广西樟树精油的化学类型及芳樟精油的指纹图谱研究
|
摘要
樟树是一种多用途树种,精油含量高,可被应用到各种行业,广西樟树资源丰富,发展前景广阔。本研究通过水蒸气蒸馏法提取出采集自广西六个樟树林区的64份樟树枝叶样品的精油并计算得油率,利用GC-MS法测定和分析各样品的化学组分和相对含量,通过主成分分析和聚类分析确定了广西樟树的化学类型,同时,对24份芳樟醇型樟树精油样品进行了GC-MS分析,建立了广西芳樟醇型樟树精油指纹图谱。研究结果如下：
(1)广西樟树精油的得油率在1.22%-2.22%之间,变异系数为13.57%,平均得油率为1.64%,广西樟树枝叶精油中共鉴定出56种化学成分,其中主要成分有芳樟醇、樟脑、桉叶油素、橙花叔醇、α-蒎烯、4-萜烯醇、α-松油醇等。(2)通过对64份广西不同产地樟树枝叶精油样品的主成分分析,提取出五个主成分评价原15个主要化学成分间的相关变化。第一主成分中主要起作用的是α-蒎烯和4-萜烯醇,第二主成分中主要起作用的是橙花叔醇和α-葎草烯,第三主成分中主要起作用的是α-松油醇和桉叶油素,第四主成分中主要起作用的是樟脑和芳樟醇,第五主成分中主要起作用的是月桂烯。
利用樟树精油主成分分析进行聚类分析,并结合GC-MS分析结果,选取了欧氏距离平方距离测度法和离差平方和聚类方法的聚类结果,当聚类水平为22时,将广西樟树分为五种化学类型：芳樟醇型、橙花叔醇型、桉叶油素型、樟脑型和蒎烯-萜烯醇型。其中芳樟醇型分布最广泛,芳樟醇含量占绝对优势。
(3)建立了广西芳樟醇型樟树精油的GC-MS指纹图谱分析条件：色谱柱为DB-5MS非极性毛细管色谱柱(30 m×0.25 mm×0.25μm),柱初始温度60℃保持2min,以3℃/min升至180℃,再以20℃/min升至280℃,溶剂延迟2.15min；进样口温度：230℃；载气为高纯He,载气流量为1.0mL/min;进样量：1.0μL；不分流。质谱接口温度：250℃；电离方式：EI；电子能量：70eV；离子源温度：200℃；扫描范围：40-1000 m/z,标准检索质谱库为NIST(2005).
建立广西芳樟醇型樟树精油指纹图谱,共有14个共有峰,其中8号峰为主峰,经标准品指认及质谱检索为芳樟醇。24份样品的指纹图谱相似度均在0.9-1.0范围内,符合《中药注射剂指纹图谱研究的技术要求(暂行)》中的要求。
Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Presl is a multipurpose tree species, rich in essential oil content, can be applied to a variety of industries, Cinnamomum camphorastem is rich in resources of Guangxi,so have broad development prospects. In this study, acquisition of 64 samples from six Cinnamomum camphorastem forest foliage in Guangxi are extracted by steam distillation of essential oil and camphor oil yield calculated,and use GC-MS analysis and the chemical composition and relative contents of the samples. Through principal component analysis and clustering analysis to determine the chemical type, at the same time, GC-MS analysis was performed for 24 samples of six genuine producing areas in guangxi from linalool type of Cinnamomum camphorastem, establish the method of fingerprint analysis on essential oil from linalool type. The results are as follows:
(1) The results show that, Guangxi Cinnamomum camphorastem essential oil rate was 1.22%-2.22%, and coefficient of variation was 13.57%, the average rate was 1.64%, Guangxi camphor tree branches that are relatively rich in essential oil content, quite different, but the main chemical composition were clearly. Identified 56 species chemical constituents in Guangxi camphor leaves essential oil, higher levels of the composition in linalool, camphor, nerolidol, eucalyptol, a-pinene, a-terpineol, terpinen-4-ol and so on.
(2) Through the 64 camphor essential oil samples from different areas of Guangxi principal component analysis, evaluation of extracted five principal components of the original 15 major inter-related changes in chemical composition. The first main component is the main role of a-pinene and terpinen-4-ol, the second main component is the main role of nerolidol and a-caryophyllene, the third main component is the main role of eucalyptol anda-terpineol, the fourth main component is the main role of camphor and linalool, the fifth main component is the main role of myrcene.
After principal component analysis, the clustering analysis is made.The Ward's method and the squared Euelidean distance are adopted in the process of the clustering analysis. By clustering analysis(Num=22), The Guangxi Cinnamomum camphorastem is divided into five biochemical types:the linalool type,the nerolidol type,the eucalyptol type,the camphor type and the pinene-terpineol type.The linalool type distribute most widely and linalool contents were highest.
(3) Established the method of fingerprint analysis on essential oil from linalool type of Cinnamomum camphorastem in guangxi province by GC-MS,themethod were:DB-5MS column(30m×0.25mm×0.25μm),At first column temperature is 60℃,maintained 2 minutes,then 3℃/min rose to 180℃,then 20℃/min rose to 280℃,solvent delay time of 2.15 minutes; injection temperature is 230℃;connector temperature is 250℃; carrier gas was high purity He,the flow rate of 1.0mL/min,splitless;EI electron source;ion sourcr temperature is 200℃;scan range are 40～1000 m/z;use the standard library NIST(2005).
Established the GC-MS fingerprints of essential oil of linalool-type. The 14 feature peaks in fingerprints of essential oil from linalool type of Cinnamomum camphorastem in guangxi province were identified,No.8 peak was the main peak, by standard search and mass spectro Identified for the linalool. The resemblance was higher among 24 samples, meet the requirements of the State Food and Drug Administration.
(1)广西樟树精油的得油率在1.22%-2.22%之间,变异系数为13.57%,平均得油率为1.64%,广西樟树枝叶精油中共鉴定出56种化学成分,其中主要成分有芳樟醇、樟脑、桉叶油素、橙花叔醇、α-蒎烯、4-萜烯醇、α-松油醇等。(2)通过对64份广西不同产地樟树枝叶精油样品的主成分分析,提取出五个主成分评价原15个主要化学成分间的相关变化。第一主成分中主要起作用的是α-蒎烯和4-萜烯醇,第二主成分中主要起作用的是橙花叔醇和α-葎草烯,第三主成分中主要起作用的是α-松油醇和桉叶油素,第四主成分中主要起作用的是樟脑和芳樟醇,第五主成分中主要起作用的是月桂烯。
利用樟树精油主成分分析进行聚类分析,并结合GC-MS分析结果,选取了欧氏距离平方距离测度法和离差平方和聚类方法的聚类结果,当聚类水平为22时,将广西樟树分为五种化学类型：芳樟醇型、橙花叔醇型、桉叶油素型、樟脑型和蒎烯-萜烯醇型。其中芳樟醇型分布最广泛,芳樟醇含量占绝对优势。
(3)建立了广西芳樟醇型樟树精油的GC-MS指纹图谱分析条件：色谱柱为DB-5MS非极性毛细管色谱柱(30 m×0.25 mm×0.25μm),柱初始温度60℃保持2min,以3℃/min升至180℃,再以20℃/min升至280℃,溶剂延迟2.15min；进样口温度：230℃；载气为高纯He,载气流量为1.0mL/min;进样量：1.0μL；不分流。质谱接口温度：250℃；电离方式：EI；电子能量：70eV；离子源温度：200℃；扫描范围：40-1000 m/z,标准检索质谱库为NIST(2005).
建立广西芳樟醇型樟树精油指纹图谱,共有14个共有峰,其中8号峰为主峰,经标准品指认及质谱检索为芳樟醇。24份样品的指纹图谱相似度均在0.9-1.0范围内,符合《中药注射剂指纹图谱研究的技术要求(暂行)》中的要求。
Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Presl is a multipurpose tree species, rich in essential oil content, can be applied to a variety of industries, Cinnamomum camphorastem is rich in resources of Guangxi,so have broad development prospects. In this study, acquisition of 64 samples from six Cinnamomum camphorastem forest foliage in Guangxi are extracted by steam distillation of essential oil and camphor oil yield calculated,and use GC-MS analysis and the chemical composition and relative contents of the samples. Through principal component analysis and clustering analysis to determine the chemical type, at the same time, GC-MS analysis was performed for 24 samples of six genuine producing areas in guangxi from linalool type of Cinnamomum camphorastem, establish the method of fingerprint analysis on essential oil from linalool type. The results are as follows:
(1) The results show that, Guangxi Cinnamomum camphorastem essential oil rate was 1.22%-2.22%, and coefficient of variation was 13.57%, the average rate was 1.64%, Guangxi camphor tree branches that are relatively rich in essential oil content, quite different, but the main chemical composition were clearly. Identified 56 species chemical constituents in Guangxi camphor leaves essential oil, higher levels of the composition in linalool, camphor, nerolidol, eucalyptol, a-pinene, a-terpineol, terpinen-4-ol and so on.
(2) Through the 64 camphor essential oil samples from different areas of Guangxi principal component analysis, evaluation of extracted five principal components of the original 15 major inter-related changes in chemical composition. The first main component is the main role of a-pinene and terpinen-4-ol, the second main component is the main role of nerolidol and a-caryophyllene, the third main component is the main role of eucalyptol anda-terpineol, the fourth main component is the main role of camphor and linalool, the fifth main component is the main role of myrcene.
After principal component analysis, the clustering analysis is made.The Ward's method and the squared Euelidean distance are adopted in the process of the clustering analysis. By clustering analysis(Num=22), The Guangxi Cinnamomum camphorastem is divided into five biochemical types:the linalool type,the nerolidol type,the eucalyptol type,the camphor type and the pinene-terpineol type.The linalool type distribute most widely and linalool contents were highest.
(3) Established the method of fingerprint analysis on essential oil from linalool type of Cinnamomum camphorastem in guangxi province by GC-MS,themethod were:DB-5MS column(30m×0.25mm×0.25μm),At first column temperature is 60℃,maintained 2 minutes,then 3℃/min rose to 180℃,then 20℃/min rose to 280℃,solvent delay time of 2.15 minutes; injection temperature is 230℃;connector temperature is 250℃; carrier gas was high purity He,the flow rate of 1.0mL/min,splitless;EI electron source;ion sourcr temperature is 200℃;scan range are 40～1000 m/z;use the standard library NIST(2005).
Established the GC-MS fingerprints of essential oil of linalool-type. The 14 feature peaks in fingerprints of essential oil from linalool type of Cinnamomum camphorastem in guangxi province were identified,No.8 peak was the main peak, by standard search and mass spectro Identified for the linalool. The resemblance was higher among 24 samples, meet the requirements of the State Food and Drug Administration.
引文
[1]李捷,李锡文.世界樟科植物系统学研究进展[J].云南植物研究,2004,26(1)：1-11.
[2]郑万钧.中国树木志(第一卷)[M].北京：中国林业出版社,1983.
[3]植物志编委会.中国植物志(第31卷)[M].北京：科学出版社,1982.
[4]李飞.中国樟树精油资源与开发利用[M].北京：中国林业出版社,2000.
[5]朱亮峰.我国樟属精油资源研究现状[J].植物资源与环境,1994,3(2)：51-55.
[6]李振华,温强,戴小英,等.樟树资源利用现状与展望[J].江西林业科技.2007,(6)：30-36.
[7]江明艳,陈其兵,潘远志.我国樟科植物的园林应用前景[J].西南园艺,2004,32(3)：16-18.
[8]吴会乐.香樟育苗造林技术[J].中国林副特产,2004(6)：27-28.
[9]徐有明,江泽慧,鲍春红,等.樟树5个品系精油组分含量和木材性质的比较研究[J].华中农业大学学报,2001.20(5)：484-488.
[10]中华本草编委会.中华本草(第三册)[M].上海：上海科学技术出版社,1999.
[11]刘江云,杨世林,徐丽珍.樟属植物的化学和药理研究概况[J].国外医学中医中药分册,2001,23(1)：7.
[12]刘宝华,张爱军,田顺华,等.樟树的临床应用[J].中医外治杂志,2005,14(1)：39.
[13]江志利,张兴,冯俊涛.植物精油研究及其在植物保护中的利用[J].陕西农业科技,2002,(1)：32-36.
[14]李锡文.云南樟树及其相近种的精油化学与植物分类[J].植物分类学报,1975,13(4)：35-50
[15]蔡宪元,丁靖凯,聂瑞麟.云南樟科植物精油的研究——云南樟和猴樟的精油化学成分[J].药学学报,1964,11(12)：801-809.
[16]郭德选,龙光远,刘银荀.樟树类型子代苗期表型测定初报[J].吉安林业科技,1988,2：1-6.
[17]龙光远,郭德选,刘银荀.樟树精油含量的研究[J].江西林业科技,1989,6：7-14.
[18]石皖阳,何伟,文光裕,等.樟精油成分和类型划分[J].植物学报,1989,31(3)：209-214.
[19]赵刚.福建樟树精油生化类型与优良单株选择的研究[D].福州：福建农林大学,2005.
[20]陶光复,吕爱华,蒋祖德,等.天然樟脑和芳樟醇的新资源植物[J].植物学报,1987,29(5)：541-548.
[21]张国防.樟树精油主成分变异与选择的研究[D].福州：福建农林大学,2006.
[22]段博莉.樟树叶片精油及其主要成分的遗传变异规律研究[D].北京：中国林业科学研究院,2006.
[23]刘虹,沈美英,何正洪.广西樟树叶油的五种生化类型[J].广西林业科技,1992,21(4)：181-186.
[24]Pino-J A, Fuentes-V. Leaf oil of Cinnamomum camphor a (L.) Presl. from Cuba[J]. Journal of Essential Oil Research,1998,10:(5):531-532.
[25]Ibrahim-Jantan, Goh-SH.Toxie and antifungal properties of the essential Oil of Cinnamomum species from Peninsular Malaysia[J].Journal of Tropical Forest Seience,1992,8(1):257-262.
[26]Ibrahim-Jantan, Goh-SH.Essential oils of Cinnamomum species from Peninsular Malaysia[J].Journal of Essential Oil Research,1992,4(2):161-164.
[27]Pelissier-Y, Marion-C, Prunac-S, et al.Volatile components of leaves,stems and bark of Cinnamomum camphora Nees et Ebermaier[J] Journal of Essential Oil Research,1995, 7(3):313-315.
[28]Ansari-MA, Razdan-RK. Relative efficacy of various Oils in repelling mosquitoes [J]. Indian Journal of Malariology,1995,32(3):104-111.
[29]Dung-NX, Khien-PV, Chien-HT, et al.The essential Oil of Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Sieb.var Linaloolifera from Vietnam [J].Journal of Essential Oil Research,1993, 5(4):451-453.
[30]Fujita,Y. Fundamental studies of essential oil[J].The Ogawa Perfumer Times,1951,202: 315-320.
[31]Fujita,Y.Cinnamomum camphora Sleb. and its alliedspecies.Their interrelationships considered from the view-points of species characteristics,chemical consituents, geographical distributeon and evolution[J]. Bot.Mag.Tokyo,1952,80:261-271.
[32]Fujita,Y.Classification and phylogeny of the genus CW namomum viewed from the constituents of essential oils[J]. Bot.Mag.Tokyo,1967,80:261-271.
[33]Fujita,Y, Fujita,S, Tanaka Y.Biogenesis of the essential oils in camphor trees.Part XXXV.On the components of the essential oil from the young truck of Cinnamomum canphora. Fujita,Y, Fujita,S:Yoshikawa,H:Biogenesis of essential oils in camphor trees.The components of the essential oils of Cinnamomum doederleinii[J]. Nippon-Nogeikagaku-kaishi,1974,48(12):697-700.
[34]Ibrahim-Jantan, Rasadah-Mat-Ali, Goh-SH.Toxie and antifungal properties of the essential Oil of Cinnamomum species from Peninsular Malaysia[J].Journal of Tropical Forest Seience,1994,6(3):286-292.
[35]Hirota,N.An examination of the camphor tree and its leaf oils[J].Perfume and Essential Oil Rec.,1953,44:4-10.
[36]Sattar A, Gilani A M.Saeed M A.Gas chromatographic Examination of the Clinelie Tree Polysaccharides[J].Shinr in Sogo Kenkywsho kenkyu Hokoku,1991,360:121-124.
[37]Suri R K, Thind T S.Antiuacterial Activity of some Essential Oils[J].India Drugs Pharm.1978,13(6):25-28.
[38]Kuo K H, Chen W C, Lin Y J.Chemistry of Leaf Extract From Clinelie Tree Polysaccharides[J].Shinr in Sogo Kenkywsho kenkyu Hokoku,1991,360:151-155.
[39]Abdul Sattar, Gilan AM.Gas chromatographic examnation of essential oil of Cinnamomum canphora[J].Pakistan Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research, 1991,34(4):135-136.
[40]Jagjit Bhandari, Shiva MP, Mehra SN, et al.Prospects of camphor and camphor oil production from the leaves of pollarded bushes of Cinnamomum canphora.Recent advances in medicinal,aromatic,and spice crops.International conference held on 28-31 January 1989,at New Delhi,India,1992,441-447.
[41]Bhandari J.Comparative chromatographic studies of Cinnamomum canphora (Linn.) Nees & Eberm.young pollarded bushes and trees of essential oil[J] Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany,1995,19(2):287-292.
[42]Nath SC, Rabha LC, Bordoloi DN.Resource evaluation of certain aromatic plants growing in the hills of north eastern India for commercial possibilities[J].Indian Journal of Hill Farming,1994,7(1):86-89.
[43]Baruah AKS, Bhagat SD, Hazarika JN, et al.Ssikia-BK,Examination of volatile oil of Cinnamomum canphora grown at Jorhat,Assam[J].India Journal of Pharmacy, 1975,37(2):39-41.
[44]吴立军.天然药物化学[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,2003.
[45]汤青云,李界斌,雷存喜.樟树中樟油和樟脑的提取[J].益阳师专学报,2000,17(5)：49-50.
[46]王健英.1,8-桉叶油素的提取与提纯[D].天津：天津大学,2004.
[47]傅冠民.芳香疗法的由来、作用及其应用[J].香料香精化妆品,2002,5(10)：28-31.
[48]汪秋安,姜贵吉.利用现代技术开发天然香料[J].上海轻工业,1992,3：29-32.
[49]钟炼军,张文启.浅谈食品香料的生理功能作用[J].广州食品工业科技,2003,19(1)：20-29.
[50]任全德.中药指纹图谱质控技术的意义与作用[J].中药材,2001,4(4)：235-239.
[51]国家药品监督管理局.中药注射剂指纹图谱研究的技术要求(暂行)[J].中成药,2000,22(10)：671-673.
[52]罗国安.建立我国现代中药质量标准体系的研究[J].世界科学技术中药现代化杂志,2002,4(1)：5-11.
[53]王睿,徐伟,方翼.中药指纹图谱研究进展[J].中国药师,2004,7(10)：764-767.
[54]周玉新等.《中药指纹图谱研究技术》[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2002.
[55]王志军.中药指纹图谱建立方法的研究及化学计量学的应用[D].上海：同济大学,2007.
[56]王文静.洋槐蜂蜜HPLC指纹图谱的研究[D].重庆：西南大学,2008.
[57]徐国均.中草药图谱[M].福州：福建科学技术出版社,2001.
[58]张少君.延胡索中生物碱类化合物的分离纯化及指纹图谱研究[D].大连：大连理工大学,2008.
[59]魏刚.中药GC-MS指纹图谱的方法学探讨[J].中药新药与临床药理,2005,16(1)：73-76.
[60]乔善磊.中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价研究[D].上海：第二军医大学,2004.
[61]朱琳.花椒挥发油GC-MS指纹图谱及其成分的研究[D].重庆：西南大学,2010.
[62]魏刚,方永奇,刘东辉GC-MS建立石菖蒲挥发油特征指纹图谱方法学研究[J].中国中药杂志,2004,29(8)：764-766.
[63]金宏.丁香挥发油GC-MS指纹图谱研究[D].青岛：中国海洋大学,2006.
[64]陈旭,曾建红.广西莪术挥发油GC-MS指纹图谱研究[J].药物分析杂志,2008,28(8)：1363-1366.
[65]何进,郭涛,孙学惠.大蒜挥发油指纹图谱的研究[J].解放军药学学报,2007,23(5)：362-364.
[66]王芳.积雪草挥发油气相指纹图谱研究[D].泸州：泸州医学院,2009.
[67]陈永红.金银花指纹图谱研究[D].长春：吉林大学,2007.
[68]李福高.中药菊花主要药用成分分析及挥发油指纹图谱研究[D].杭州：浙江大学,2002.
[69]赵喜兰,常陆林,任丽平.栀子花挥发油的GC-MS的指纹图谱[J].安徽农业科学,2009,37(8)：3355-3356.
[70]雷敬卫,陈随清,吴德康.河南产山橿挥发油的指纹图谱研究[J].中国实验方剂学杂志,2009,15(10)：1-3.
[71]莫建光,杨益林,黄志标,等.广西芳樟醇型樟树枝叶含油率及其主要成分含量的变异研究[J].林产化学与工业,2010,30(2)：72-76.
[72]李英梅,丘平珠.广西气候资料现状及其分析[J].气象研究与应用,2007,28(增Ⅱ)193-194.
[73]Heller S R. N IH/EPA/Mass Spectral Merce Data Bade[M].Washington:U.S.A. Government Printing Office,1978.
[74]Yukawa Y,Sho I.Spectral Atlas of Terpenes and the Related Compounds [M].Toky: Hirokawa Publishing Company. Inc,1973.
[75]马莉.7种百里香精油的化学型及其遗传关系的ISSR分析[D].上海：上海交通大学,2009.
[76]陈胜可SPSS统计分析从入门到精通[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2010.
[77]王璐SPSS统计分析基础、应用与实践[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2010.
[78]R.Oprean, M.Tamas, R.Sandulescu, et al.Essential oils analysis. I. Evaluation of essential oils composition using both GC and MS fingerprints.[J]. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis,1998(18):651-657.
[79]A.R. Bilia, G. Flamini, V.Taglioli, et al.GC-MS analysis of essential oil of some commercial Fennel teas.[J]. Food Chemistry,2002,76:307-310.
[80]Yang Yong, Tao Wenyi.Head-Space Solid Phase Micro-extraction Followed by GC-MS Analysis of the Volatile Components in Seeds of Cinnamomum camphora.[J].American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology,2005,1 (3):174-176.
[81]Phan Minh Giang Wilfried A, Konig Phan Tong Son. Chemical constituents of the essential oil from the bark of Cinnamomum illicioides A. Chev. from Vietnam.[J]. Nat Med,2006,60:248-250.
[2]郑万钧.中国树木志(第一卷)[M].北京：中国林业出版社,1983.
[3]植物志编委会.中国植物志(第31卷)[M].北京：科学出版社,1982.
[4]李飞.中国樟树精油资源与开发利用[M].北京：中国林业出版社,2000.
[5]朱亮峰.我国樟属精油资源研究现状[J].植物资源与环境,1994,3(2)：51-55.
[6]李振华,温强,戴小英,等.樟树资源利用现状与展望[J].江西林业科技.2007,(6)：30-36.
[7]江明艳,陈其兵,潘远志.我国樟科植物的园林应用前景[J].西南园艺,2004,32(3)：16-18.
[8]吴会乐.香樟育苗造林技术[J].中国林副特产,2004(6)：27-28.
[9]徐有明,江泽慧,鲍春红,等.樟树5个品系精油组分含量和木材性质的比较研究[J].华中农业大学学报,2001.20(5)：484-488.
[10]中华本草编委会.中华本草(第三册)[M].上海：上海科学技术出版社,1999.
[11]刘江云,杨世林,徐丽珍.樟属植物的化学和药理研究概况[J].国外医学中医中药分册,2001,23(1)：7.
[12]刘宝华,张爱军,田顺华,等.樟树的临床应用[J].中医外治杂志,2005,14(1)：39.
[13]江志利,张兴,冯俊涛.植物精油研究及其在植物保护中的利用[J].陕西农业科技,2002,(1)：32-36.
[14]李锡文.云南樟树及其相近种的精油化学与植物分类[J].植物分类学报,1975,13(4)：35-50
[15]蔡宪元,丁靖凯,聂瑞麟.云南樟科植物精油的研究——云南樟和猴樟的精油化学成分[J].药学学报,1964,11(12)：801-809.
[16]郭德选,龙光远,刘银荀.樟树类型子代苗期表型测定初报[J].吉安林业科技,1988,2：1-6.
[17]龙光远,郭德选,刘银荀.樟树精油含量的研究[J].江西林业科技,1989,6：7-14.
[18]石皖阳,何伟,文光裕,等.樟精油成分和类型划分[J].植物学报,1989,31(3)：209-214.
[19]赵刚.福建樟树精油生化类型与优良单株选择的研究[D].福州：福建农林大学,2005.
[20]陶光复,吕爱华,蒋祖德,等.天然樟脑和芳樟醇的新资源植物[J].植物学报,1987,29(5)：541-548.
[21]张国防.樟树精油主成分变异与选择的研究[D].福州：福建农林大学,2006.
[22]段博莉.樟树叶片精油及其主要成分的遗传变异规律研究[D].北京：中国林业科学研究院,2006.
[23]刘虹,沈美英,何正洪.广西樟树叶油的五种生化类型[J].广西林业科技,1992,21(4)：181-186.
[24]Pino-J A, Fuentes-V. Leaf oil of Cinnamomum camphor a (L.) Presl. from Cuba[J]. Journal of Essential Oil Research,1998,10:(5):531-532.
[25]Ibrahim-Jantan, Goh-SH.Toxie and antifungal properties of the essential Oil of Cinnamomum species from Peninsular Malaysia[J].Journal of Tropical Forest Seience,1992,8(1):257-262.
[26]Ibrahim-Jantan, Goh-SH.Essential oils of Cinnamomum species from Peninsular Malaysia[J].Journal of Essential Oil Research,1992,4(2):161-164.
[27]Pelissier-Y, Marion-C, Prunac-S, et al.Volatile components of leaves,stems and bark of Cinnamomum camphora Nees et Ebermaier[J] Journal of Essential Oil Research,1995, 7(3):313-315.
[28]Ansari-MA, Razdan-RK. Relative efficacy of various Oils in repelling mosquitoes [J]. Indian Journal of Malariology,1995,32(3):104-111.
[29]Dung-NX, Khien-PV, Chien-HT, et al.The essential Oil of Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Sieb.var Linaloolifera from Vietnam [J].Journal of Essential Oil Research,1993, 5(4):451-453.
[30]Fujita,Y. Fundamental studies of essential oil[J].The Ogawa Perfumer Times,1951,202: 315-320.
[31]Fujita,Y.Cinnamomum camphora Sleb. and its alliedspecies.Their interrelationships considered from the view-points of species characteristics,chemical consituents, geographical distributeon and evolution[J]. Bot.Mag.Tokyo,1952,80:261-271.
[32]Fujita,Y.Classification and phylogeny of the genus CW namomum viewed from the constituents of essential oils[J]. Bot.Mag.Tokyo,1967,80:261-271.
[33]Fujita,Y, Fujita,S, Tanaka Y.Biogenesis of the essential oils in camphor trees.Part XXXV.On the components of the essential oil from the young truck of Cinnamomum canphora. Fujita,Y, Fujita,S:Yoshikawa,H:Biogenesis of essential oils in camphor trees.The components of the essential oils of Cinnamomum doederleinii[J]. Nippon-Nogeikagaku-kaishi,1974,48(12):697-700.
[34]Ibrahim-Jantan, Rasadah-Mat-Ali, Goh-SH.Toxie and antifungal properties of the essential Oil of Cinnamomum species from Peninsular Malaysia[J].Journal of Tropical Forest Seience,1994,6(3):286-292.
[35]Hirota,N.An examination of the camphor tree and its leaf oils[J].Perfume and Essential Oil Rec.,1953,44:4-10.
[36]Sattar A, Gilani A M.Saeed M A.Gas chromatographic Examination of the Clinelie Tree Polysaccharides[J].Shinr in Sogo Kenkywsho kenkyu Hokoku,1991,360:121-124.
[37]Suri R K, Thind T S.Antiuacterial Activity of some Essential Oils[J].India Drugs Pharm.1978,13(6):25-28.
[38]Kuo K H, Chen W C, Lin Y J.Chemistry of Leaf Extract From Clinelie Tree Polysaccharides[J].Shinr in Sogo Kenkywsho kenkyu Hokoku,1991,360:151-155.
[39]Abdul Sattar, Gilan AM.Gas chromatographic examnation of essential oil of Cinnamomum canphora[J].Pakistan Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research, 1991,34(4):135-136.
[40]Jagjit Bhandari, Shiva MP, Mehra SN, et al.Prospects of camphor and camphor oil production from the leaves of pollarded bushes of Cinnamomum canphora.Recent advances in medicinal,aromatic,and spice crops.International conference held on 28-31 January 1989,at New Delhi,India,1992,441-447.
[41]Bhandari J.Comparative chromatographic studies of Cinnamomum canphora (Linn.) Nees & Eberm.young pollarded bushes and trees of essential oil[J] Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany,1995,19(2):287-292.
[42]Nath SC, Rabha LC, Bordoloi DN.Resource evaluation of certain aromatic plants growing in the hills of north eastern India for commercial possibilities[J].Indian Journal of Hill Farming,1994,7(1):86-89.
[43]Baruah AKS, Bhagat SD, Hazarika JN, et al.Ssikia-BK,Examination of volatile oil of Cinnamomum canphora grown at Jorhat,Assam[J].India Journal of Pharmacy, 1975,37(2):39-41.
[44]吴立军.天然药物化学[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,2003.
[45]汤青云,李界斌,雷存喜.樟树中樟油和樟脑的提取[J].益阳师专学报,2000,17(5)：49-50.
[46]王健英.1,8-桉叶油素的提取与提纯[D].天津：天津大学,2004.
[47]傅冠民.芳香疗法的由来、作用及其应用[J].香料香精化妆品,2002,5(10)：28-31.
[48]汪秋安,姜贵吉.利用现代技术开发天然香料[J].上海轻工业,1992,3：29-32.
[49]钟炼军,张文启.浅谈食品香料的生理功能作用[J].广州食品工业科技,2003,19(1)：20-29.
[50]任全德.中药指纹图谱质控技术的意义与作用[J].中药材,2001,4(4)：235-239.
[51]国家药品监督管理局.中药注射剂指纹图谱研究的技术要求(暂行)[J].中成药,2000,22(10)：671-673.
[52]罗国安.建立我国现代中药质量标准体系的研究[J].世界科学技术中药现代化杂志,2002,4(1)：5-11.
[53]王睿,徐伟,方翼.中药指纹图谱研究进展[J].中国药师,2004,7(10)：764-767.
[54]周玉新等.《中药指纹图谱研究技术》[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2002.
[55]王志军.中药指纹图谱建立方法的研究及化学计量学的应用[D].上海：同济大学,2007.
[56]王文静.洋槐蜂蜜HPLC指纹图谱的研究[D].重庆：西南大学,2008.
[57]徐国均.中草药图谱[M].福州：福建科学技术出版社,2001.
[58]张少君.延胡索中生物碱类化合物的分离纯化及指纹图谱研究[D].大连：大连理工大学,2008.
[59]魏刚.中药GC-MS指纹图谱的方法学探讨[J].中药新药与临床药理,2005,16(1)：73-76.
[60]乔善磊.中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价研究[D].上海：第二军医大学,2004.
[61]朱琳.花椒挥发油GC-MS指纹图谱及其成分的研究[D].重庆：西南大学,2010.
[62]魏刚,方永奇,刘东辉GC-MS建立石菖蒲挥发油特征指纹图谱方法学研究[J].中国中药杂志,2004,29(8)：764-766.
[63]金宏.丁香挥发油GC-MS指纹图谱研究[D].青岛：中国海洋大学,2006.
[64]陈旭,曾建红.广西莪术挥发油GC-MS指纹图谱研究[J].药物分析杂志,2008,28(8)：1363-1366.
[65]何进,郭涛,孙学惠.大蒜挥发油指纹图谱的研究[J].解放军药学学报,2007,23(5)：362-364.
[66]王芳.积雪草挥发油气相指纹图谱研究[D].泸州：泸州医学院,2009.
[67]陈永红.金银花指纹图谱研究[D].长春：吉林大学,2007.
[68]李福高.中药菊花主要药用成分分析及挥发油指纹图谱研究[D].杭州：浙江大学,2002.
[69]赵喜兰,常陆林,任丽平.栀子花挥发油的GC-MS的指纹图谱[J].安徽农业科学,2009,37(8)：3355-3356.
[70]雷敬卫,陈随清,吴德康.河南产山橿挥发油的指纹图谱研究[J].中国实验方剂学杂志,2009,15(10)：1-3.
[71]莫建光,杨益林,黄志标,等.广西芳樟醇型樟树枝叶含油率及其主要成分含量的变异研究[J].林产化学与工业,2010,30(2)：72-76.
[72]李英梅,丘平珠.广西气候资料现状及其分析[J].气象研究与应用,2007,28(增Ⅱ)193-194.
[73]Heller S R. N IH/EPA/Mass Spectral Merce Data Bade[M].Washington:U.S.A. Government Printing Office,1978.
[74]Yukawa Y,Sho I.Spectral Atlas of Terpenes and the Related Compounds [M].Toky: Hirokawa Publishing Company. Inc,1973.
[75]马莉.7种百里香精油的化学型及其遗传关系的ISSR分析[D].上海：上海交通大学,2009.
[76]陈胜可SPSS统计分析从入门到精通[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2010.
[77]王璐SPSS统计分析基础、应用与实践[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2010.
[78]R.Oprean, M.Tamas, R.Sandulescu, et al.Essential oils analysis. I. Evaluation of essential oils composition using both GC and MS fingerprints.[J]. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis,1998(18):651-657.
[79]A.R. Bilia, G. Flamini, V.Taglioli, et al.GC-MS analysis of essential oil of some commercial Fennel teas.[J]. Food Chemistry,2002,76:307-310.
[80]Yang Yong, Tao Wenyi.Head-Space Solid Phase Micro-extraction Followed by GC-MS Analysis of the Volatile Components in Seeds of Cinnamomum camphora.[J].American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology,2005,1 (3):174-176.
[81]Phan Minh Giang Wilfried A, Konig Phan Tong Son. Chemical constituents of the essential oil from the bark of Cinnamomum illicioides A. Chev. from Vietnam.[J]. Nat Med,2006,60:248-250.