点目标检测的自适应波束形成算法与TMS320C6201植入优化研究
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摘要
用于辅助诊断乳腺癌的超短脉冲(微波)近场成像方法(MicrowaveNear-Field Imaging)的主要原理是：采用超短脉冲对介质层的穿透性能甄别人体的乳腺癌组织和正常组织之间的电气特性不同(相当宽的频率范围内乳腺癌组织与正常组织的介电常数和导电系数差异值可达10倍)，对早期乳腺癌组织进行成像。由于检测微波场形成波束较宽，要检测早期乳腺癌组织(1cm)，必须对辐射场波束进行有效地控制和处理。在波束形成场处理中，自适应波束形成技术是关键技术之一，运用波束形成技术产生空间定向波束使天线主波束配准检测目标，以提高检测的灵敏度和精确度。
本文以科技攻关基础重点项目“乳腺癌超短脉冲(微波)近场成像方法和早期乳腺癌诊断方法研究(03JC14026)”为背景，结合乳腺癌微波近场成像实际检测环境，提出以相位补偿算法和RLS(递归最小二乘)算法相结合(相位补偿算法用于信号空域处理，RLS算法用于信号时域处理)的时—空自适应波束形成算法，对接收天线阵来的脉冲信号进行实时处理。
对算法的理论可行性分析和MATLAB模拟，表明时—空自适应波束形成算法在抑制随机噪声信号和皮肤表面反射干扰信号上有很大的效能。
为实现信号处理的实时性，运用TI公司的DSPs芯片TMS320C6201和DSPs的并行处理和流水线特点对算法模型以及算法最终实现代码进行优化、评估，提出基于时—空自适应波束形成算法模型的硬件系统实现构架。
本文研究结果可推广到医学成像领域，也可以作为移动通信中智能天线信号处理方式的一种参考。
Microwave Near-Field Imaging is a new method of assisting in diagnosing breast cancer [1][2][3][4][5]. It detects breast cancer with electromagnetic wave pulse by it's penetrating capability. The physical basis[6][7] for microwave detection of breast cancer is the significant contrast in the dielectric properties of normal and malignant breast tissue. While in the Early Detection of Breast Cancer, for the width of beam is larger than the diameter (1 cm) of the malignant breast tissue. And it is important to control the beam width. Adaptive beamforming is a key technology to process the beam width. We use the method of Adaptive beamforming to make a directional beam which matching the malignant breast tissue, and to improve the precision of detection.
Considering the practicality during early detection of breast Cancer this thesis gives the time-space adaptive beamforming arithmetic to process the received signal of antenna array. The theory analysis and the MATLAB simulation prove that the time-space adaptive beamforming arithmetic can restrain random noise and the interferential signal reflecting from the breast skin effectively.
Considering the real-time performance during detection, in this thesis the algorithm is simplified and optimized in platform of DSP chip of TMS320C6201 successfully.
This method can be applied in the other medicinal imaging fields. It also provides a reference to the signal process of smart antenna.
本文以科技攻关基础重点项目“乳腺癌超短脉冲(微波)近场成像方法和早期乳腺癌诊断方法研究(03JC14026)”为背景，结合乳腺癌微波近场成像实际检测环境，提出以相位补偿算法和RLS(递归最小二乘)算法相结合(相位补偿算法用于信号空域处理，RLS算法用于信号时域处理)的时—空自适应波束形成算法，对接收天线阵来的脉冲信号进行实时处理。
对算法的理论可行性分析和MATLAB模拟，表明时—空自适应波束形成算法在抑制随机噪声信号和皮肤表面反射干扰信号上有很大的效能。
为实现信号处理的实时性，运用TI公司的DSPs芯片TMS320C6201和DSPs的并行处理和流水线特点对算法模型以及算法最终实现代码进行优化、评估，提出基于时—空自适应波束形成算法模型的硬件系统实现构架。
本文研究结果可推广到医学成像领域，也可以作为移动通信中智能天线信号处理方式的一种参考。
Microwave Near-Field Imaging is a new method of assisting in diagnosing breast cancer [1][2][3][4][5]. It detects breast cancer with electromagnetic wave pulse by it's penetrating capability. The physical basis[6][7] for microwave detection of breast cancer is the significant contrast in the dielectric properties of normal and malignant breast tissue. While in the Early Detection of Breast Cancer, for the width of beam is larger than the diameter (1 cm) of the malignant breast tissue. And it is important to control the beam width. Adaptive beamforming is a key technology to process the beam width. We use the method of Adaptive beamforming to make a directional beam which matching the malignant breast tissue, and to improve the precision of detection.
Considering the practicality during early detection of breast Cancer this thesis gives the time-space adaptive beamforming arithmetic to process the received signal of antenna array. The theory analysis and the MATLAB simulation prove that the time-space adaptive beamforming arithmetic can restrain random noise and the interferential signal reflecting from the breast skin effectively.
Considering the real-time performance during detection, in this thesis the algorithm is simplified and optimized in platform of DSP chip of TMS320C6201 successfully.
This method can be applied in the other medicinal imaging fields. It also provides a reference to the signal process of smart antenna.
引文
1. Elise C. Fear, Susan C. Hagness, Paul M. Meaney,Michal Okoniewski, Maria A. Stuchly, "Enhancing breast tumor detection with Near-Field Imaging" IEEE Microwave magazine.March 200
2. X. Li and S. C. Hagness, "A confocal microwave imaging algorithm for breast cancer detection," IEEE Microwave Wireless Comp. Lett., vol. 11, pp. 130-132, Mar. 2001
3. Susan C. Hagness, Member, IEEE, Allen Ta ove, Fellow, IEEE, and Jack E. Bridges, Life Fellow, IEEE, "Three-Dimensional FDTD Analysis of a Pulsed Microwave Confocal System for Breast Cancer Detection: Design of an Antenna-Array Element" IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING, VOL. 38, NO. 4, JULY 2000
4. Elise C. Fear~*, Member, IEEE,XuLi, Student Member, IEEE, Susan C. Hagness, Member, IEEE, and Maria A. Stuchly, Fellow, IEEE, "Confocal Microwave Imaging for Breast Cancer Detection: Localization of Tumors in Three Dimensions" IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING, VOL. 49, NO. 8, AUGUST 2002
5. Essex J. Bond, Student Member, IEEE,Xu Li, Student Member, IEEE, Susan C. Hagness, Member, IEEE, and Barry D. Van Veen, Fellow, IEEE "Microwave Imaging via Space-Time Beamforming for Early Detection of Breast Cancer" IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 51, NO. 8, AUGUST 2003
6. W. T. Joines, Y. Z. Dhenxing, and R. L. Jirtle, "The measured electrical properties of normal and malignant human tissues from 50 to 900 MHz," Med. Phys., vol. 21, pp. 547-550, Apr. 1994.
7. S. S. Chaudhary, R. K. Mishra, A. Swarup, and J. M. Thomas, "Di-electric properties of normal and malignant human breast tissues at ra-diowave and microwave frequencies," Indian J. Biochem. and Biophys., vol. 21, pp. 76-79, Feb. 1984.
8. "Smart Antenna Technologies" IEEE Workshop on New & Emerging Technologies Rutgers University. January 18, 2001
9. H. Cox, R. M. Zeskind, and M. M. Owen, "Robust adaptive beamforming," IEEE Trans. Acoust., Speech, Signal Processing, vol.ASSP-35, pp. 1365-1376, Oct. 1987.
10. ANTENNA ARRAYS AND BEAMFORMING CHAPTER 3
11. R. Radhakrishnan and J. Caffery, Jr. Dept. of ECECS University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH 45221-0030, "Comparison of Co-directional Reception using Beamforming, Switched Beams and Multiuser Detection Strategies in WCDMA Systems"
12. Kim Phillips, Zhong Hu, Keith Blankenship,Zeeshan Siddiqi, Neiyer Correal, "Implementation of an Adaptive Antenna Array Using the TMS320C541" TEXAS INSTRUMENTS Application Report SPRA532
13. Michael G. Morrow, Thad B. Welch Department of Electrical Engineering U. S. Naval Academy, MD Cameron H. G. Wright Department of Electrical Engineering U. S. Air Force Academy, CO George York U. S. Air Force, MD, "Teaching Real-time Beamforming With The C6211 DSK and MATLAB"
14. Leo McManus, Mark Cartlidge, Graeme Parker, Flemming Christensen, Sundance Multiprocessor Technology Limited, Chiltern House, Waterside Chesham, Buckinghamshire, HP5 1PS, United Kingdom, "TIM COMPATIBLE PARALLEL PROCESSING WITH THE
TMS320C6X FAMILY"
15. Professors F. Levien, G. Gill, J. Knorr and J. Lebaric, "Microwave Devices & Radar (LECTURE NOTES VOLUME Ⅲ)" Naval Postgraduate School
16. Dr. Eng. John Garas, "The Adaptive Signal Processing Toolbox For use with Matlab"
17. TMS320C6201 Digital Signal Processor Data Sheet, TEXAS INSTRUMENTS
18. TMS320C6000 Programmer's Guide, TEXAS INSTRUMENTS
19. TMS320C6000 Optimizing C Compiler User's Guide, TEXAS INSTRUMENTS
20. TMS320C6000 Assembly Language Tools User's Guide, TEXAS INSTRUMENTS
21. TMS320C6201/6701 Evaluation Module Technical Reference, TEXAS INSTRUMENTS
22. TMS320 DSP Algorithm Standard Rules and Guidelines, TEXAS INSTRUMENTS, January 2001
23．《自适应信滤波》，龚耀寰编著，p89～99，北京：电子工业出版社，2003．7
24．《电波传播(电磁理论基础、微波技术、天线基础)》，高建平，张芝贤编著，西安：西北工业大学出版社，2002．3
25．《天线与电波》，周朝栋、王元坤、杨恩耀编著，西安：西安电子科技大学出版社，1994．11
26．《自适应天线原理》，石镇著，北京：国防工业出版社，1991．1
27．《近代天线设计》，林昌禄主编，北京：人民邮电出版社，1993．1
28．《TMS320C6000系列DSPs的原理与应用》，任丽香，马淑芬，李方慧编著，北京：电子工业出版社，2000．7
29．《射频通信电路》，陈邦媛编著，北京：科学出版社，2002．8
2. X. Li and S. C. Hagness, "A confocal microwave imaging algorithm for breast cancer detection," IEEE Microwave Wireless Comp. Lett., vol. 11, pp. 130-132, Mar. 2001
3. Susan C. Hagness, Member, IEEE, Allen Ta ove, Fellow, IEEE, and Jack E. Bridges, Life Fellow, IEEE, "Three-Dimensional FDTD Analysis of a Pulsed Microwave Confocal System for Breast Cancer Detection: Design of an Antenna-Array Element" IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING, VOL. 38, NO. 4, JULY 2000
4. Elise C. Fear~*, Member, IEEE,XuLi, Student Member, IEEE, Susan C. Hagness, Member, IEEE, and Maria A. Stuchly, Fellow, IEEE, "Confocal Microwave Imaging for Breast Cancer Detection: Localization of Tumors in Three Dimensions" IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING, VOL. 49, NO. 8, AUGUST 2002
5. Essex J. Bond, Student Member, IEEE,Xu Li, Student Member, IEEE, Susan C. Hagness, Member, IEEE, and Barry D. Van Veen, Fellow, IEEE "Microwave Imaging via Space-Time Beamforming for Early Detection of Breast Cancer" IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 51, NO. 8, AUGUST 2003
6. W. T. Joines, Y. Z. Dhenxing, and R. L. Jirtle, "The measured electrical properties of normal and malignant human tissues from 50 to 900 MHz," Med. Phys., vol. 21, pp. 547-550, Apr. 1994.
7. S. S. Chaudhary, R. K. Mishra, A. Swarup, and J. M. Thomas, "Di-electric properties of normal and malignant human breast tissues at ra-diowave and microwave frequencies," Indian J. Biochem. and Biophys., vol. 21, pp. 76-79, Feb. 1984.
8. "Smart Antenna Technologies" IEEE Workshop on New & Emerging Technologies Rutgers University. January 18, 2001
9. H. Cox, R. M. Zeskind, and M. M. Owen, "Robust adaptive beamforming," IEEE Trans. Acoust., Speech, Signal Processing, vol.ASSP-35, pp. 1365-1376, Oct. 1987.
10. ANTENNA ARRAYS AND BEAMFORMING CHAPTER 3
11. R. Radhakrishnan and J. Caffery, Jr. Dept. of ECECS University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH 45221-0030, "Comparison of Co-directional Reception using Beamforming, Switched Beams and Multiuser Detection Strategies in WCDMA Systems"
12. Kim Phillips, Zhong Hu, Keith Blankenship,Zeeshan Siddiqi, Neiyer Correal, "Implementation of an Adaptive Antenna Array Using the TMS320C541" TEXAS INSTRUMENTS Application Report SPRA532
13. Michael G. Morrow, Thad B. Welch Department of Electrical Engineering U. S. Naval Academy, MD Cameron H. G. Wright Department of Electrical Engineering U. S. Air Force Academy, CO George York U. S. Air Force, MD, "Teaching Real-time Beamforming With The C6211 DSK and MATLAB"
14. Leo McManus, Mark Cartlidge, Graeme Parker, Flemming Christensen, Sundance Multiprocessor Technology Limited, Chiltern House, Waterside Chesham, Buckinghamshire, HP5 1PS, United Kingdom, "TIM COMPATIBLE PARALLEL PROCESSING WITH THE
TMS320C6X FAMILY"
15. Professors F. Levien, G. Gill, J. Knorr and J. Lebaric, "Microwave Devices & Radar (LECTURE NOTES VOLUME Ⅲ)" Naval Postgraduate School
16. Dr. Eng. John Garas, "The Adaptive Signal Processing Toolbox For use with Matlab"
17. TMS320C6201 Digital Signal Processor Data Sheet, TEXAS INSTRUMENTS
18. TMS320C6000 Programmer's Guide, TEXAS INSTRUMENTS
19. TMS320C6000 Optimizing C Compiler User's Guide, TEXAS INSTRUMENTS
20. TMS320C6000 Assembly Language Tools User's Guide, TEXAS INSTRUMENTS
21. TMS320C6201/6701 Evaluation Module Technical Reference, TEXAS INSTRUMENTS
22. TMS320 DSP Algorithm Standard Rules and Guidelines, TEXAS INSTRUMENTS, January 2001
23．《自适应信滤波》，龚耀寰编著，p89～99，北京：电子工业出版社，2003．7
24．《电波传播(电磁理论基础、微波技术、天线基础)》，高建平，张芝贤编著，西安：西北工业大学出版社，2002．3
25．《天线与电波》，周朝栋、王元坤、杨恩耀编著，西安：西安电子科技大学出版社，1994．11
26．《自适应天线原理》，石镇著，北京：国防工业出版社，1991．1
27．《近代天线设计》，林昌禄主编，北京：人民邮电出版社，1993．1
28．《TMS320C6000系列DSPs的原理与应用》，任丽香，马淑芬，李方慧编著，北京：电子工业出版社，2000．7
29．《射频通信电路》，陈邦媛编著，北京：科学出版社，2002．8