平菇和香菇代料栽培过程中的污染真菌研究
|
摘要
从2002年3月到2003年2月，在四川省雅安市代料栽培平菇和香菇的种植户中采集被真菌污染的培养料，进行真菌分离和鉴定。研究结果表明，平菇代料栽培中的污染真菌有粘帚霉属(Gliocladium spp.)、木霉属(Trichoderma spp.)、青霉属(Penicillium spp.)、曲霉属(Aspergillus spp.)、毛壳菌属(Chaetomium spp.)、根霉属(Rhizopus spp.)和毛霉属(Mucor spp.)等7个属的真菌，其中粘帚霉、木霉和青霉的平均分离频率分别为57.62％、10.32％和7.85％，是平菇代料栽培中主要的污染真菌；所分离到的42株木霉中有21株是长枝木霉(T. longibrachiatum)，占50％，其余21株属于4种木霉分别为：哈茨木霉(T. harzianum)、绿色木霉(T. viride)、桔绿木霉(T. citrinoviride)和黄绿木霉(T. aureoviride)。香菇代料栽培中的污染真菌有木霉属(Trichoderma spp.)、毛霉属(Mucor spp.)、链孢霉属(Monilia spp.)、根霉属(Rhizopus spp.)、轮枝霉属(Verticillium spp.)、曲霉属(Aspergillus spp.)和镰刀菌属(Fusarium spp.)等7个属的真菌，其中木霉、毛霉、链孢霉和根霉的平均分离频率分别为74.11％、7.14％、6.59％和4.08％，是香菇代料栽培中主要的污染真菌；所分离到的296株木霉中有265株是哈茨木霉，占89.53％，19株是绿色木霉，占6.42％，其余12株属于4种木霉分别为：康氏木霉(T. koningii)、长枝木霉、黄绿木霉和钩状木霉(T. hamatum)。
选取分离频率较高的几类污染真菌与平菇和香菇进行生物学特性比较研究后发现，主要污染真菌木霉和粘帚霉适宜在较高的温度(25℃～30'(2)、较低的pH(pH5)下生长；当温度降低到20℃或pH升高到pH9时，木霉和粘帚霉的菌丝生长速度急剧下降，而平菇的菌丝生长速度变化不大，香菇的菌丝生长速度受温度变化的影响也不大。PDA平板上的对峙培养表明，粘帚霉和绿色木霉能覆盖平菇的菌落继续生长，哈茨木霉和绿色木霉能覆盖香菇的菌落继续生长。5种常用的无公害杀菌剂(多菌灵、使百克、甲基托布津、代森锰锌和多抗霉素)对主要污染真菌木霉和粘帚霉室内抑制作用的测定结果表明：25mg/l多菌灵能强烈地抑制绿色木霉、长枝木霉和粘帚霉(Gl_1)的菌丝生长，0.25mg/l使百克能强烈地抑制哈茨木霉、长枝木霉和粘帚霉(Gl_1、Gl_2)的菌丝生长，且1mg/l的使百克对哈茨木霉、长枝木霉和粘帚霉(Gl_1、Gl_2)的孢子萌发抑制率可达94％以上，而且多菌灵和使百克在上述浓度下对平菇和香菇菌丝生长抑制作用不明显，因而可以用于防治平菇和香菇代料栽培中的粘帚霉和木霉的污染。
The substrate fungal contamination was researched in the substitute cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus and Lentinus edodes from March 2002 to February 2003 in Yaan, Sichuan. The contaminative fungi were isolated respectively in the polluted cultivation substrate of Pleurotus ostreatus and Lentinus edodes. The results of identification indicated that in the substitute cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus, the most predominant contaminative fungi was Gliocladium spp., the isolation frequency of which was 57.62%, other important fungi were Trichoderma spp., Penicillium spp., Aspergillus spp., Chaetomium spp., Rhizopus spp., Mucor spp. as well as some unidentified fungi, their isolation frequencies were respectively 10.32%, 7.85%, 4.41%, 3.72%, 2.79%, 1.52% and 11.22%. And among the total 42 Trichoderma spp isolates, 21 isolates were T. longibrachiatum, others belonged to T. harzianum, T. viride, T. citrinoviride and T. aureoviride. However, in the substitute cultivation of Lentinus edodes, the most predominant co
ntaminative fungi was Trichoderma spp., the isolation frequency of which was 74.11%, other important fungi were Mucor spp., Monilia spp., Rhizopus spp., Verticillium spp., Aspergillus spp., Fusarium spp. and some unidentified fungi , their isolation frequencies were respectively 7.14%, 6.59%, 4.08%, 1.36%, 0.74%, 0.53% and 5.45%. And among the total 296 Trichoderma spp. isolates which isolated from the cultivation of Lentinus edodes, 265 isolates were T. harzianum, 19 isolates were T. viride, others belonged to T.koningii, T. longibrachiatum, T. aureoviride and T. hamatum.
The growth rates of three strains of Trichoderma spp. and two strains of Gliocladium spp., selected from the most predominant contaminative fungi, had been compared with those of Pleurotus ostreatus and Lentinus edodes at different temperature and pH. The results showed that Trichoderma spp. and Gliocladium spp. suited to grow at higher temperature (25℃-30℃) and lower pH (pH5), and the hyphal growth rates of Trichoderma spp. and Gliocladium spp. decreased sharply as the temperature went down to 20℃ or the pH got up to pH9, but the hyphal growth rates of Pleurotus ostreatus and Lentinus edodes didn't change very much. In dual culture, Gliocladium spp. and T. viride
could overrun the colonies of Pleurotus ostreatus, T. harzianum and T. viride could overrun the colonies ofLentinus edodes.
The inhibitory effects of 5 common environmental friendly fungicides (Carbendazim, Prochloraz, Thiophanate-methyl, Mancozeb and Polyoxin) on Trichoderma spp., Gliocladium spp., Pleurotus ostreatus and Lentinus edodes were tested. The results demonstrated that Carbendazim 25mg/l strongly inhibited the hyphal growth of T. viride, T.longibrachiatum and Gliocladium spp., and Prochloraz 0.25 mg/l strongly inhibited the hyphal growth of T. hamatum, T. longibrachiatum and Gliocladium spp.. Furthermore, Prochloraz 1mg/l strongly inhibited spore germination of T.hamatum, T.longibrachiatum and Gliocladium spp., the inhibitory rates of spore germination were more than 94%. However, Carbendazim 25 mg/l and Prochloraz 0.25 mg/l hardly inhibited the hyphal growth of Pleurotus ostreatus and Lentinus edodes .
选取分离频率较高的几类污染真菌与平菇和香菇进行生物学特性比较研究后发现，主要污染真菌木霉和粘帚霉适宜在较高的温度(25℃～30'(2)、较低的pH(pH5)下生长；当温度降低到20℃或pH升高到pH9时，木霉和粘帚霉的菌丝生长速度急剧下降，而平菇的菌丝生长速度变化不大，香菇的菌丝生长速度受温度变化的影响也不大。PDA平板上的对峙培养表明，粘帚霉和绿色木霉能覆盖平菇的菌落继续生长，哈茨木霉和绿色木霉能覆盖香菇的菌落继续生长。5种常用的无公害杀菌剂(多菌灵、使百克、甲基托布津、代森锰锌和多抗霉素)对主要污染真菌木霉和粘帚霉室内抑制作用的测定结果表明：25mg/l多菌灵能强烈地抑制绿色木霉、长枝木霉和粘帚霉(Gl_1)的菌丝生长，0.25mg/l使百克能强烈地抑制哈茨木霉、长枝木霉和粘帚霉(Gl_1、Gl_2)的菌丝生长，且1mg/l的使百克对哈茨木霉、长枝木霉和粘帚霉(Gl_1、Gl_2)的孢子萌发抑制率可达94％以上，而且多菌灵和使百克在上述浓度下对平菇和香菇菌丝生长抑制作用不明显，因而可以用于防治平菇和香菇代料栽培中的粘帚霉和木霉的污染。
The substrate fungal contamination was researched in the substitute cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus and Lentinus edodes from March 2002 to February 2003 in Yaan, Sichuan. The contaminative fungi were isolated respectively in the polluted cultivation substrate of Pleurotus ostreatus and Lentinus edodes. The results of identification indicated that in the substitute cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus, the most predominant contaminative fungi was Gliocladium spp., the isolation frequency of which was 57.62%, other important fungi were Trichoderma spp., Penicillium spp., Aspergillus spp., Chaetomium spp., Rhizopus spp., Mucor spp. as well as some unidentified fungi, their isolation frequencies were respectively 10.32%, 7.85%, 4.41%, 3.72%, 2.79%, 1.52% and 11.22%. And among the total 42 Trichoderma spp isolates, 21 isolates were T. longibrachiatum, others belonged to T. harzianum, T. viride, T. citrinoviride and T. aureoviride. However, in the substitute cultivation of Lentinus edodes, the most predominant co
ntaminative fungi was Trichoderma spp., the isolation frequency of which was 74.11%, other important fungi were Mucor spp., Monilia spp., Rhizopus spp., Verticillium spp., Aspergillus spp., Fusarium spp. and some unidentified fungi , their isolation frequencies were respectively 7.14%, 6.59%, 4.08%, 1.36%, 0.74%, 0.53% and 5.45%. And among the total 296 Trichoderma spp. isolates which isolated from the cultivation of Lentinus edodes, 265 isolates were T. harzianum, 19 isolates were T. viride, others belonged to T.koningii, T. longibrachiatum, T. aureoviride and T. hamatum.
The growth rates of three strains of Trichoderma spp. and two strains of Gliocladium spp., selected from the most predominant contaminative fungi, had been compared with those of Pleurotus ostreatus and Lentinus edodes at different temperature and pH. The results showed that Trichoderma spp. and Gliocladium spp. suited to grow at higher temperature (25℃-30℃) and lower pH (pH5), and the hyphal growth rates of Trichoderma spp. and Gliocladium spp. decreased sharply as the temperature went down to 20℃ or the pH got up to pH9, but the hyphal growth rates of Pleurotus ostreatus and Lentinus edodes didn't change very much. In dual culture, Gliocladium spp. and T. viride
could overrun the colonies of Pleurotus ostreatus, T. harzianum and T. viride could overrun the colonies ofLentinus edodes.
The inhibitory effects of 5 common environmental friendly fungicides (Carbendazim, Prochloraz, Thiophanate-methyl, Mancozeb and Polyoxin) on Trichoderma spp., Gliocladium spp., Pleurotus ostreatus and Lentinus edodes were tested. The results demonstrated that Carbendazim 25mg/l strongly inhibited the hyphal growth of T. viride, T.longibrachiatum and Gliocladium spp., and Prochloraz 0.25 mg/l strongly inhibited the hyphal growth of T. hamatum, T. longibrachiatum and Gliocladium spp.. Furthermore, Prochloraz 1mg/l strongly inhibited spore germination of T.hamatum, T.longibrachiatum and Gliocladium spp., the inhibitory rates of spore germination were more than 94%. However, Carbendazim 25 mg/l and Prochloraz 0.25 mg/l hardly inhibited the hyphal growth of Pleurotus ostreatus and Lentinus edodes .
引文
1 宫志远．食用菌保护地栽培技术[M]．济南：山东科学技术出版社，2002
2 李宗义，汪宝忠，冯惠卿．平菇栽培中病原菌的调查研究[J]．河南师范大学学报(自然科学版)，1989,(4)：59-64
3 张学敏，杨集昆，谭琦．食用菌病虫害防治[M]．北京：金盾出版社，1994，133-164
4 刘波，刘茵华．食用菌病害及其防治[J]．中国食用菌，1991，10(1)：24-25
5 张克勤，李家俊，周薇．食用平菇枯萎病——平菇的一种新病害[J]．植物病理学报，1992，22(3)：223-227
6 叶向东，黄水生，汪山鹰等．香菇石膏霉的防治方法探讨[J]．食用菌，1998，20(5)：38
7 宫志远，于淑芳，万鲁长等．腐霉对平菇子实体侵染规律及防控措施[J]．中国食用菌，2001，20(4)：20-21
8 姜华芳，王富良，谭琦．香菇木霉病病原种类及其优势种[J]．上海农业学报，1995，11(2)：85-90
9 姜华芳，林进心．香菇烂筒病及其病因研究初报[J]．食用菌学报，1998，5(1)：61-64
10 Bhardwaj S.C. 绿粘帚霉及其引致的食用菌病害[J]．吕泽勋译．国外食用菌，1989,(1)：23-24
11 Shama A D．发生在侧耳菇床上的新病害——褐腐病[J]．孙韬译．国外食用菌，1988，(1)：2
12 张晓元，罗宽．土生毛束霉对食用菌的危害与防治[J]．中国食用菌，1992，11(4)：27
13 阮瑞国，罗仰奋，林从发等．袋栽香菇的杂菌及其防治[J]．江苏食用菌，1992，(6)：25-26
14 刘波，曹晋忠，刘茵华．一种新的平菇污染杂菌[J]．食用菌，1987，9(6)：34
15 张维瑞，洪健尔．袋栽香菇杂菌的侵染途径和防治措施[J]．福建农业科技，1997,(5)：34
16 Mignucci J S, Hemandez Baco C. Rivera Vargas L, Betancourt C, Alameda M. Diseases and pests research on oyster mushrooms(Pleurotus spp)in Puerto Rico[J]. International Journal of Mushroom Sciences.2000,3:1.21-26
17 何佳，赵启美，田娟等．两种木霉对食用菌抑制方式研究[J]．食用菌，1998，20(3)：36-37
18 Tokimoto K. Physiological studies on antagonism between Lentinus edodes and Trichoderma spp. in bedlogs of the former[J].Reports of the Tottori Mycological Institute.1985,23:1-54
19 康业斌，成玉梅，郭秀璞．多菌灵对绿色木霉的毒力测定[J]．食用菌学报，1998，5(2)：45-48
20 Poppe J,Welvaert W,Both,G.de.Diseases and their control-possibilities after ten years Pleurotus culture in Belgium[J].Mededelingen Van de Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen Rijksuniversiteit Gent.1985,50:3b,1097-1108.
21 马文邦，王孟良．袋栽平菇添加草木灰防霉试验[J]．食用菌，1992，14(6)：40-41
22 Tokimoto K,Komatsu M. Effect of carbon and nitrogen sources in media on the hyphal interference between Lentinus edodes and some species of Trichoderma[J].Annals of the Phytopathological Society of Japan.1979,45:2,261-264
23 Visscher H R. The pH of the casing and the incidence of Trichoderma, in relation to mechanical harvesting[J]. Champignoncultuur. 1976, 20: 2, 35, 37, 39-41, 43
24 Badham E R. Growth and competition between Lentinus edodes and Trichoderma harzianum on sawdust substrates[J]. Mycologia. 1991, 83: 4, 455-463
25 Mata G, Savoie J M, Delpech P, Olivier J M. Reductions in the incidence of Trichoderma spp. using substrate supplementation with peat and an alternative spawn during cultivation of Lentinula edodes on pasteurised wheat straw. Diminution de l'impact de Trichoderma spp. pendant la culture de Lentinula edodes sur paille de ble pasteurisee par la supplementation du substrat avec de la tourbe et l'emploi d'une semence de champignon alternative. Agronomic. 1998, 18: 8-9, 515-520
26 吴金聪，陈俏彪，叶长文．药剂防治香菇绿色木霉对比试验[J]．食用菌，2000，22(1)：36-37
27 Kim G P. The toxicity of benomyl and BCM to some edible fungi and pathogenic organisms causing major diseases of Agaricus bisporus[J]. Research Reports of the Office of Rural Development, Soil-Science, Fertilizer, Plant Protection and Mycology. 1975,17:137-147
28 周传富，何云霞，王杰．多菌灵对几种食用菌霉菌抑制作用的研究[J]．安徽农业大学学报，1999，26(4)：457-460
29 陶树兴，薛知文，杨秋香．几种食用菌和霉菌对一些抗菌药剂的敏感性研究[J]．中国食用菌，1990，9(1)：19-20
30 罗宽，王国平．防治食用菌杂菌的药剂筛选[J]．中国食用菌，1990，9(2)：21-23
31 江英成．香菇杂菌绿色木霉室内抑制试验初探[J]．河北林果研究，2001，16(1)：59-62
32 温志强，林太礼，廖朝阳．三种杀菌剂对木霉菌及食用菌的毒力测定[J]．福建农业大学学报，2001，30(1)：48-52
33 王振河，何培新，张定法等．四种杀菌剂对绿色木霉及平菇菌丝生长的影响[J]．河南农业科学，2000，(7)：28-30
34 张萍华，蒋冬花，贾波．四种杀菌剂对双孢蘑菇菌丝及霉菌生长的影响[J]．中国食用菌，2001，20(6)：18-20
35 蒋冬花．杀真菌剂对香菇等食用真菌及污染霉菌菌丝生长的影响[J]．浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版)，2001，27(3)：321-324
36 李康兰，张力，杨彩霞等．促生灭菌剂在乎菇生料栽培中的应用[J]．西北师范大学学报(自然科学版)，1998，34(4)：51-55
37 张萍华．5种杀菌剂对灵芝菌丝及绿色木霉生长的影响[J]．浙江林学院学报，2001，18(1)：69-72
38 Anil Gupta, Kerni P N, Gupta A. In vitro evaluation of different chemicals against Trichoderma viride isolated from button mushroom[J]. Research and Development Reporter. 1995, 12: 1-2, 44-47
39 Yau Teh F, Nakamura K. Experiments on the chemical control (benomyl wettable powder) for Trichoderma spp. of shiitake mushroom (Lentinus edodes) [J]. Bulletin of the Experiment Forests,
Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology. 1975,12:83-90
40 Ogawa T, Fukui R, Noda M, Murooka H, Hongo I, Shoji A, Maesawa Y, Shiratori T. Protection of edible mushrooms from the invading fungi by the fungicidal agents.Ⅱ. Controlling effects of benomyl on Trichoderma infection in edible mushroom cultivation[J]. Transactions of the Mycological Society of Japan. 1975, 16: 3, 311-323
41 Anandh K, Ramanujam K, Prakasam V. Effect of fungicides on the incidence of contaminants and yield of Pleurotus eous[J]. Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology. 1999, 29(3):289-293
42 李良．香菇杂菌的药剂筛选和防治试验[J]．食用菌，1993,15(1)：33-34
43 张松．食用菌和霉菌对药剂敏感性的研究[J]．中国食用菌，1995，15(4)：13-14
44 刘养清，邓清仙．硫酸铜在食用菌拌料中的应用[J]．食用菌，1996,18(6)：7-8
45 何华奇，张子学，陆晓民等．克霉灵对平菇和木霉生育的影响[J]．食用菌，1996，18(4)：35-36
46 高经典，杨红，罗孝坤等．平菇生产中杀菌剂(或抑菌剂)应用的研究[J]．中国食用菌，1992，11(4)：25-26
47 李正鹏，吴萍，卜兴江等．中草药对真菌菌丝生长抑制作用的研究[J]．安徽农业技术师范学院学报，2000，14(2)：26-28
48 Chang HyunYou, Kang AnSeok, Cha DongYeul. Effects of wood vinegar on the mycelial growth promotion of some edible mushrooms and Trichoderma pathogen inhibition[J]. RDA Journal of Agricultural Science, Farm Management, Agricultural Engineering, Sericulture, and Farm Products Utilization. 1995, 37(2):766-771
49 Sharma V P, Jandaik C L. Effect of some plant materials in controlling different moulds in Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Imbach[J]. Indian Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology. 1994, 24(3): 183-185
50 陈中宽，闫路海，刘玉良等．植物生长调节剂在平菇生产中的应用研究初报[J]．食用菌，1996,18(6)：6-7
51 Jansen M, Field J A, Griensven LJLD van. Control of Trichoderma with glucose oxidase. Science and cultivation of edible fungi. Proceedings of the 15th International Congress on the Science and Cultivation of Edible Fungi, Maastricht, Netherlands, 15-19 May, 2000. 2000, 675-678
52 宋漳，黄耀坚．不同林分中拮抗菌的筛选及其对绿色木霉的拮抗试验[J]．中国生物防治，1997，13(1)：20-22
53 马向东，张春峨，吴云汉．香菇生料栽培的生物防治初报[J]．河南农业大学学报，1993，27(2)：201-204
54 李俊明．绿霉A_(12)浸出液在生料栽香菇中的防霉效果[J]．食用菌，1988，10(3)：34
55 Bis'ko N A, Bilai V T. Influence of Bacillus species on the vital functions of Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.:Fr.) Kumm. in the paatus (Jacq.:Fr.) Kumm. in the partly closed artificial ecosystem. Mikologiya i Fitopatologiya. 1995, 29(5-6): 1-7
56 Lillo E de, de Lillo E.Observations on the host preferences of Pediculaster mesembrinae (Canestrini)(Acari：Siteroptidae)[J]．Entomologica．1997，31：7-12
57 方中达．植病研究方法[M]．北京：中国农业出版社，1998，110-154
58 魏景超．真菌鉴定手册[M]．上海：上海科学技术出版社，1979
59 文成敬，陶家凤，陈文瑞．中国西南地区木霉属分类研究[J]．真菌学报，1993，12(2)：118-130
60 Rifai MA. A revision of the genus Trichoderma.Mycol.Papers,C.M.I.1969,116:1-56
61 文成敬，陈文瑞．木霉绿色粘帚霉和柑桔青绿霉分生孢子萌发条件的比较研究[J]．四川农业大学学报，1995，13(1)：26-29
62 黄彰欣．植物化学保护实验指导[M]．北京：农业出版社，1993，52-59
63 张光明．绿色食品蔬菜农药使用手册[M]．北京：中国农业出版社，2000，74-111
64 温志强，林丽红，高连华．使百克对木霉菌和食用菌的毒力测定[J]．福建农业科技，2000，S1：108-110
65 罗吟珍，刘坚真．草菇绿粘帚霉病害的初步研究[J]．华南农业大学学报，1995，16(1)：76-79
66 Domsch KM, Gams W, Anderson T H. Compendium of soil fungi[M]. London: Academic press, 1980,368-377
67 王富良，姜华芳．国内外木霉研究动态[J]．江苏食用菌，1994，15(5)：31-32
68 王传福．新编食用菌生产手册[M]．郑州：中原农民出版社，2002，190-232
69 杨新美．食用菌栽培学[M]．北京：中国农业出版社，1996
2 李宗义，汪宝忠，冯惠卿．平菇栽培中病原菌的调查研究[J]．河南师范大学学报(自然科学版)，1989,(4)：59-64
3 张学敏，杨集昆，谭琦．食用菌病虫害防治[M]．北京：金盾出版社，1994，133-164
4 刘波，刘茵华．食用菌病害及其防治[J]．中国食用菌，1991，10(1)：24-25
5 张克勤，李家俊，周薇．食用平菇枯萎病——平菇的一种新病害[J]．植物病理学报，1992，22(3)：223-227
6 叶向东，黄水生，汪山鹰等．香菇石膏霉的防治方法探讨[J]．食用菌，1998，20(5)：38
7 宫志远，于淑芳，万鲁长等．腐霉对平菇子实体侵染规律及防控措施[J]．中国食用菌，2001，20(4)：20-21
8 姜华芳，王富良，谭琦．香菇木霉病病原种类及其优势种[J]．上海农业学报，1995，11(2)：85-90
9 姜华芳，林进心．香菇烂筒病及其病因研究初报[J]．食用菌学报，1998，5(1)：61-64
10 Bhardwaj S.C. 绿粘帚霉及其引致的食用菌病害[J]．吕泽勋译．国外食用菌，1989,(1)：23-24
11 Shama A D．发生在侧耳菇床上的新病害——褐腐病[J]．孙韬译．国外食用菌，1988，(1)：2
12 张晓元，罗宽．土生毛束霉对食用菌的危害与防治[J]．中国食用菌，1992，11(4)：27
13 阮瑞国，罗仰奋，林从发等．袋栽香菇的杂菌及其防治[J]．江苏食用菌，1992，(6)：25-26
14 刘波，曹晋忠，刘茵华．一种新的平菇污染杂菌[J]．食用菌，1987，9(6)：34
15 张维瑞，洪健尔．袋栽香菇杂菌的侵染途径和防治措施[J]．福建农业科技，1997,(5)：34
16 Mignucci J S, Hemandez Baco C. Rivera Vargas L, Betancourt C, Alameda M. Diseases and pests research on oyster mushrooms(Pleurotus spp)in Puerto Rico[J]. International Journal of Mushroom Sciences.2000,3:1.21-26
17 何佳，赵启美，田娟等．两种木霉对食用菌抑制方式研究[J]．食用菌，1998，20(3)：36-37
18 Tokimoto K. Physiological studies on antagonism between Lentinus edodes and Trichoderma spp. in bedlogs of the former[J].Reports of the Tottori Mycological Institute.1985,23:1-54
19 康业斌，成玉梅，郭秀璞．多菌灵对绿色木霉的毒力测定[J]．食用菌学报，1998，5(2)：45-48
20 Poppe J,Welvaert W,Both,G.de.Diseases and their control-possibilities after ten years Pleurotus culture in Belgium[J].Mededelingen Van de Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen Rijksuniversiteit Gent.1985,50:3b,1097-1108.
21 马文邦，王孟良．袋栽平菇添加草木灰防霉试验[J]．食用菌，1992，14(6)：40-41
22 Tokimoto K,Komatsu M. Effect of carbon and nitrogen sources in media on the hyphal interference between Lentinus edodes and some species of Trichoderma[J].Annals of the Phytopathological Society of Japan.1979,45:2,261-264
23 Visscher H R. The pH of the casing and the incidence of Trichoderma, in relation to mechanical harvesting[J]. Champignoncultuur. 1976, 20: 2, 35, 37, 39-41, 43
24 Badham E R. Growth and competition between Lentinus edodes and Trichoderma harzianum on sawdust substrates[J]. Mycologia. 1991, 83: 4, 455-463
25 Mata G, Savoie J M, Delpech P, Olivier J M. Reductions in the incidence of Trichoderma spp. using substrate supplementation with peat and an alternative spawn during cultivation of Lentinula edodes on pasteurised wheat straw. Diminution de l'impact de Trichoderma spp. pendant la culture de Lentinula edodes sur paille de ble pasteurisee par la supplementation du substrat avec de la tourbe et l'emploi d'une semence de champignon alternative. Agronomic. 1998, 18: 8-9, 515-520
26 吴金聪，陈俏彪，叶长文．药剂防治香菇绿色木霉对比试验[J]．食用菌，2000，22(1)：36-37
27 Kim G P. The toxicity of benomyl and BCM to some edible fungi and pathogenic organisms causing major diseases of Agaricus bisporus[J]. Research Reports of the Office of Rural Development, Soil-Science, Fertilizer, Plant Protection and Mycology. 1975,17:137-147
28 周传富，何云霞，王杰．多菌灵对几种食用菌霉菌抑制作用的研究[J]．安徽农业大学学报，1999，26(4)：457-460
29 陶树兴，薛知文，杨秋香．几种食用菌和霉菌对一些抗菌药剂的敏感性研究[J]．中国食用菌，1990，9(1)：19-20
30 罗宽，王国平．防治食用菌杂菌的药剂筛选[J]．中国食用菌，1990，9(2)：21-23
31 江英成．香菇杂菌绿色木霉室内抑制试验初探[J]．河北林果研究，2001，16(1)：59-62
32 温志强，林太礼，廖朝阳．三种杀菌剂对木霉菌及食用菌的毒力测定[J]．福建农业大学学报，2001，30(1)：48-52
33 王振河，何培新，张定法等．四种杀菌剂对绿色木霉及平菇菌丝生长的影响[J]．河南农业科学，2000，(7)：28-30
34 张萍华，蒋冬花，贾波．四种杀菌剂对双孢蘑菇菌丝及霉菌生长的影响[J]．中国食用菌，2001，20(6)：18-20
35 蒋冬花．杀真菌剂对香菇等食用真菌及污染霉菌菌丝生长的影响[J]．浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版)，2001，27(3)：321-324
36 李康兰，张力，杨彩霞等．促生灭菌剂在乎菇生料栽培中的应用[J]．西北师范大学学报(自然科学版)，1998，34(4)：51-55
37 张萍华．5种杀菌剂对灵芝菌丝及绿色木霉生长的影响[J]．浙江林学院学报，2001，18(1)：69-72
38 Anil Gupta, Kerni P N, Gupta A. In vitro evaluation of different chemicals against Trichoderma viride isolated from button mushroom[J]. Research and Development Reporter. 1995, 12: 1-2, 44-47
39 Yau Teh F, Nakamura K. Experiments on the chemical control (benomyl wettable powder) for Trichoderma spp. of shiitake mushroom (Lentinus edodes) [J]. Bulletin of the Experiment Forests,
Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology. 1975,12:83-90
40 Ogawa T, Fukui R, Noda M, Murooka H, Hongo I, Shoji A, Maesawa Y, Shiratori T. Protection of edible mushrooms from the invading fungi by the fungicidal agents.Ⅱ. Controlling effects of benomyl on Trichoderma infection in edible mushroom cultivation[J]. Transactions of the Mycological Society of Japan. 1975, 16: 3, 311-323
41 Anandh K, Ramanujam K, Prakasam V. Effect of fungicides on the incidence of contaminants and yield of Pleurotus eous[J]. Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology. 1999, 29(3):289-293
42 李良．香菇杂菌的药剂筛选和防治试验[J]．食用菌，1993,15(1)：33-34
43 张松．食用菌和霉菌对药剂敏感性的研究[J]．中国食用菌，1995，15(4)：13-14
44 刘养清，邓清仙．硫酸铜在食用菌拌料中的应用[J]．食用菌，1996,18(6)：7-8
45 何华奇，张子学，陆晓民等．克霉灵对平菇和木霉生育的影响[J]．食用菌，1996，18(4)：35-36
46 高经典，杨红，罗孝坤等．平菇生产中杀菌剂(或抑菌剂)应用的研究[J]．中国食用菌，1992，11(4)：25-26
47 李正鹏，吴萍，卜兴江等．中草药对真菌菌丝生长抑制作用的研究[J]．安徽农业技术师范学院学报，2000，14(2)：26-28
48 Chang HyunYou, Kang AnSeok, Cha DongYeul. Effects of wood vinegar on the mycelial growth promotion of some edible mushrooms and Trichoderma pathogen inhibition[J]. RDA Journal of Agricultural Science, Farm Management, Agricultural Engineering, Sericulture, and Farm Products Utilization. 1995, 37(2):766-771
49 Sharma V P, Jandaik C L. Effect of some plant materials in controlling different moulds in Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Imbach[J]. Indian Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology. 1994, 24(3): 183-185
50 陈中宽，闫路海，刘玉良等．植物生长调节剂在平菇生产中的应用研究初报[J]．食用菌，1996,18(6)：6-7
51 Jansen M, Field J A, Griensven LJLD van. Control of Trichoderma with glucose oxidase. Science and cultivation of edible fungi. Proceedings of the 15th International Congress on the Science and Cultivation of Edible Fungi, Maastricht, Netherlands, 15-19 May, 2000. 2000, 675-678
52 宋漳，黄耀坚．不同林分中拮抗菌的筛选及其对绿色木霉的拮抗试验[J]．中国生物防治，1997，13(1)：20-22
53 马向东，张春峨，吴云汉．香菇生料栽培的生物防治初报[J]．河南农业大学学报，1993，27(2)：201-204
54 李俊明．绿霉A_(12)浸出液在生料栽香菇中的防霉效果[J]．食用菌，1988，10(3)：34
55 Bis'ko N A, Bilai V T. Influence of Bacillus species on the vital functions of Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.:Fr.) Kumm. in the paatus (Jacq.:Fr.) Kumm. in the partly closed artificial ecosystem. Mikologiya i Fitopatologiya. 1995, 29(5-6): 1-7
56 Lillo E de, de Lillo E.Observations on the host preferences of Pediculaster mesembrinae (Canestrini)(Acari：Siteroptidae)[J]．Entomologica．1997，31：7-12
57 方中达．植病研究方法[M]．北京：中国农业出版社，1998，110-154
58 魏景超．真菌鉴定手册[M]．上海：上海科学技术出版社，1979
59 文成敬，陶家凤，陈文瑞．中国西南地区木霉属分类研究[J]．真菌学报，1993，12(2)：118-130
60 Rifai MA. A revision of the genus Trichoderma.Mycol.Papers,C.M.I.1969,116:1-56
61 文成敬，陈文瑞．木霉绿色粘帚霉和柑桔青绿霉分生孢子萌发条件的比较研究[J]．四川农业大学学报，1995，13(1)：26-29
62 黄彰欣．植物化学保护实验指导[M]．北京：农业出版社，1993，52-59
63 张光明．绿色食品蔬菜农药使用手册[M]．北京：中国农业出版社，2000，74-111
64 温志强，林丽红，高连华．使百克对木霉菌和食用菌的毒力测定[J]．福建农业科技，2000，S1：108-110
65 罗吟珍，刘坚真．草菇绿粘帚霉病害的初步研究[J]．华南农业大学学报，1995，16(1)：76-79
66 Domsch KM, Gams W, Anderson T H. Compendium of soil fungi[M]. London: Academic press, 1980,368-377
67 王富良，姜华芳．国内外木霉研究动态[J]．江苏食用菌，1994，15(5)：31-32
68 王传福．新编食用菌生产手册[M]．郑州：中原农民出版社，2002，190-232
69 杨新美．食用菌栽培学[M]．北京：中国农业出版社，1996