坐标测量机软件系统开发及几何量评定技术研究
摘要
三坐标测量机因其通用性强、测量精确可靠、可方便地进行数据处理与程序控制,被广泛地用于机械制造、电子、汽车和航空航天等工业领域中。坐标测量机经历了从一维测量到二维测量再到三维测量由简到繁的过程,从理论上讲三维测量可以对空间任意处的点、线、面及相互位置进行测量。三维测量即将被测物体置于三坐标测量机的测量空间中,可获得被测物体上各测点的坐标位置,根据这些点的空间坐标值,经过数学运算,求出被测几何尺寸、形状、和位置。三坐标测量机的测量软件是它的重要组成部分,各种处理与运算功能的实现都与测量软件密切相关。三坐标测量机的测量软件是三坐标测量机的大脑,在整个三坐标测量机中起到了非常关键的作用。本文对三坐标测量机的几何量的测量与评定以及三坐标测量机的软件开发进行了研究。
通过对三坐标测量机采集的数据即空间中任意点(含x,y,z坐标值)的处理,建立了空间标准几何量的模型。本文中建立的空间标准几何量有空间直线、空间平面、空间平面上的圆、空间球、空间圆柱、空间圆锥等。并通过采集数据进行相应的误差评定。
在软件开发方面完成了平行双关节坐标测量机测量软件的界面以及各种几何量拟合图形的显示。基于Visual C++6.0利用界面开发库Prof-UIS进行了坐标测量机测量软件界面的设计;利用OpenGL函数库和Open Inventor Coin3D图形开发库进行了对几何量图形显示的开发。
针对空间中直线、平面、圆、球体、圆柱体、圆锥体的模型构建和误差评定的算法做了大量的研究,对文中提出的数据处理方法做了大量的实验,并且与成熟的三坐标测量机测量软件的测量结果进行了比对,证明了本三坐标测量机测量软件数据处理比较准确可靠,操作比较方便。相信通过不断的努力完善,本坐标测量机软件一定可以以其美观、人性化的操作界面和完善的功能给测量人员带来方便,提高工作效率。
The applications of CMM have played a great role in the fields of machinery manufacturing, electronic industry, automobile industry or aerospace industry and so on due to its features of commonality, accuracy, reliability and convenience for data transmission and automatic control of preprogram. The development of CMM has gone through a process which was symbolized by the features named from one-dimension then two-dimension to three-dimension. Theoretically three-dimensional measurement can locate any point, line, plane or their positions, whose process will be illustrated as following. First it sets the object to be measured in the workplace of CMM. Then it can get the coordinate position of the measured point. Finally according to these coordinate values it can calculate them and measure the object’s size, shape or position. The software constitutes an important part of CMM, which is closely related to the implements of all kinds of transmissions and calculations. Therefore it is said that software is the brain of CMM, which takes great effects. This thesis will deeply explore the study on software development of CMM and the technology of geometrical assessment.
This thesis will establish a model of standard geometric amounts in space based on the data collected by CMM, which come from the treatment of arbitrary point (including the coordinate values of x, y and z). These amounts include space line, space plane, space circle, space sphere, and space cylinder and space cone, which will deal with the error assessments after data gathering.
Moreover this thesis will complete the display of the interface of CMM and of kinds of fitting graphs on the level of software. It will perfect the interface of CMM in software based on Visual C++6.0 and Prof-UIS and the display of graphs based on OpenGL and Open Inventor Coin3D.
According to the model constructions of line, plane, circle, sphere, cylinder and cone in the space, and to a number of researches of error evaluation, we have done lots of experiment with the methods which are proposed to deal with the data in this thesis after comparing with the more mature software in CMM. The results will show that the reliability of this software of CMM in data transmission can be guaranteed, and it accords with the demands on strong function and fast convenience. Furthermore after being improved consistently, we have confidence that it will improve the working circumstance and conditions and the working efficiency of the staff owing to its convenience and beautiful operation interface.
通过对三坐标测量机采集的数据即空间中任意点(含x,y,z坐标值)的处理,建立了空间标准几何量的模型。本文中建立的空间标准几何量有空间直线、空间平面、空间平面上的圆、空间球、空间圆柱、空间圆锥等。并通过采集数据进行相应的误差评定。
在软件开发方面完成了平行双关节坐标测量机测量软件的界面以及各种几何量拟合图形的显示。基于Visual C++6.0利用界面开发库Prof-UIS进行了坐标测量机测量软件界面的设计;利用OpenGL函数库和Open Inventor Coin3D图形开发库进行了对几何量图形显示的开发。
针对空间中直线、平面、圆、球体、圆柱体、圆锥体的模型构建和误差评定的算法做了大量的研究,对文中提出的数据处理方法做了大量的实验,并且与成熟的三坐标测量机测量软件的测量结果进行了比对,证明了本三坐标测量机测量软件数据处理比较准确可靠,操作比较方便。相信通过不断的努力完善,本坐标测量机软件一定可以以其美观、人性化的操作界面和完善的功能给测量人员带来方便,提高工作效率。
The applications of CMM have played a great role in the fields of machinery manufacturing, electronic industry, automobile industry or aerospace industry and so on due to its features of commonality, accuracy, reliability and convenience for data transmission and automatic control of preprogram. The development of CMM has gone through a process which was symbolized by the features named from one-dimension then two-dimension to three-dimension. Theoretically three-dimensional measurement can locate any point, line, plane or their positions, whose process will be illustrated as following. First it sets the object to be measured in the workplace of CMM. Then it can get the coordinate position of the measured point. Finally according to these coordinate values it can calculate them and measure the object’s size, shape or position. The software constitutes an important part of CMM, which is closely related to the implements of all kinds of transmissions and calculations. Therefore it is said that software is the brain of CMM, which takes great effects. This thesis will deeply explore the study on software development of CMM and the technology of geometrical assessment.
This thesis will establish a model of standard geometric amounts in space based on the data collected by CMM, which come from the treatment of arbitrary point (including the coordinate values of x, y and z). These amounts include space line, space plane, space circle, space sphere, and space cylinder and space cone, which will deal with the error assessments after data gathering.
Moreover this thesis will complete the display of the interface of CMM and of kinds of fitting graphs on the level of software. It will perfect the interface of CMM in software based on Visual C++6.0 and Prof-UIS and the display of graphs based on OpenGL and Open Inventor Coin3D.
According to the model constructions of line, plane, circle, sphere, cylinder and cone in the space, and to a number of researches of error evaluation, we have done lots of experiment with the methods which are proposed to deal with the data in this thesis after comparing with the more mature software in CMM. The results will show that the reliability of this software of CMM in data transmission can be guaranteed, and it accords with the demands on strong function and fast convenience. Furthermore after being improved consistently, we have confidence that it will improve the working circumstance and conditions and the working efficiency of the staff owing to its convenience and beautiful operation interface.
引文
[1]张国雄,三坐标测量机[M],天津:天津大学出版社,1999.8.
[2]潘亚林,陈晓怀,余新友,提高三坐标测量机应用精度的分析与计算[J],低温与超导,2004,(3):22-24.
[3]青岛前哨朗普测量技术有限公司,PC-DMIS CAD++培训与应用手册[Z].
[4]孙鑫,余安平,VC++深入详解[M],北京:电子工业出版社,2006.8.
[5] http://www.prof-uis.com/
[6]郭兆荣,李菁,王彦,Visual C++ OpenGL应用程序开发[M],北京:人民邮电出版社,2006.6.
[7] Josie Wernecke, Open Inventor框架工作组,郝伟译,The Inventor Mentor运用Open Inventor进行面向对象的3D图形开发(第二版)[M].
[8]李扬,新型三维测量软件数学模型的研究[D],合肥,合肥工业大学精密仪器及机械专业,1992.5.
[9]廖念钊等,互换性与技术测量[M],北京:中国计量出版社,1991.
[10]陈功振,华文林,直线度误差的评定方法探讨[J],黄石高等专科学校学报,2001.6.
[11]王清明,卢泽生,直线度误差计算方法探讨[J],宇航计测技术,1999.4.
[12]胡仲勋,杨旭静,王伏林,直线度误差评定的LSABC算法研究[J],工程设计学报,2008.6:187-190.
[13]侯宇,空间直线度的评定[J],计量技术,1994(3):1-4.
[14]隋文涛,张宇,基于VB精确评定平面度误差[J],微计算机信息,2007(23)No.2-3:253-254.
[15]黄富贵,平面度误差各种评定方法的比较[J],工具技术,2007(41)No.8: 107-109.
[16] Murthy TSR,Abdin SZ,Minimum zone evaluation of surface[J],Int J of MTDR,80,20:123-126.
[17]甘永立,形状和位置误差检测[M],北京:国防工业出版社,1995.
[18]苏俊,岳武陵,按最小外接圆法评定圆度误差的快速方法[J],科技创新导报,2007,第31期:184-185.
[19]田树耀,圆度误差的最小二乘法、最小包容区域法和最优函数法评定精度之比较[J],计量技术,2008,第7期:63-65.
[20]黄富贵,郑育军等,基于区域搜索的圆度误差评定方法[J],计量学报,2008,第29卷第2期:117-119.
[21] Te-Hsiu Sun,Applying particle swarm optimization algorithm to roundness measurement[J],Expert Systems with Applications,Volume 36,Issue 2,Part 2,March 2009:3428-3438.
[22]岳武陵,吴勇,基于仿增量算法的圆度误差快速准确评定[J],机械工程学报,2008,第44卷第1期:88-91.
[23]雷贤卿,畅为航,薛玉君等,圆度误差的网格搜索算法[J],仪器仪表学报,2008,第29卷第11期:2324-2329.
[24]吴新杰,杨洋,许超等,基于小波变换处理圆度误差的测量方法[J],仪器仪表学报,2008,第29卷第9期:1961-1964.
[25]彭晓南,刘飞,雷贤卿,一种利用坐标测量机实现圆度误差评价的方法[J],仪器仪表学报,2008,第29卷第8期:1654-1658.
[26]徐士良,常用算法程序集[M](第三版),北京:清华大学出版社,2004:81-88.
[27]侯宇,袁志勇,三坐标测量机上球度误差的评定[J],实用测试技术,1994,4(2):43-45.
[28]郭俊杰,封定,一种利用坐标计算圆柱度的通用算法-最小二乘与特征向量法[J],仪器仪表学报,1998,19(4):1-3.
[29]何真,形状误差圆柱度的优化计算[J],湛江水产学报,1996,14(1):45-46.
[30]王伯平,互换性与测量技术基础[M],北京:机械工业出社版,2000:141- 159.
[31]白光壁,柳海义,圆柱度误差的测量方法研究[J],辽宁工学院学报,1999 (19):5-7.
[32]李清玉,三维坐标测量数据处理及可视化技术研究[D],哈尔滨,哈尔滨工业大学仪器科学与技术专业,2004.
[33]候宇,袁志文,任意方位圆锥度误差的测量和评定[J],现代计量测试,1996,(4):16—19.
[34]王宇华,范彦斌,圆锥轮廓误差的最小区域评定方法[J],测试技术学报,2004,18(2):147-150.
[35]田社平,圆锥轮廓误差最小二乘评定方法[J],计量技术,2005,(03):25-27.
[36] Liu Baoqing, Dong Huimin, A Method for Evaluation of Coning Error Based on Adaptive Cone[J],Intelligent Robotics and Applications,2008,Volume 5315:640-649.
[37]王瑞康,张国维,三坐标测量机上实现圆锥度误差测量和评定[J],仪器仪表学报,1994,14(1):1-7.
[38]邱仲潘,柯渝,谢燕华,Visual C++ 6从入门到精通[M],北京:电子工业出版社,2005.9.
[39]明日科技,Visual C++开发经验技巧宝典[M],北京:人民邮电出版社2007.11.
[40] Scott Meyers, More Effective C++[M],北京:中国电力出版社,2003.3.
[41]刘晓华,精通MFC[M],北京:电子工业出版社,2003.9.
[42] Martin Fowler著,侯捷,熊节译,重构-改善既有代码的设计[M],北京:中国电力出版社.2003.8.
[2]潘亚林,陈晓怀,余新友,提高三坐标测量机应用精度的分析与计算[J],低温与超导,2004,(3):22-24.
[3]青岛前哨朗普测量技术有限公司,PC-DMIS CAD++培训与应用手册[Z].
[4]孙鑫,余安平,VC++深入详解[M],北京:电子工业出版社,2006.8.
[5] http://www.prof-uis.com/
[6]郭兆荣,李菁,王彦,Visual C++ OpenGL应用程序开发[M],北京:人民邮电出版社,2006.6.
[7] Josie Wernecke, Open Inventor框架工作组,郝伟译,The Inventor Mentor运用Open Inventor进行面向对象的3D图形开发(第二版)[M].
[8]李扬,新型三维测量软件数学模型的研究[D],合肥,合肥工业大学精密仪器及机械专业,1992.5.
[9]廖念钊等,互换性与技术测量[M],北京:中国计量出版社,1991.
[10]陈功振,华文林,直线度误差的评定方法探讨[J],黄石高等专科学校学报,2001.6.
[11]王清明,卢泽生,直线度误差计算方法探讨[J],宇航计测技术,1999.4.
[12]胡仲勋,杨旭静,王伏林,直线度误差评定的LSABC算法研究[J],工程设计学报,2008.6:187-190.
[13]侯宇,空间直线度的评定[J],计量技术,1994(3):1-4.
[14]隋文涛,张宇,基于VB精确评定平面度误差[J],微计算机信息,2007(23)No.2-3:253-254.
[15]黄富贵,平面度误差各种评定方法的比较[J],工具技术,2007(41)No.8: 107-109.
[16] Murthy TSR,Abdin SZ,Minimum zone evaluation of surface[J],Int J of MTDR,80,20:123-126.
[17]甘永立,形状和位置误差检测[M],北京:国防工业出版社,1995.
[18]苏俊,岳武陵,按最小外接圆法评定圆度误差的快速方法[J],科技创新导报,2007,第31期:184-185.
[19]田树耀,圆度误差的最小二乘法、最小包容区域法和最优函数法评定精度之比较[J],计量技术,2008,第7期:63-65.
[20]黄富贵,郑育军等,基于区域搜索的圆度误差评定方法[J],计量学报,2008,第29卷第2期:117-119.
[21] Te-Hsiu Sun,Applying particle swarm optimization algorithm to roundness measurement[J],Expert Systems with Applications,Volume 36,Issue 2,Part 2,March 2009:3428-3438.
[22]岳武陵,吴勇,基于仿增量算法的圆度误差快速准确评定[J],机械工程学报,2008,第44卷第1期:88-91.
[23]雷贤卿,畅为航,薛玉君等,圆度误差的网格搜索算法[J],仪器仪表学报,2008,第29卷第11期:2324-2329.
[24]吴新杰,杨洋,许超等,基于小波变换处理圆度误差的测量方法[J],仪器仪表学报,2008,第29卷第9期:1961-1964.
[25]彭晓南,刘飞,雷贤卿,一种利用坐标测量机实现圆度误差评价的方法[J],仪器仪表学报,2008,第29卷第8期:1654-1658.
[26]徐士良,常用算法程序集[M](第三版),北京:清华大学出版社,2004:81-88.
[27]侯宇,袁志勇,三坐标测量机上球度误差的评定[J],实用测试技术,1994,4(2):43-45.
[28]郭俊杰,封定,一种利用坐标计算圆柱度的通用算法-最小二乘与特征向量法[J],仪器仪表学报,1998,19(4):1-3.
[29]何真,形状误差圆柱度的优化计算[J],湛江水产学报,1996,14(1):45-46.
[30]王伯平,互换性与测量技术基础[M],北京:机械工业出社版,2000:141- 159.
[31]白光壁,柳海义,圆柱度误差的测量方法研究[J],辽宁工学院学报,1999 (19):5-7.
[32]李清玉,三维坐标测量数据处理及可视化技术研究[D],哈尔滨,哈尔滨工业大学仪器科学与技术专业,2004.
[33]候宇,袁志文,任意方位圆锥度误差的测量和评定[J],现代计量测试,1996,(4):16—19.
[34]王宇华,范彦斌,圆锥轮廓误差的最小区域评定方法[J],测试技术学报,2004,18(2):147-150.
[35]田社平,圆锥轮廓误差最小二乘评定方法[J],计量技术,2005,(03):25-27.
[36] Liu Baoqing, Dong Huimin, A Method for Evaluation of Coning Error Based on Adaptive Cone[J],Intelligent Robotics and Applications,2008,Volume 5315:640-649.
[37]王瑞康,张国维,三坐标测量机上实现圆锥度误差测量和评定[J],仪器仪表学报,1994,14(1):1-7.
[38]邱仲潘,柯渝,谢燕华,Visual C++ 6从入门到精通[M],北京:电子工业出版社,2005.9.
[39]明日科技,Visual C++开发经验技巧宝典[M],北京:人民邮电出版社2007.11.
[40] Scott Meyers, More Effective C++[M],北京:中国电力出版社,2003.3.
[41]刘晓华,精通MFC[M],北京:电子工业出版社,2003.9.
[42] Martin Fowler著,侯捷,熊节译,重构-改善既有代码的设计[M],北京:中国电力出版社.2003.8.