁男,苑向兵,杨文升.注水系统建模和优化的理论方法[J].大庆石油学院学报,1995,19(4): 59-62.
[37] 王新坤.微灌管网水力解析及优化设计研究[D]. 陕西杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2004.
[38] 赵树旗. 环状管网优化设计新方法[J]. 华北水利水电学院学报, 1996, 17(2): 84-91.
[39] 张新平,林性粹.正交表优化管网布置的原理[J].上海农学院学报,1993,12(3):20-24.
[40] 王荣和,顾国维.优选管径法在给水管网优化设计中的应用 [J].中国给水排水,1998,14(1):14-18.
[41] 程吉林,金兆森,沈洁等.喷灌系统优化设计混合模型及其求解方法[J].水利学报,1997, (7):60 -65.
[42] Perelman L, Ostfeld A. Water Distribution Systems Optimal Design Using Cross Entropy [J]. CECCO. 2005, 6:25-29.
[43] Dandy,G. C., Simpson, A. R. and Murphy,L. J. Genetic algorithms compared to other techniques for pipe optimization [J]. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management. 1994, 120(4):423-443.
[44] Cunha, M.D.C., Sous. Water distribution network design optimization: simulated annealing approach [J]. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Managemen.1999, 125(4):215-221.
[45] Lippai, I, Heaney, J. P., Laguna, M., Robust. Water system design with commercial intelligent search optimizers [J]. Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering.1999, 13(3):35-143.
[46] 李敏强,寇纪淞,林丹,李书全. 遗传算法的基本理论与应用[M]. 北京:科学出版社,2002.
[47] 王小平,曹立明.遗传算法—理论、应用与软件实现[M]. 西安:西安交通大学出版社, 2002.
[48] 王文远.用基因算法球管网经济管径[J].给水排水,1997,23(12):22-25.
[49] 朱家松,龚健雅,郑皓.遗传算法在管网优化设计中的应用[J].武汉大学学报(信息科学版), 2003,28(3):363-367.
[50] 葛琳,许仕荣.基于遗传算法的给水管网优化设计[J].湖南大学学报(自然科学版), 2003,30(3):167-170.
[51] 邹林,马光文,丁晶. 给水管网管径优化设计的遗传算法[J]. 四川联合大学学报(工程科学版), 1998, 2(1): 1-6.
[52] 周荣敏,雷延峰. 基于遗传算法的雨水管道系统优化设计[J]. 郑州大学学报(工学版),2003.24 (4): 59-62.
[53] 刘永淞,曹爱国,黄明娜.给水管网优化布置的探讨[J]. 湘潭大学学报(自然科学版), 1996, (2): 100-10.
[54] 谢礼贵,戴向前,王玉坤.低压管道输水灌溉管网优化设计[J].河北水利科技,2000,21(增刊):6-15.
[55] 刘小静,何元春,贺国定等.管网扩建中管线布局和离散管径的遗传算法[J].管道技术与设备, 2001,(3):12-14.
[56] Dandy, G. C, Simpson, A. R. and Murphy,L. J. An improved genetic algorithm for pipe network optimization [J]. Water Resources Research, 1996, 32(2):449-458.
[57] Montesinos, P., Garcia-Guzman, A., Ayuso, J. L. Water distribution network optimization using a modified genetic algorithm [J]. Water Resources Research, 1999, 35(11):3467-3473
[58] Edward Keedwell, Soon-Thiam Khu. A hybrid genetic algorithm for the design of water distribution networks [J], Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence.2005,18:461-472.
[59] Neppalli, V.R., Chen, C.-L., Gupta, J.N.D. Genetic algorithms for the two stage bicriteria flow shop problem [J]. European Journal of Operational Research 1996, 95:356-373.
[60] Harik, G.R., Goldberg, D.E. Linkage learning through probabilistic expression [J]. Computer Methods Applied in Mechanics and Engineering. 2000, 186: 295-310.
[61] Liaw, C.-F. A hybrid genetic algorithm for the open shop scheduling problem [J]. European Journal of Operational Research. 2000,124 (1):28-42.
[62] Hopper, E., Turton, B.C.H. An empirical investigation of meta-heuristic and heuristic algorithms for a 2D packing problem [J]. European Journal of Operational Research. 2001,128:34-57.
[63] Yang, M., Zhang, X., Li, X., Wu, X.. A hybrid genetic algorithm for the fitting of models to electrochemical impedance Data [J]. Journal of Electro Analytical Chemistry. 2002, 519:1-8.
[64] 周荣敏,雷延峰,林性粹.压力输水树状管网遗传优化布置和神经网络优化设计[J],农业工程学报, 2002,18(2):41-44.
[65] 周荣敏,林性粹.用基于整数编码的改进遗传算进行环状管网优化设计[J].灌溉排水, 2001,20(3):49-52.
[66] 丛爽. 面向 MATLAB 工具箱的神经网络理论与应用[M].安徽合肥:中国科学技术大学出版社,2003.
[67] 王磊,吕谋.基于蚁群算法的排水管道系统优化设计[J].中国给水排水, 2005,21(10):67-69.
[68] 王 磊,张宗国.吕谋;蚁群算法在雨水管道系统优化设计中的新尝试[J].青岛理工大学学报,2007, 28(1): 61-64 .
[69] 许 刚,朱汶迁.吴金民;基于蚁群算法的给水管网改扩建优化[J].中国农村水利水电, 2006, :67-69.
[70] 顾永东,金义雄.粒子群算法及其在电网规划中的应用[J].电气应用,2007,26(2):37-42.
[71] 李 翔 , 牛 东 晓 . 杨 尚 东 ; 改 进 粒 子 群 优 化 算 法 在 电 源 规 划 中 的 应 用 [J]. 中 国 管 理 科学.2006,14(6):113-118.
[72] 钟建伟,杨俊杰.粒子群优化算法及其在水库优化调度中的应用[J]. 湖北民族学院学报(自然科学版) 2006,24(3) :239-242.
[73] 范兴业.树状灌溉管网两级优化模型和算法研究[D]. 陕西:西北农林科技大学,2007.
[74] 张学群.运筹学基础[M].北京:经济科学出版社出版.1996.
[75] 傅兆敏,胡金宝. 地理信息系统概述[J],重庆工学院学报,2006,20(2):135-137.
[76] 曾文英,王明文.3S 技术的发展现状及其趋势综述[J].新余高专学报,2003,8(2):16-24.
[77]] 北京争上游科技.地理信息系统与数字水利 http://www.powergis.net/show_article.asp?id=1194
[78] 连军.基于 GIS 的城市地下管线综合管理信息化研究[D].重庆:重庆大学,2005.
[79] 程耀东,孙建国.基于 GIS 组件的城市地下综合管网信息系统开发研究[J].测绘与空间地理信息2005,28(1):5-8.
[80] 余彼力.基于 GIS 的供水管网管理信息系统的建设探讨[D].湖北武汉:华中科技大学,2004.
[81] 汪刘艳.基于 SuperMap objects 的城市供水管网系统的设计与实现[D],四川成都:成都理工大学,2005.
[82] 李新国.基于 MapInfo 的城市供水管网信息系统的研究[D]. 黑龙江哈尔滨:东北农业大学,2003.
[83] 曾德飞.城市污水管网地理信息系统(GIS)设计与实现[D].湖北武汉:武汉理工大学,2004.
[84] 李石科.基于 GIS 的道路选线及城市交通路网评价研究[D].重庆:重庆大学,2005.
[85] 赵尘,马健霄,陶建岳等.基于 GIS 的道路选线辅助系统[J].南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),2001,25(4):77-80.
[86] 王卫红.基于 MapGIS 的公路选线[J].测绘通报,2002,11:49-51.
[87] 张文君.GIS 的路径分析算法及实现[J].绵阳经济技术高等专科学校学报,2002,19(1):51-54.
[88] 吴奇石,邱家驹. 基于 GIS 的配电网规划人工智能方法一配电网规划智能决策支持系统概述[J].电力系统自动化,1998, 22(10):17-19.
[89] 吴奇石,邱家驹. 基于 GIS 的配电网规划人工智能方法二遗传算法在配电网初级布线系统中的应用,电力系统自动化.1998, 22(11):21-23.
[90] 孟令奎,边馥苓,陈晓宁.基于 GIS 的城市雨水管网优化设计模型研究[J].武汉测绘科技大学学报,1996, 21(4):361-365.
[91] 孟令奎,边馥苓,刘玉贤. GIS 环境下污水管网设计流量的快速计算[J].武汉测绘科技大学学报,1997,22(1):16-20.
[92] 冯小忠.基于 GIS 树状低压输水灌溉管网计算机辅助设计系统研究[D].江苏扬州:扬州大学, 2002.
[93] John W.L, Saud .A.T. Optimal design of water distribution networks with GIS.http://gis.esri.com / library / userconf/proc99/proceed/papers/pap756/p756.htm
[94] Saud A. T, John W.L. Optimal design of water distribution networks with GIS. Water Resources Planning and Management. 122(4):301-311
[95] 常立冬.给水管网地理信息系统需求分析与设计[D].上海:同济大学,2006.
[96] 杨克诚.GIS 二次开发(e-book).云南大学.
[97] 罗云启,罗毅.数字化地理信息系统 MapInfo 应用大全[M].北京:北京希望电子出版社,2001.
[98] 陈亚新,魏占民,史海滨. 21 世纪灌溉原理与实践学科前沿关注的问题[J]. 灌溉排水学报. 2004,23(4):1-5.
[99] 李纪人, 黄诗峰. “3S”技术水利应用指南[M]. 北京:中国水利水电出版社,2003.
[100] 龚健雅.地理信息系统基础[M]. 北京:科学出版社.2001.
[101] 云庆夏.进化算法[M]. 北京:冶金工业出版社.2000.2-10
[102] Yan, L.X., Ma D.X., Global optimization of nonconvex nonlinear programs using line-up competition algorithm[J ] .Computers and Chemical Engineering, 2001,25:1601-1605.
[103] Yan, L.X. Solving combinatorial optimization problems with line-up competition algorithm [J]. Computers and Chemical Engineering. 2003, 27:251-258.
[104] 鄢烈祥,麻德贤.全局优化搜索新算法—列队竞争算法解非线性和混合整数非线性规划问题[J].化工学报,1999,50(5):663-670.
[105] 鄢烈祥,麻德贤.连续变量函数全局优化算法—列队竞争算法[J].湖北工学院学报,1999,14 (12):38-44
[106] 鄢烈祥.用列队竞争算法解旅行商问题[J].运筹与管理,1999,8(3):24-30
[107] 鄢烈祥,麻德贤.全局优化搜索新算法列队竞争算法(Ⅱ)——解网络综合问题[J].化工学报,2000,51(2):221-226.
[108] 鄢烈祥,麻德贤.解换热网络同步综合问题的列队竞争算法[J].北京化工大学学报, 2000,27(1):9-11.
[109] 鄢烈祥,胡晟华,麻德贤.锅炉蒸汽系统多操作周期的优化调度[J].化工学报,2003,54 (12): 1708-1710
[110] 李浩,黄政,鄢烈祥.电站汽轮机组优化操作支持系统的研究与应用[J].武汉理工大学学报(信息与管理工程版),2004,26(5):20-22.
[111] 沈堃,史彬,鄢烈祥.列队竞争算法求解布局-分配问题用[J].武汉理工大学学报,2005, 27(12):105-107.
[112] 孔令启,玉刚,金彩等.队竞争算法求解多目的厂间歇过程调度问题[J].青岛科技大学学报,2006,27(5):419-424.
[113] 卜月华.图论及其应用[M].南京:东南大学出版社,2002.
[114] J.A.邦迪,U.S.R.默迪.图论及其应用[M]. 北京:科学出版社.1984.
[115] 晋良颖.数据结构[M].北京:人民邮电出版社.2002.
[116] 王树禾.数学原理之二:图论及其算法[M]. 合肥:中国科学技术大学出版社.1990..27- 33
[117] Gupta I., Gupta A., Khanna P. Genetic algorithm for optimization of water distribution systems [J]. Environmental Modeling and Software, 1999, 14(5):437-446.
[118] Keedwell, E., Khu. S. T., Hybrid genetic algorithms for multi-objective optimization of water distribution networks [C]. Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, 2004, 2:1042-1054.
[119] Bagabewicz, M., A review of recent design procedures for water networks in refineries and process plants [J].Computers and Chemical Engineering.2000, 24: 2093–2113.
[120] Prasad T. D., Park N.-S., Multiobjective genetic algorithms for design of water distribution networks[J].Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management , 2004,130(1):73-82.
[121] Simpson, R.A., Dandy, G. C., Murphy J. L. Genetic algorithms compared to other techniques for Pipe Optimization [J].Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management. 1994, 120(4): 423–443.
[122] Lorente, S. W., Wechsatol, B.A., Tree-shaped flow structures designed by minimizing path lengths [J].International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 2002, 45:3299–3312.
[123] 周荣敏,林性粹.应用单亲遗传算法进行树状管网优化布置[J].水利学报.2001, (6):14-18.
[124] 徐刚,禹华谦.应用模拟退火遗传算法进行树状管网布置优化[J].四川建筑.2005, 25(5):17-19.
[125] Lavric.V, Iancu.P, Plesu.V. Cost-based design of wastewater network optimal topology [J].Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2006, 44:53-63.
[126] Prasad T D, Park N S. Multi-objective genetic algorithms for design of water distribution networks [J]. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 2004, 130(1):73-82.
[127] Mariano C, Yamanaka V, Morales E. Multi-objective optimization of water using systems[J]. European Journal of Operational Research, 2007, 181(3):1691-1707
[128] 陈南祥 , 李跃鹏 , 徐晨光 . 基于多目标遗传算法的水资源优化配置 [J]. 水利学报 ,2006, 37(3):308-313.
[129] 魏立新,刘扬,翁庆林.油田地面管网总体规划方案优化设计[J].油气田地面工程.2006,25 (11):9- 10.
[130] 蒋怀德.给水管网多目标优化设计[D].上海:同济大学,2007.
[131] 王圃,龙腾锐,王力.城市给水管网靠性分析与应用[J].给水排水,2005,31(6):107-110.
[132] Lansey K E, Duan N, Mays L W etc. Water distribution system design under uncertainties[J]. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management. 1989, 115(5):630-645.
[133] 程小娟. 随机规划在输水管及树状管网优化中的应用[D].陕西西安:西安理工大学,2005.
[134] Xu X C, Goulter I C. Reliability-based optimal design of water distribution networks [J]. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management. 1999, 125(16):352-362.
[135] 刘宝旋,赵瑞清,王纲.不确定规划及应用[M].北京: 清华大学出版社, 2003.
[136] Liu B. Uncertain Programming[M], New York: Wiley, 1999.
[137] 亨利·N·波拉克(美).不确定的科学与不确定的世界[M]. 上海:上海世纪出版集团,2005.
[138] 袁一星,曲世琳,伍悦滨.城市给水管网系统的阻力变化规律研究[J].中国给水排水.2003, 19(10):52-24.
[139] 白 丹. 泵站加压输水管的优化[J]. 西安理工大学学报,1996,4: 348-350.
[140] 石继,张丰周,魏永曜. 图论法用于供水管网水力计算的研究[J].水利学报.1999, 2: 9-56.
[141] 王国明,詹宇胜,叶灵. 环状给水管网节点流量算法.合肥工业大学学报(自然科学版) [J]. 2003, 26(2):1208-1212.
[142] 祝健. 一种环状给水管网流量优化分配方法[J].合肥工业大学学报(自然科学版). 1999,22 (2):70-73.
[143] 刘光. 地理信息系统二次开发教程——组件篇[M].北京,清华大学出版社,2003.
[144] 李连营,李清泉,李汉武等. 基于 MapX 的 GIS 应用开发[M]. 武汉:武汉大学出版社,2003.
[145] 陈强. 城市地理信息系统软件与工程设计[D].上海:华东师范大学,2004.