机组启动时间的不确定性对系统后续恢复影响的研究
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摘要
网络重构阶段是电力系统黑启动过程中的一个重要阶段,其系统结构持续变化、控制操作频繁,受到众多不确定性因素的影响。而在以火电机组为主要构成的系统中,机组的启动时间将决定大停电后网架重构的速度。本文首次采用电厂集控运行仿真机对火电机组的启动过程进行了深入研究,针对典型的机组类型建立了机组累积启动时间和机组停机时间之间的关系。在此基础上,提出了一种新的网架重构并行恢复策略。该策略以每一恢复阶段的可用启动功率为约束,将待恢复的机组节点作为优先级别最高的负荷节点与其他负荷节点一起考虑,并采用Prim算法寻找尽可能多的并行恢复路径。针对IEEE30节点和IEEE57节点系统的验证结果表明:所获得的重构顺序能够最大限度地利用启动功率,争取多台机组、多条路径的同时恢复,有效压缩了网架重构时间,提高了后续恢复的效率,对于快速、有序地组织系统的重构操作具有重要意义。同时获得的机组恢复时间对大停电后的网架重构提供了具有重要指导意义的时间信息。本文在极端情况下又考虑了机组启动失效后的网架重构恢复,并以IEEE30节点系统为例,得出了各个机组启动失效后的转移路径,针对不同机组启动失效后的恢复方案进行评估,识别出哪台机组启动失效后对系统后续恢复的影响较大。算例分析结果表明了该恢复策略的有效性和实用性,为调度人员提供了更具可行的操作指导。
The network reconfiguration is an important stage in the process of the power system black start, attracted by many uncertain factors because of its system structure changes constantly、control operation frequently. In power systems mainly consisting of thermal units, the time for unit’s start-up and restoration determines the duration of network reconfiguration following large-area blackout. In this paper, centralized-operation simulator of power plant is first employed to investigate the starting process of thermal units thereby establishing the relation between start-up time and the cumulative downtime corresponding to typical unit types. On this basis, a parallel recovery strategy is proposed for network reconfiguration. According to this strategy, the unit nodes are viewed as the load nodes with the highest priority and dealt with the other load nodes together. After available crank power in each stage is used as constraints, parallel restoration paths are optimized with Prim algorithm. The application to IEEE 30-bus system and IEEE 57-bus system verify that reconfiguration scheme achieved can make full use of the crank power thereby restoring multi units and paths simultaneously so that the duration is reduced effectively, which is significant for organizing restoration scenarios rapidly and orderly following a large-scale blackout. Also it receives the unit recovery time which provides the time information of important guiding significance for network reconfiguration after blackout. This paper also considered the grid units start reconstruction after the failed recovery, and the establishment of the related index on the transfer path of uncertainty assessment, identification of unit start failure subsequent recovery of the system. Finally, to verify the relevant examples, the results show that the recovery strategy is effective and practical, has a more realistic operational guidance for dispatchers.
The network reconfiguration is an important stage in the process of the power system black start, attracted by many uncertain factors because of its system structure changes constantly、control operation frequently. In power systems mainly consisting of thermal units, the time for unit’s start-up and restoration determines the duration of network reconfiguration following large-area blackout. In this paper, centralized-operation simulator of power plant is first employed to investigate the starting process of thermal units thereby establishing the relation between start-up time and the cumulative downtime corresponding to typical unit types. On this basis, a parallel recovery strategy is proposed for network reconfiguration. According to this strategy, the unit nodes are viewed as the load nodes with the highest priority and dealt with the other load nodes together. After available crank power in each stage is used as constraints, parallel restoration paths are optimized with Prim algorithm. The application to IEEE 30-bus system and IEEE 57-bus system verify that reconfiguration scheme achieved can make full use of the crank power thereby restoring multi units and paths simultaneously so that the duration is reduced effectively, which is significant for organizing restoration scenarios rapidly and orderly following a large-scale blackout. Also it receives the unit recovery time which provides the time information of important guiding significance for network reconfiguration after blackout. This paper also considered the grid units start reconstruction after the failed recovery, and the establishment of the related index on the transfer path of uncertainty assessment, identification of unit start failure subsequent recovery of the system. Finally, to verify the relevant examples, the results show that the recovery strategy is effective and practical, has a more realistic operational guidance for dispatchers.
引文
[1]周孝信,郑健超,沈国荣等.从美加东北部电网大面积停电事故中吸取教训[J] .电网技术.2003,27(9):1
[2]U.S.-Canada Power System Outage Task Force. Final Report on the August 14th Blackout in the United State sand Canada[EB/OL]. Available on: https://reports.energy.gov/Blackout Final-Web.pdf
[3]Fink,L.H,Kan-Lee Liou, Chen-Ching Liu. From generic restoration actions to specific restoration strategies[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.1995,10(2):745-752
[4]Ancona,J.J. A framework for power systerm restoration following a major power Failure[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Systerms.1995,10(3) :1480-1485
[5]D. Lindenmeyer, H. W. Dommel, A. Mosherf, et al. A Framework for black start and power system restoration [J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.2000,12 (4):234-251
[6]Lindenmeyer D. A framework for power system restoration[D]. Canada: the university of British Columbia . 2000
[7]刘艳,顾雪平.基于节点重要度评价的骨架网络重构[J].中国电机工程学报. 2007,27(10) :20-26
[8]Liu Yan, Gu Xueping. Skeleton-Network Reconfiguration Based on Topological Characteristics of Scale-Free Networks and Discrete Particle Swarm Optimization[J].IEEE Transactions on Power System. 2007, 22(3) :1267-1274
[9]周云海,闵勇.恢复控制中的系统重构优化算法研究[J].中国电机工程学报. 2003,23(4) :67-70
[10]Robert H, Gauger,Holmes,etc. Black startreliability[J].Proceedings of Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium.1984,177-180
[11]Roger Kearsley. Restoration in Sweden and experience gained from the blackout of 1983[J]. IEEE Trans On Power Systems.1987,2(2):422-428
[12]M.M.Adibi, J.N.Borkoski, R.J.Kafka. Power system restration-the second task force Report[R].IEEE Trans.PWRS.1987,2(4):927-933
[13]Lindenmeyer D, Dommel H.W., Adibi M.M.. Power System Restoration—A Bibliographical Survey[J]. International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems. 2001,23(3): 219-227
[14]Funakoshi,T, Furukawa K. Transformer overvoltage problems and countermeasures at black start [C].IEEE PES General Meeting,Toronto, Ontario Canada,2003
[15]Makarov Y.V., Reshetov V.I., Stroev A., et al. Blackout Prevention in the United States, Europe, and Russia[J]. Proceedings of the IEEE. 2005 , 93(11): 1942-1955
[16]Datta,S, Koluri,S. Development of an alternative black-start plan for system restoration[C]. IEEE PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition.2006
[17]M.Aktarujjaman, M.A.Kashem, M.Negnevitsky et al. Black Start with DEIG Based Distributed Generation after Major Emergencies[J]. IEEE.2006
[18]Adibi M.M., Fink L.H.. Overcoming Restoration Challenges Associated with Major Power System Disturbances[J]. IEEE Power and Energy Magazine.2006, 4(5): 68-77
[19]Das D. A Fuzzy Multiobjective Approach for Network Reconfiguration of Distribution Systems[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery.2006, 21(1): 202-209
[20]Feltes J.W., Grande-Moran C., Duggan P. et al. Some Considerations in the Development of Restoration Plans for Electric Utilities Serving Large Metropolitan Areas[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems. 2006,21(2): 909-915
[21]Adibi M M, Martins N. Power system restoration dynamics issues[J].IEEE Power Energy Society General Meeting. Pittesburgh, Pennsylvania,USA, July. 2008: 1-8
[22]唐斯庆,张弥,李建设等.海南电网“9.26”大面积停电事故的分析与总结[J].电力系统自动化.2006,30(1) :1-7,16
[23]周云海,闵勇,杨滨.黑启动及其决策支持系统[J].电力系统自动化.2001,25(15):43-46
[24]顾雪平,赵书强,刘艳等.一个实用的电力系统黑启动决策支持系统[J].电网技术. 2004,28(9):54-57,74
[25]王洪涛,刘玉田,邱夕照.基于分层案例推理的黑启动决策支持系统[J].电力系统自动化. 2004,28(11):49-52
[26]刘艳,顾雪平,赵书强等.基于MATLAB的电力系统黑启动发电机自励磁仿真研究[J].华北电力技术. 2005,4:14-18
[27]张小易.电力系统黑启动过程中过电压问题的研究[D].华北电力大学保定. 2003:2-5
[28]Nagata,T, Sasaki,H, Yokoyama,R. Power system restoration by joint usage of expert system and mathematical programming approach[J]. IEEE Transactions.1995,10(3):1473-1479
[29]魏智博,刘艳,顾雪平.基于DPSO算法以负荷恢复为目标的网络重构[J].电力系统自动化.2007,31(1):38-42
[30]周云海,刘映尚,胡翔勇.大停电事故后的系统网架恢复[J].中国电机工程学报. 2008,28(10):32-36
[31]韩忠晖,顾雪平.电力系统大停电后初期恢复算法的研究[D].华北电力大学保定硕士学位论文. 2007:7-9
[32]Ketabi, H.Asmar, A.M.Ranjbar et al. An Approach for Optimal Units Start-up during Bulk Power System Restoration[C].Large Engineering Systems Conference on Power Engineering. Halifax,NS Canada,2001
[33]刘连志,顾雪平,刘艳.不同黑启动方案下电网重构效率的评估[J].电力系统自动化. 2009,33(5):24-28
[34]刘强,石立宝,倪以信等.电力系统恢复控制的网络重构智能优化策略[J].中国电机工程学报. 2009,29(13):8-15
[35]林振智,文福拴.基于加权复杂网络模型的恢复路径优化方法[J].电力系统自动化. 2009,33(6):11-15
[36]Miller J M. Optimal Sequencing of Starting-up Generating Units[J]. IEEE Trans. on Power Systems.l992,7(4):l4l9-l427
[37]董张卓,焦建林,孙启宏.用层次分析法安排电力系统事故后火电机组恢复的次序[J].电网技术.1997,21(6):48-51, 54
[38]张丹.黑启动方案的分析评估和系统重构问题的研究[D].华北电力大学保定硕士学位论文. 2005:8-10
[39]田家庵发电厂. 300MW亚临界机组运行规程. 2002,8
[40]吕崇德,任挺进,姜学智等.大型火电机组系统仿真与建模[M].北京清华大学出版社. 2002
[41]SMITH JONM. Methematical Modeling and Digital Simulation for Engineers and Scientists. New York: Jchn Wiley and Sons, INC, 1977
[42]刘艳.电力系统黑启动恢复及其决策支持技术的研究[D].华北电力大学保定. 2008:48-50
[43]江波,张黎.基于prim算法的最小生成树优化研究[J].计算机工程与设计. 2009,30(13):3244-3247
[44]卢开澄,卢华明.图论及其应用(第二版)[M].北京清华大学出版社. 995:85-90
[45]Goldbogen, G.C..PRIM. A Fast Matrix Transpose Method[J].Software Engineering, IEEE Transaction on. 1981,7(2):255-257
[46]陈兴雷.配电网可靠性与经济性综合评估[D].浙江大学硕士论文.2008:16
[47]Jonnavithula A, Billinton R. Features that influence Composite Power System Reliability Worth Assessment[J] .IEEE Trans on Power Delivery.1996,11(4):1936-1941
[48]王超,徐政,潘武略等.中国用户停电调查方法[J].电网技术. 2007,31(11):54-59
[49]陈文高.配电系统可靠性实用基础.北京:中国电力出版社.1997:44-46
[50]Roy Billinton, Wang Peng. Distribution system reliability cost/worth analysis using analytical sequentia1 simulation technique[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.1998,13(4):1245-1250
[51]G.Wacker,E.Wojczynski,R.Billinton. Comprehensive Bibliography of Electrical Senice Interruption Costs[J]. IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems.1983,PAS-I02(6): 1831-1837
[52]G.Wacker,E.Wojczynski,R.Billinton.Customer Darnage Resulting from Electric Service Interruption[R].GEA R&D Project 907, U131 Report, 1982
[53]陈晓,王建兴,臧宝锋.城市电网用户停电损失及其估算方法的研究[J].昆明理工大学学报. 2003,18(1):53-56
[54]周莉梅,范明天.城市电网用户停电损失估算及评价方法研究[J].中国电力.2006,39(7):70-73
[55]LAWTON L, SULLIVAN M, VAN LIEREK. A framework and review of customer outage costs: integration and analysis of electric utility outage cost surveys[R/OL].http://repositories.cdlib.org/lbnl/LBNL-54365
[56]毛安家,熊超中,张粒子等.基于改进Tobit模型的负荷停电损失估算方法[J].电力系统自动化. 2010,34(9):29-33
[57]Energy research institute, Chulalongkorn University. Electricity Outagecoststudy[EB/OL].http://www.eppo.go.th/power/ERI-study-E/ERI-ExeSummary-E.html
[58]白剑飞,朱振青,来广志等.停电损失调查及估算[J].西北电力技术.2002,20(6):20-23
[2]U.S.-Canada Power System Outage Task Force. Final Report on the August 14th Blackout in the United State sand Canada[EB/OL]. Available on: https://reports.energy.gov/Blackout Final-Web.pdf
[3]Fink,L.H,Kan-Lee Liou, Chen-Ching Liu. From generic restoration actions to specific restoration strategies[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.1995,10(2):745-752
[4]Ancona,J.J. A framework for power systerm restoration following a major power Failure[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Systerms.1995,10(3) :1480-1485
[5]D. Lindenmeyer, H. W. Dommel, A. Mosherf, et al. A Framework for black start and power system restoration [J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.2000,12 (4):234-251
[6]Lindenmeyer D. A framework for power system restoration[D]. Canada: the university of British Columbia . 2000
[7]刘艳,顾雪平.基于节点重要度评价的骨架网络重构[J].中国电机工程学报. 2007,27(10) :20-26
[8]Liu Yan, Gu Xueping. Skeleton-Network Reconfiguration Based on Topological Characteristics of Scale-Free Networks and Discrete Particle Swarm Optimization[J].IEEE Transactions on Power System. 2007, 22(3) :1267-1274
[9]周云海,闵勇.恢复控制中的系统重构优化算法研究[J].中国电机工程学报. 2003,23(4) :67-70
[10]Robert H, Gauger,Holmes,etc. Black startreliability[J].Proceedings of Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium.1984,177-180
[11]Roger Kearsley. Restoration in Sweden and experience gained from the blackout of 1983[J]. IEEE Trans On Power Systems.1987,2(2):422-428
[12]M.M.Adibi, J.N.Borkoski, R.J.Kafka. Power system restration-the second task force Report[R].IEEE Trans.PWRS.1987,2(4):927-933
[13]Lindenmeyer D, Dommel H.W., Adibi M.M.. Power System Restoration—A Bibliographical Survey[J]. International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems. 2001,23(3): 219-227
[14]Funakoshi,T, Furukawa K. Transformer overvoltage problems and countermeasures at black start [C].IEEE PES General Meeting,Toronto, Ontario Canada,2003
[15]Makarov Y.V., Reshetov V.I., Stroev A., et al. Blackout Prevention in the United States, Europe, and Russia[J]. Proceedings of the IEEE. 2005 , 93(11): 1942-1955
[16]Datta,S, Koluri,S. Development of an alternative black-start plan for system restoration[C]. IEEE PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition.2006
[17]M.Aktarujjaman, M.A.Kashem, M.Negnevitsky et al. Black Start with DEIG Based Distributed Generation after Major Emergencies[J]. IEEE.2006
[18]Adibi M.M., Fink L.H.. Overcoming Restoration Challenges Associated with Major Power System Disturbances[J]. IEEE Power and Energy Magazine.2006, 4(5): 68-77
[19]Das D. A Fuzzy Multiobjective Approach for Network Reconfiguration of Distribution Systems[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery.2006, 21(1): 202-209
[20]Feltes J.W., Grande-Moran C., Duggan P. et al. Some Considerations in the Development of Restoration Plans for Electric Utilities Serving Large Metropolitan Areas[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems. 2006,21(2): 909-915
[21]Adibi M M, Martins N. Power system restoration dynamics issues[J].IEEE Power Energy Society General Meeting. Pittesburgh, Pennsylvania,USA, July. 2008: 1-8
[22]唐斯庆,张弥,李建设等.海南电网“9.26”大面积停电事故的分析与总结[J].电力系统自动化.2006,30(1) :1-7,16
[23]周云海,闵勇,杨滨.黑启动及其决策支持系统[J].电力系统自动化.2001,25(15):43-46
[24]顾雪平,赵书强,刘艳等.一个实用的电力系统黑启动决策支持系统[J].电网技术. 2004,28(9):54-57,74
[25]王洪涛,刘玉田,邱夕照.基于分层案例推理的黑启动决策支持系统[J].电力系统自动化. 2004,28(11):49-52
[26]刘艳,顾雪平,赵书强等.基于MATLAB的电力系统黑启动发电机自励磁仿真研究[J].华北电力技术. 2005,4:14-18
[27]张小易.电力系统黑启动过程中过电压问题的研究[D].华北电力大学保定. 2003:2-5
[28]Nagata,T, Sasaki,H, Yokoyama,R. Power system restoration by joint usage of expert system and mathematical programming approach[J]. IEEE Transactions.1995,10(3):1473-1479
[29]魏智博,刘艳,顾雪平.基于DPSO算法以负荷恢复为目标的网络重构[J].电力系统自动化.2007,31(1):38-42
[30]周云海,刘映尚,胡翔勇.大停电事故后的系统网架恢复[J].中国电机工程学报. 2008,28(10):32-36
[31]韩忠晖,顾雪平.电力系统大停电后初期恢复算法的研究[D].华北电力大学保定硕士学位论文. 2007:7-9
[32]Ketabi, H.Asmar, A.M.Ranjbar et al. An Approach for Optimal Units Start-up during Bulk Power System Restoration[C].Large Engineering Systems Conference on Power Engineering. Halifax,NS Canada,2001
[33]刘连志,顾雪平,刘艳.不同黑启动方案下电网重构效率的评估[J].电力系统自动化. 2009,33(5):24-28
[34]刘强,石立宝,倪以信等.电力系统恢复控制的网络重构智能优化策略[J].中国电机工程学报. 2009,29(13):8-15
[35]林振智,文福拴.基于加权复杂网络模型的恢复路径优化方法[J].电力系统自动化. 2009,33(6):11-15
[36]Miller J M. Optimal Sequencing of Starting-up Generating Units[J]. IEEE Trans. on Power Systems.l992,7(4):l4l9-l427
[37]董张卓,焦建林,孙启宏.用层次分析法安排电力系统事故后火电机组恢复的次序[J].电网技术.1997,21(6):48-51, 54
[38]张丹.黑启动方案的分析评估和系统重构问题的研究[D].华北电力大学保定硕士学位论文. 2005:8-10
[39]田家庵发电厂. 300MW亚临界机组运行规程. 2002,8
[40]吕崇德,任挺进,姜学智等.大型火电机组系统仿真与建模[M].北京清华大学出版社. 2002
[41]SMITH JONM. Methematical Modeling and Digital Simulation for Engineers and Scientists. New York: Jchn Wiley and Sons, INC, 1977
[42]刘艳.电力系统黑启动恢复及其决策支持技术的研究[D].华北电力大学保定. 2008:48-50
[43]江波,张黎.基于prim算法的最小生成树优化研究[J].计算机工程与设计. 2009,30(13):3244-3247
[44]卢开澄,卢华明.图论及其应用(第二版)[M].北京清华大学出版社. 995:85-90
[45]Goldbogen, G.C..PRIM. A Fast Matrix Transpose Method[J].Software Engineering, IEEE Transaction on. 1981,7(2):255-257
[46]陈兴雷.配电网可靠性与经济性综合评估[D].浙江大学硕士论文.2008:16
[47]Jonnavithula A, Billinton R. Features that influence Composite Power System Reliability Worth Assessment[J] .IEEE Trans on Power Delivery.1996,11(4):1936-1941
[48]王超,徐政,潘武略等.中国用户停电调查方法[J].电网技术. 2007,31(11):54-59
[49]陈文高.配电系统可靠性实用基础.北京:中国电力出版社.1997:44-46
[50]Roy Billinton, Wang Peng. Distribution system reliability cost/worth analysis using analytical sequentia1 simulation technique[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.1998,13(4):1245-1250
[51]G.Wacker,E.Wojczynski,R.Billinton. Comprehensive Bibliography of Electrical Senice Interruption Costs[J]. IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems.1983,PAS-I02(6): 1831-1837
[52]G.Wacker,E.Wojczynski,R.Billinton.Customer Darnage Resulting from Electric Service Interruption[R].GEA R&D Project 907, U131 Report, 1982
[53]陈晓,王建兴,臧宝锋.城市电网用户停电损失及其估算方法的研究[J].昆明理工大学学报. 2003,18(1):53-56
[54]周莉梅,范明天.城市电网用户停电损失估算及评价方法研究[J].中国电力.2006,39(7):70-73
[55]LAWTON L, SULLIVAN M, VAN LIEREK. A framework and review of customer outage costs: integration and analysis of electric utility outage cost surveys[R/OL].http://repositories.cdlib.org/lbnl/LBNL-54365
[56]毛安家,熊超中,张粒子等.基于改进Tobit模型的负荷停电损失估算方法[J].电力系统自动化. 2010,34(9):29-33
[57]Energy research institute, Chulalongkorn University. Electricity Outagecoststudy[EB/OL].http://www.eppo.go.th/power/ERI-study-E/ERI-ExeSummary-E.html
[58]白剑飞,朱振青,来广志等.停电损失调查及估算[J].西北电力技术.2002,20(6):20-23