白扦的树木年轮生态学研究
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摘要
树木年轮生态学是利用树木年轮来评价生态环境及其变化的学科，其基本依
据是系列年轮宽度和结构特征的变化。一般情况下，半干旱草原的环境条件不
适宜树木的生长，但在我国内蒙古锡林河流域的草原沙地上，存留着一片天然
白扦林，它们被认为是第四纪早期的残遗植被。鉴于锡林河流域半干旱的环境
条件已接近白扦的生存界限，此片残遗白扦林可认为是进行树木年轮生态学研
究的理想材料。
本文应用树木年轮生态学的方法，结合木材解剖、气候资料、历史文献记录
等，研究了这片残遗白扦林中白扦的生长与环境、年龄结构与环境干扰事件、
白扦年轮宽度与羊草地上生物量的关系，以及全球变暖可能对该白扦林的影响
等。主要结果归纳如下：
1）依据国际树木年轮库的标准，建立了65年的白扦标准年轮年表。年表的
平均序列相关系数为0.47，信噪比为14.44，平均敏感度为0.18。白扦的年轮宽
度年表与上年9月、当年2、5月份的降雨量之间存在显著的正相关关系。
2）通过对白扦年轮结构的观察确认，1966、1968、1972年存在高频率的窄
年轮，这些年轮通常仅有两至三层晚材细胞，因此可以认为它是一类特殊的树
木年轮—浅轮。
3）白扦的年轮分析结果显示，锡林河流域的小片白扦林可能形成于20世纪
20年代末至30年代初期。白扦年表（XLPI）与大青山（HHT）油松、准格尔
旗（JGB）油松以及白云敖包（BYAB）红杆云杉年表之间存在显著的正相关关
系；尤其值得提出的是，在20世纪20年代，HHT、JGB和BYAB年表都同时
出现明显的生长下降现象。
4）根据相关函数的分析，羊草的生长对当年5月份、7—8月份的降雨量较
为敏感，与白扦的年轮宽度之间也存在两组显著的生长关系。基于这两种生长
关系和白扦年轮宽度序列，本文重建了1955—1994年的羊草地上生物量动态。
5）当地气象资料显示，近40年来锡林河流域的年平均温度和各季节平均温
度都呈增加的趋势，但只有夏季平均温度与白扦的年轮宽度之间存在显著的负
相关关系。本文研究也发现白扦的生长与5月份的平均温度、平均最高温度以
梁尔源：白扦的树木年轮生态学研究
及5、6月份的极端最高温度之间存在着显著的负相关关系。
白扦标准年轮年表的统计特征表明，锡林河流域残遗白扦年轮序列包含丰富
的环境信息，适合于树木年轮生态学的研究。白扦5月份开始生长，此时的降
雨是最显著的生长限制因子，从而造成了白扦年轮年表与5月份降雨量之间的
显著正相关关系。8—10月份，锡林河流域的降雨为全年降雨量的 1／3，由于沙
地土壤可以减少地面径流和有效防止土壤水分蒸发，所以此阶段内的降雨能存
留在沙地内，以供笠年白扦生长发育的需要。因此，这种降雨分布和沙地基质
的特征可能是白扦在年蒸发量为降雨量4—5倍的锡林河流域仍能正常生长的主
要原因。
1966、1968和 1972年浅轮的出现与前年和当年的特殊气候有关。气候资料
的分析表明，这三年的上年生长季末至当年生长季都干旱少雨，并且生长季后
期伴随着异常高温天气，这种干旱伴随高温的气候特点是造成白扦浅轮的主要
因素。因此，白扦浅轮与亚北极区针叶树浅轮的发生机理是完全不同的，为进
一步研究浅轮的形成机制提供了新线索。
白扦年表与 HHT。JGB和 BYAB年表之间的年轮宽度变化的同步性显示，
这些年表能间接地反映30年代以前造成白扦林较小年龄结构的环境干扰事件。
降雨是华北半干旱区树木最突出的生长限制因子，在 20世纪 20年代，HHT、
JGB和 BYAB年表同时出现的生长下降，反映了该时期华北地区可能发生了大
范围的旱灾，这一结论也为历史资料所证明。20年代白扦林的消失以及30年代
后这片天然白扦林的重新出现表明了，20年代的旱灾可能是影响白扦年龄结构
的主要干扰事件，它还有可能是造成臼扦成片死亡的直接原因。
在锡林河流域，7—8 月份是降雨最充柿的时期。相关分析表明，建群种羊
草能充分利用这一水热配比最佳的时期快速生长，但白扦对当年7—8月份的降
雨反应却不敏感，而与上年8一IO月份的降咐量之间有显著的正相关关系。这
些都证明白扦和羊草对半干旱草原环境具有不同的适应方式。羊草地上生物量
与白扦年轮宽度之间的两组显著的关系可归结于两种季节降雨分配模式，它为
利用白扦年轮宽度重建羊草的地上生物量的变化奠定了基础。羊草产量的重建
不仅延长了锡林河流域草产量的记录，而且还开拓了用年轮宽度重建草产量的
方法。
白扦年表与温度变量之间的相关分析进一步表明，不同季节温度的升高对白
5
梁尔源：白扦的树木年轮生态学研究
扦的生长产生不同的影响，尤其是夏季温度的变化，可以直接影响白扦的生长。
白扦年表与5月份温度资料之间的相关分析还揭示，用月平均最高和最低温度
来替代月平均温度更能说明温度变化对树木生长的影响。5、6月份是锡林河流
域白扦形成层活动较旺盛的时期，因此，
Dendroecology refers to the application of dated tree-ring information to ecological investigations, with particular emphasis on the reconstruction or identification of specific ecological events, past forest disturbances and climatic conditions by using the variations in ring structure. In general, semi-arid climates in the typical steppe are unfavorable for the natural growth and survival of most trees. However, one patch of Meyer spruce (Picea Meyeri) forest, a climatically remnant community from the early Holocene, appears in the Xilin River Basin. Meyer spruce forest is currently restricted to wet and cold mountainous regions in north-central China, and is clearly out-of-phases with semi-arid climates in the Xilin River Basin. Therefore, this relict coniferous forest provides a unique site to exploit the ecological adaptation of natural forest in the typical steppe. Using dendroecological methods together with wood anatomy technology, meteorological data and historical records, we evaluated climate-growth relationships of Meyer spruce on a sandy substrate, the stand disturbance history, tree-grass growth relationships, the forest response to global change in the typical steppe. The main results are briefly summarized as follows:
1) A 65-year tree-ring standardized chronology ranging from 1930 to 1994 was developed. Statistical analysis of the chronology showed a mean series inter-correlation of 0.47, a signal-to-noise ratio of 14.44, and a mean sensitivity of
0.18. Correlation function and response function analyses indicated that radial growth was positively correlated with precipitation in February and May of the current year, and in September of the preceding year.
2) Light rings are characterized by one or very few latewood-cell layers, showing a lighter color under the microscope. By means of tree-ring analysis coupled with wood anatomy technology, we observed the occurrence of light rings in 1966, 1968 and 1972.
3)Tree-ring analysis showed that the existing Meyer spruce was recruited in the late 1920s or early 1930s. In addition, strong correlation was found between Meyer spruce (XLPI) chronology with other three tree-ring chronologies from Korean spruce (Picea koraiensis) (BYAB), and Chinese pine (Pinus tabulaeformis ) (JGB and HHT), as reported by other investigators. The comparatively synchronized growth decline of JGB, HHT, and BYAB was also observed in the 1920s
4) Chinese leymus (Leymus chinensis) displayed significantly positive growth response to May precipitation (P < 0.05) and the sum of current July and August precipitation (P<0.05). Moreover, two predominant collinear relationships was detected between above-ground biomass of Chinese leymus and ring width of Meyer spruce, each being corresponded to different precipitation patterns in this region. Furthermore, grass production from 1955 to 1979 was primarily reconstructed using tree-ring width of Meyer spruce and two models derived from tree-grass growth relationships with reference to seasonal precipitation patterns.
5) The recorded meteorological data demonstrated that the increases in temperature were synchronous with slight decreases in precipitation during the recent 40 yeas. Correlation function analysis indicated the annual mean temperature and accumulated temperature (above 5癈, 10癈) respectively showed no significant correlation with the spruce growth relative to summer mean temperature, which displayed strong coherence with tree growth (P<0.01). The mean temperature in May showed significantly negative correlation with spruce growth (P<0.05). Furthermore, it was revealed that the negative influence of May temperature was due to the monthly mean maximum temperature (Tmax) (P<0.01) other than the monthly mean
minimum temperature (Tmin) values (P<0.1). With this, it was speculated that extreme maximum temperature in May and June might impose the most detrimental influence on the growth of Meyer spruce in the Xilin River Basin.
From all the data combined, we may safely conclud that Meyer spruce in this sta
据是系列年轮宽度和结构特征的变化。一般情况下，半干旱草原的环境条件不
适宜树木的生长，但在我国内蒙古锡林河流域的草原沙地上，存留着一片天然
白扦林，它们被认为是第四纪早期的残遗植被。鉴于锡林河流域半干旱的环境
条件已接近白扦的生存界限，此片残遗白扦林可认为是进行树木年轮生态学研
究的理想材料。
本文应用树木年轮生态学的方法，结合木材解剖、气候资料、历史文献记录
等，研究了这片残遗白扦林中白扦的生长与环境、年龄结构与环境干扰事件、
白扦年轮宽度与羊草地上生物量的关系，以及全球变暖可能对该白扦林的影响
等。主要结果归纳如下：
1）依据国际树木年轮库的标准，建立了65年的白扦标准年轮年表。年表的
平均序列相关系数为0.47，信噪比为14.44，平均敏感度为0.18。白扦的年轮宽
度年表与上年9月、当年2、5月份的降雨量之间存在显著的正相关关系。
2）通过对白扦年轮结构的观察确认，1966、1968、1972年存在高频率的窄
年轮，这些年轮通常仅有两至三层晚材细胞，因此可以认为它是一类特殊的树
木年轮—浅轮。
3）白扦的年轮分析结果显示，锡林河流域的小片白扦林可能形成于20世纪
20年代末至30年代初期。白扦年表（XLPI）与大青山（HHT）油松、准格尔
旗（JGB）油松以及白云敖包（BYAB）红杆云杉年表之间存在显著的正相关关
系；尤其值得提出的是，在20世纪20年代，HHT、JGB和BYAB年表都同时
出现明显的生长下降现象。
4）根据相关函数的分析，羊草的生长对当年5月份、7—8月份的降雨量较
为敏感，与白扦的年轮宽度之间也存在两组显著的生长关系。基于这两种生长
关系和白扦年轮宽度序列，本文重建了1955—1994年的羊草地上生物量动态。
5）当地气象资料显示，近40年来锡林河流域的年平均温度和各季节平均温
度都呈增加的趋势，但只有夏季平均温度与白扦的年轮宽度之间存在显著的负
相关关系。本文研究也发现白扦的生长与5月份的平均温度、平均最高温度以
梁尔源：白扦的树木年轮生态学研究
及5、6月份的极端最高温度之间存在着显著的负相关关系。
白扦标准年轮年表的统计特征表明，锡林河流域残遗白扦年轮序列包含丰富
的环境信息，适合于树木年轮生态学的研究。白扦5月份开始生长，此时的降
雨是最显著的生长限制因子，从而造成了白扦年轮年表与5月份降雨量之间的
显著正相关关系。8—10月份，锡林河流域的降雨为全年降雨量的 1／3，由于沙
地土壤可以减少地面径流和有效防止土壤水分蒸发，所以此阶段内的降雨能存
留在沙地内，以供笠年白扦生长发育的需要。因此，这种降雨分布和沙地基质
的特征可能是白扦在年蒸发量为降雨量4—5倍的锡林河流域仍能正常生长的主
要原因。
1966、1968和 1972年浅轮的出现与前年和当年的特殊气候有关。气候资料
的分析表明，这三年的上年生长季末至当年生长季都干旱少雨，并且生长季后
期伴随着异常高温天气，这种干旱伴随高温的气候特点是造成白扦浅轮的主要
因素。因此，白扦浅轮与亚北极区针叶树浅轮的发生机理是完全不同的，为进
一步研究浅轮的形成机制提供了新线索。
白扦年表与 HHT。JGB和 BYAB年表之间的年轮宽度变化的同步性显示，
这些年表能间接地反映30年代以前造成白扦林较小年龄结构的环境干扰事件。
降雨是华北半干旱区树木最突出的生长限制因子，在 20世纪 20年代，HHT、
JGB和 BYAB年表同时出现的生长下降，反映了该时期华北地区可能发生了大
范围的旱灾，这一结论也为历史资料所证明。20年代白扦林的消失以及30年代
后这片天然白扦林的重新出现表明了，20年代的旱灾可能是影响白扦年龄结构
的主要干扰事件，它还有可能是造成臼扦成片死亡的直接原因。
在锡林河流域，7—8 月份是降雨最充柿的时期。相关分析表明，建群种羊
草能充分利用这一水热配比最佳的时期快速生长，但白扦对当年7—8月份的降
雨反应却不敏感，而与上年8一IO月份的降咐量之间有显著的正相关关系。这
些都证明白扦和羊草对半干旱草原环境具有不同的适应方式。羊草地上生物量
与白扦年轮宽度之间的两组显著的关系可归结于两种季节降雨分配模式，它为
利用白扦年轮宽度重建羊草的地上生物量的变化奠定了基础。羊草产量的重建
不仅延长了锡林河流域草产量的记录，而且还开拓了用年轮宽度重建草产量的
方法。
白扦年表与温度变量之间的相关分析进一步表明，不同季节温度的升高对白
5
梁尔源：白扦的树木年轮生态学研究
扦的生长产生不同的影响，尤其是夏季温度的变化，可以直接影响白扦的生长。
白扦年表与5月份温度资料之间的相关分析还揭示，用月平均最高和最低温度
来替代月平均温度更能说明温度变化对树木生长的影响。5、6月份是锡林河流
域白扦形成层活动较旺盛的时期，因此，
Dendroecology refers to the application of dated tree-ring information to ecological investigations, with particular emphasis on the reconstruction or identification of specific ecological events, past forest disturbances and climatic conditions by using the variations in ring structure. In general, semi-arid climates in the typical steppe are unfavorable for the natural growth and survival of most trees. However, one patch of Meyer spruce (Picea Meyeri) forest, a climatically remnant community from the early Holocene, appears in the Xilin River Basin. Meyer spruce forest is currently restricted to wet and cold mountainous regions in north-central China, and is clearly out-of-phases with semi-arid climates in the Xilin River Basin. Therefore, this relict coniferous forest provides a unique site to exploit the ecological adaptation of natural forest in the typical steppe. Using dendroecological methods together with wood anatomy technology, meteorological data and historical records, we evaluated climate-growth relationships of Meyer spruce on a sandy substrate, the stand disturbance history, tree-grass growth relationships, the forest response to global change in the typical steppe. The main results are briefly summarized as follows:
1) A 65-year tree-ring standardized chronology ranging from 1930 to 1994 was developed. Statistical analysis of the chronology showed a mean series inter-correlation of 0.47, a signal-to-noise ratio of 14.44, and a mean sensitivity of
0.18. Correlation function and response function analyses indicated that radial growth was positively correlated with precipitation in February and May of the current year, and in September of the preceding year.
2) Light rings are characterized by one or very few latewood-cell layers, showing a lighter color under the microscope. By means of tree-ring analysis coupled with wood anatomy technology, we observed the occurrence of light rings in 1966, 1968 and 1972.
3)Tree-ring analysis showed that the existing Meyer spruce was recruited in the late 1920s or early 1930s. In addition, strong correlation was found between Meyer spruce (XLPI) chronology with other three tree-ring chronologies from Korean spruce (Picea koraiensis) (BYAB), and Chinese pine (Pinus tabulaeformis ) (JGB and HHT), as reported by other investigators. The comparatively synchronized growth decline of JGB, HHT, and BYAB was also observed in the 1920s
4) Chinese leymus (Leymus chinensis) displayed significantly positive growth response to May precipitation (P < 0.05) and the sum of current July and August precipitation (P<0.05). Moreover, two predominant collinear relationships was detected between above-ground biomass of Chinese leymus and ring width of Meyer spruce, each being corresponded to different precipitation patterns in this region. Furthermore, grass production from 1955 to 1979 was primarily reconstructed using tree-ring width of Meyer spruce and two models derived from tree-grass growth relationships with reference to seasonal precipitation patterns.
5) The recorded meteorological data demonstrated that the increases in temperature were synchronous with slight decreases in precipitation during the recent 40 yeas. Correlation function analysis indicated the annual mean temperature and accumulated temperature (above 5癈, 10癈) respectively showed no significant correlation with the spruce growth relative to summer mean temperature, which displayed strong coherence with tree growth (P<0.01). The mean temperature in May showed significantly negative correlation with spruce growth (P<0.05). Furthermore, it was revealed that the negative influence of May temperature was due to the monthly mean maximum temperature (Tmax) (P<0.01) other than the monthly mean
minimum temperature (Tmin) values (P<0.1). With this, it was speculated that extreme maximum temperature in May and June might impose the most detrimental influence on the growth of Meyer spruce in the Xilin River Basin.
From all the data combined, we may safely conclud that Meyer spruce in this sta
引文
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