基于Silververlight的3D数字地球模型构建关键技术及应用研究
|
摘要
随着Windows7的普及,以及iPhone的争艳,可以说明人们已经对传统意义上的窗体程序产生了一定程度上的审美疲劳,而在呈现端的要求越来越高。自Silverlight与Flex推出后,在互联网上引起了编写精美的富客户端网页热潮。随着GIS的普及,越来越多的人生产活动依赖于静态网页形式的地图服务。但是到目前为止,GIS网页端地图服务呈现展示依然进展不大,传统的2D地图服务已很难再冲击人们的眼球,再加上静态网页模式的运算和解析全部依赖于服务器,而客户端机器不能参与运算作用,然而基于Silverlight的3D数字地球在客户机子上显示效果不仅有极大增强而且很大程度提高了图形运算能力。对于GIS这种数据量大以及需要复杂的空间运算能力的需求,富客户端对于静态页面形式的优势尽显出来。鉴于此,本文研究了基于Silverlight3D数字地球构建的关键技术进行了研究,包括2D坐标系变换和图形操作、影像数据的操作、3D球面构建以及2D数据投影到3D表面。即实现了3D地球的底层构建也实现了3D数字地球的呈现。本文主要研究工作包括:
1)目前3D数字地球的研究工作主要集中在客户端程序方面,在网页端只有2D的地图服务,现有文献中很少涉及到具体3D数字地球创建,对于富客户端的3D数字地球都存在于理论阶段。本文从底层进行研究,并且涉及到图形的多个方面,实现了在三维球面上对GIS数据进行展示。
2)分析影像数据的特点,设计了一整个流程对影像数据进行操作,包括:为影像数据建立金字塔模型、提取合并、分割、加壳和入库等操作。
3)为了构建3D环境,研究了3D坐标的变换,影响球面显示的关键元素,最后四元数对球面旋转变换时误差的修正。
4)经过了3D球面的构建,研究了如何把2D数据投影到3D地球表面,这里完成了经纬度映射到球面的反算,并研究了多纹理和单纹理点密度坐标控制法。
5)最后以Visual Studio2010为开发工具,运用面向对象的方法,基于Silverlight富客户端呈现技术从底层开发了一个3D数字地球演示系统,实现了图形显示、影像多层分级,3D地球的漫游、地球自转等操作,并结合空间数据库来管理维护空间数据。
With the popularity of Windows7 and the blooming of the iPhone, we can sense that people have a certain degree of aesthetic fatigue on the traditional forms program,and have higher demand on the present side. Since the release of Silverlight and Flex, the boom of writing beautiful rich-client Web has beening presented on the Internet. With the popularity of GIS, more and more human production activities rely on map services in the form of static pages. But GIS Web Map Service client display has not made big progress up to now, the traditional 2D map service can hardly catch people's attention, combined with that the operation and resolution of static page mode all depend on the server, and the client machine can not participate in operational role, while Silverlight-based 3D digital earth not only greatly enhanced the display effect on the client machine, but also improved graphic operation ability to a large degree. To GIS mass data which require complex spatial operation ability, compared to the form of static pages, the advantage of rich-client is significant. In view of this, we study the key technology of the construction of Silverlight-based 3D digital earth, including 2D coordinate transformation and graphic operations, the operation of image data, the construction of 3D spherical surface and 2D data projection to 3D surface. This paper has realized the bottom building of 3D digital earth as well as the display of it. This paper’s main research work include:
1)The current 3D digital earth research mainly is focused on the client side,on the web side there is only 2D map service, the existing literature are rarely involved in creating 3D digital earth, for the rich clients 3D digital earth research is still stay at a theory phase . This article is based on the bottom, involving several suspect of the graphic. This article includes the implement of displaying GIS data on the 3D sphere.
2) This article is going to talk about the analysis of the characteristics of image data, designing a flow, which includs the pyramid model for the image data set, extract merge, split, packers and storage and some other operations for managing image data.
3)In order to build the 3D environment, it would be necessary to make some research on the 3D coordinate transformation, the key elements that affect the sphere displaying, the error correction of the sphere rotation transform by the last for quaternion.
4)After the construction of 3D sphere, this article discussed how to porject the 2D data onto the 3D earth surface, this procedure complete the inverse compute from latitude and longitude to sphere. Further more, this article discussed the method of controlling the point density coordinates of multi-texture and single- texture.
5)Finally, developed a system from the bottom that shows the 3D data earth. The system take Visual Studio2010 as the development tool and use the object-oriented approach and is based on Silverlight rich-client rendering technology. The system which combines the spatial database to manage the maintenance of spatial data contains functions like graphical display, multi-image classification, 3D earth panning, the earth rotation and other operations.
1)目前3D数字地球的研究工作主要集中在客户端程序方面,在网页端只有2D的地图服务,现有文献中很少涉及到具体3D数字地球创建,对于富客户端的3D数字地球都存在于理论阶段。本文从底层进行研究,并且涉及到图形的多个方面,实现了在三维球面上对GIS数据进行展示。
2)分析影像数据的特点,设计了一整个流程对影像数据进行操作,包括:为影像数据建立金字塔模型、提取合并、分割、加壳和入库等操作。
3)为了构建3D环境,研究了3D坐标的变换,影响球面显示的关键元素,最后四元数对球面旋转变换时误差的修正。
4)经过了3D球面的构建,研究了如何把2D数据投影到3D地球表面,这里完成了经纬度映射到球面的反算,并研究了多纹理和单纹理点密度坐标控制法。
5)最后以Visual Studio2010为开发工具,运用面向对象的方法,基于Silverlight富客户端呈现技术从底层开发了一个3D数字地球演示系统,实现了图形显示、影像多层分级,3D地球的漫游、地球自转等操作,并结合空间数据库来管理维护空间数据。
With the popularity of Windows7 and the blooming of the iPhone, we can sense that people have a certain degree of aesthetic fatigue on the traditional forms program,and have higher demand on the present side. Since the release of Silverlight and Flex, the boom of writing beautiful rich-client Web has beening presented on the Internet. With the popularity of GIS, more and more human production activities rely on map services in the form of static pages. But GIS Web Map Service client display has not made big progress up to now, the traditional 2D map service can hardly catch people's attention, combined with that the operation and resolution of static page mode all depend on the server, and the client machine can not participate in operational role, while Silverlight-based 3D digital earth not only greatly enhanced the display effect on the client machine, but also improved graphic operation ability to a large degree. To GIS mass data which require complex spatial operation ability, compared to the form of static pages, the advantage of rich-client is significant. In view of this, we study the key technology of the construction of Silverlight-based 3D digital earth, including 2D coordinate transformation and graphic operations, the operation of image data, the construction of 3D spherical surface and 2D data projection to 3D surface. This paper has realized the bottom building of 3D digital earth as well as the display of it. This paper’s main research work include:
1)The current 3D digital earth research mainly is focused on the client side,on the web side there is only 2D map service, the existing literature are rarely involved in creating 3D digital earth, for the rich clients 3D digital earth research is still stay at a theory phase . This article is based on the bottom, involving several suspect of the graphic. This article includes the implement of displaying GIS data on the 3D sphere.
2) This article is going to talk about the analysis of the characteristics of image data, designing a flow, which includs the pyramid model for the image data set, extract merge, split, packers and storage and some other operations for managing image data.
3)In order to build the 3D environment, it would be necessary to make some research on the 3D coordinate transformation, the key elements that affect the sphere displaying, the error correction of the sphere rotation transform by the last for quaternion.
4)After the construction of 3D sphere, this article discussed how to porject the 2D data onto the 3D earth surface, this procedure complete the inverse compute from latitude and longitude to sphere. Further more, this article discussed the method of controlling the point density coordinates of multi-texture and single- texture.
5)Finally, developed a system from the bottom that shows the 3D data earth. The system take Visual Studio2010 as the development tool and use the object-oriented approach and is based on Silverlight rich-client rendering technology. The system which combines the spatial database to manage the maintenance of spatial data contains functions like graphical display, multi-image classification, 3D earth panning, the earth rotation and other operations.
引文
[1]王斌.基于OpenGL的3D数字地球仪研制与开发[D].西北大学,2008.
[2]李会军.Silverlight 2完美征程[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2009.
[3] Matthew MacDonald. Pro WPF in C# 2008 Windows Presentation Foundation with .NET 3.5 Second Edition.USA:Apress,2009.
[4]蒋金南. WCF技术剖析(卷1)[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2009.
[5]魏永超.银光志--Silverlight 3.0开发详解与最佳实践[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2009.
[6] Adam Nathan. Windows Presentation Foundation Unleashed [M].U.S: by Sams Publishing,2006.
[7] Jack Xu. Practical WPF Charts and Graphics[M].U.S:2009
[8] Rod Stephens .WPF Programmer’s Reference: Windows Presentation Foundation with C# 2010 and .NET 4[M].Canada: Wiley Publishing Inc, 2010.
[9] Atefanakis E,Selis T.Enhancing Operations with Spatial Access Methods in a Database Management System for Gis.Cartography and Geographical Information System,1998,25(1):16-32
[10] Gastón C. Hillar. 3D Game Development with Microsoft Silverlight 3[M].U.S: Packt Publishing Ltd.2009
[11] .NET Framework Developer Center.http://127.0.0.1:47873/ help/1-5112/ms.help?method=page&id=F667BD15-2134-41E9-B4AF-5CED6FAFAB5D&topicversion=100&topiclocale=EN-US&SQM=1&product=VS&productVersion=100&locale=EN-US
[12] http://resources.esri.com/help/9.3/arcgisserver/apis/silverlight/samples/start.htm#Routing
[13] David Betz .Understanding WCF Services in Silverlight 2[M].U.S:2008.
[14] Atefanakis E,Selis T.Enhancing Operations with Spatial Access Methods in a Database Management System for Gis.Cartography and Geographical Information System,1998,25(1):16-32
[15]龚建雅,夏宗国.久量与栅格集成的2D数据模型[J],武汉测绘科技大学学报,1997,22(1):7-15.
[16]赵春宇.高性能并行GIS中矢量空间数据存取与处理关键技术研究[D],武汉大学,2006.
[17]兰小机,刘德儿.地理信息系统基础[M].江西理工大学讲义,2005.
[18]孙玉国.拓扑空间关系描述与2D-String空间关系表达:[博士论文].武汉:武汉测绘科技大学,1993:14-61
[19]于文洋.面向数字地球的3D景观构造关键技术研究[D].中国科学院研究生院(遥感应用研究所), 2006 .
[20]芮小平.空间信息可视化关键技术研究——以2.5维、3D、多维可视化为例[D].中国科学院研究生院(遥感应用研究所), 2004 . [21]许妙忠.虚拟现实中3D地形建模和可视化技术及算法研究[D].武汉大学, 2003 .
[22]陈永康. 3DGIS中大数据量场景可视化研究[D].中国科学院研究生院(遥感应用研究所), 2004 .
[23]黄铎. 3D城市模型的数据内容[D].武汉大学, 2004 .
[24]康志忠.数字城市中街道景观主体3D可视化的快速实现研究[D].武汉大学, 2004 .
[25]杜金莲.大规模3D地形实时绘制关键技术的研究与实现[D].大连理工大学, 2003 .
[26]彭仪普.地形3D可视化及其实时绘制技术研究[D].西南交通大学, 2002 .
[27]陈静.分布式虚拟GIS关键技术研究[D].武汉大学, 2004 .
[28]杜莹.全球多分辨率虚拟地形环境关键技术的研究[D].中国人民解放军信息工程大学, 2005 .
[29]张立强.构建3D数字地球的关键技术研究[D].中国科学院研究生院(遥感应用研究所), 2004
[30]杜金莲.大规模3D地形实时绘制关键技术的研究与实现[D].大连理工大学, 2003
[31]李洪宁.万维网地理信息系统分布式理论体系研究与实现[D].中国地质大学(北京), 2003
[32]梁勇.数字农业框架体系和田块建模研究[D].山东科技大学, 2004
[33] Atefanakis E,Selis T.Enhancing Operations with Spatial Access Methods in a Database Management System for Gis.Cartography and Geographical Information System,1998,25(1):16-32
[34]董鹏.分布式空间信息的高效查询与分析系统研究[D].中国科学院研究生院(遥感应用研究所), 2003
[35]林伟华.多重近似空间索引及其相关检索技术研究[D].华中科技大学, 2009
[36]王宇翔.分布式网络地理信息系统研究[D].中国科学院研究生院(遥感应用研究所), 2002
[37] Max J Egenhofer,Franzosa R.Point_set Topoloical Spatial Relation In GIS,1991,5(2):161-176
[38]汤国安,赵牡丹,地理信息系统[M],科学出版社,2001
[39]翟建军.基于DirectX的3D图形引擎的设计和实现[J].南京航空航天大学,2008
[40]蔡学镛. Windows Presentation Foundation程序指南[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2007.
[41] Egenhofer Max J,and Sharma Jayant,Mark David M.A Critical Comparison of the 4-Intersection and 9-Intersection Models for Spatial Relations:Formal analysis.Auto Carto,1993,(11):1-11
[42] Chen J,Li C M,Improving 9_intersection Model by Replacing the Compement with Voronoi Region.Proceedings of Dynamic and Muli_dimensional GIS,Hong Kong,1997
[43] Egenhofer Max J,Clementini Eliseo and Felice,Paolino Fdi.Topological Relations between Regions with Holes,In GIS,1994,8(2):129-142
[44]陈军,赵仁亮.GIS空间关系的基本问题与研究进展[J].测绘学报,1999,(02):95-102
[45]陈军.GIS空间数据模型的基本问题与学术前沿.地理学报,1995,50(增刊):24-33
[46]张彩虹.真实感3D地形可视化研究与实现[M].长春理工大学,2008
[47]刘念.基于UML的GIS模型研究[M].贵州大学,2008
[48]吴慧欣. 3DGIS空间数据模型及可视化技术研究[D].西北工业大学,2007
[49]江男.轨道交通基础地理信息3D可视化研究[M].上海师范大学,2007
[50]于静波.基于3D GIS的公路虚拟实现的研究[M].东北林业大学,2007
[51]张亮.基于VR技术的3DGIS试验系统研究[M].西南交通大学,2007
[52]李冬梅. 3DGIS中的矢栅一体化技术的研究与设计[M].沈阳工业大学,2007
[53]杨春金. 3DGIS建模及可视化技术的应用研究[M].武汉理工大学,2007
[54]刘梅华.综合地质数据库及勘探工程3D建模研究[M].中南大学,2007
[55]裴继红.城市3D景观的互联网络发布技术研究及其实现[M].深圳大学,2007
[56]施永胜.基于组件的城市3D空间数据建模研究[M].中南大学,2006
[57]胡秀丽.基于GIS的土地整理规划设计系统研究[M].华中师范大学,2006
[58]于慧玲.铁路构筑物3D建模技术研究[M].石家庄铁道学院,2006
[59]屈年赦. 3D建模和可视化方法的研究[M].辽宁工程技术大学,2005
[60]谷建成. WebGIS在火电厂环保管理信息系统中应用与研究[M],华北电力大学,2005
[61]王涛. 3DGIS中的动态目标表示及其可视化[M].武汉大学,2005
[62]陈钢.基于OpenGL的3D管线可视化[M].武汉大学,2005
[2]李会军.Silverlight 2完美征程[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2009.
[3] Matthew MacDonald. Pro WPF in C# 2008 Windows Presentation Foundation with .NET 3.5 Second Edition.USA:Apress,2009.
[4]蒋金南. WCF技术剖析(卷1)[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2009.
[5]魏永超.银光志--Silverlight 3.0开发详解与最佳实践[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2009.
[6] Adam Nathan. Windows Presentation Foundation Unleashed [M].U.S: by Sams Publishing,2006.
[7] Jack Xu. Practical WPF Charts and Graphics[M].U.S:2009
[8] Rod Stephens .WPF Programmer’s Reference: Windows Presentation Foundation with C# 2010 and .NET 4[M].Canada: Wiley Publishing Inc, 2010.
[9] Atefanakis E,Selis T.Enhancing Operations with Spatial Access Methods in a Database Management System for Gis.Cartography and Geographical Information System,1998,25(1):16-32
[10] Gastón C. Hillar. 3D Game Development with Microsoft Silverlight 3[M].U.S: Packt Publishing Ltd.2009
[11] .NET Framework Developer Center.http://127.0.0.1:47873/ help/1-5112/ms.help?method=page&id=F667BD15-2134-41E9-B4AF-5CED6FAFAB5D&topicversion=100&topiclocale=EN-US&SQM=1&product=VS&productVersion=100&locale=EN-US
[12] http://resources.esri.com/help/9.3/arcgisserver/apis/silverlight/samples/start.htm#Routing
[13] David Betz .Understanding WCF Services in Silverlight 2[M].U.S:2008.
[14] Atefanakis E,Selis T.Enhancing Operations with Spatial Access Methods in a Database Management System for Gis.Cartography and Geographical Information System,1998,25(1):16-32
[15]龚建雅,夏宗国.久量与栅格集成的2D数据模型[J],武汉测绘科技大学学报,1997,22(1):7-15.
[16]赵春宇.高性能并行GIS中矢量空间数据存取与处理关键技术研究[D],武汉大学,2006.
[17]兰小机,刘德儿.地理信息系统基础[M].江西理工大学讲义,2005.
[18]孙玉国.拓扑空间关系描述与2D-String空间关系表达:[博士论文].武汉:武汉测绘科技大学,1993:14-61
[19]于文洋.面向数字地球的3D景观构造关键技术研究[D].中国科学院研究生院(遥感应用研究所), 2006 .
[20]芮小平.空间信息可视化关键技术研究——以2.5维、3D、多维可视化为例[D].中国科学院研究生院(遥感应用研究所), 2004 . [21]许妙忠.虚拟现实中3D地形建模和可视化技术及算法研究[D].武汉大学, 2003 .
[22]陈永康. 3DGIS中大数据量场景可视化研究[D].中国科学院研究生院(遥感应用研究所), 2004 .
[23]黄铎. 3D城市模型的数据内容[D].武汉大学, 2004 .
[24]康志忠.数字城市中街道景观主体3D可视化的快速实现研究[D].武汉大学, 2004 .
[25]杜金莲.大规模3D地形实时绘制关键技术的研究与实现[D].大连理工大学, 2003 .
[26]彭仪普.地形3D可视化及其实时绘制技术研究[D].西南交通大学, 2002 .
[27]陈静.分布式虚拟GIS关键技术研究[D].武汉大学, 2004 .
[28]杜莹.全球多分辨率虚拟地形环境关键技术的研究[D].中国人民解放军信息工程大学, 2005 .
[29]张立强.构建3D数字地球的关键技术研究[D].中国科学院研究生院(遥感应用研究所), 2004
[30]杜金莲.大规模3D地形实时绘制关键技术的研究与实现[D].大连理工大学, 2003
[31]李洪宁.万维网地理信息系统分布式理论体系研究与实现[D].中国地质大学(北京), 2003
[32]梁勇.数字农业框架体系和田块建模研究[D].山东科技大学, 2004
[33] Atefanakis E,Selis T.Enhancing Operations with Spatial Access Methods in a Database Management System for Gis.Cartography and Geographical Information System,1998,25(1):16-32
[34]董鹏.分布式空间信息的高效查询与分析系统研究[D].中国科学院研究生院(遥感应用研究所), 2003
[35]林伟华.多重近似空间索引及其相关检索技术研究[D].华中科技大学, 2009
[36]王宇翔.分布式网络地理信息系统研究[D].中国科学院研究生院(遥感应用研究所), 2002
[37] Max J Egenhofer,Franzosa R.Point_set Topoloical Spatial Relation In GIS,1991,5(2):161-176
[38]汤国安,赵牡丹,地理信息系统[M],科学出版社,2001
[39]翟建军.基于DirectX的3D图形引擎的设计和实现[J].南京航空航天大学,2008
[40]蔡学镛. Windows Presentation Foundation程序指南[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2007.
[41] Egenhofer Max J,and Sharma Jayant,Mark David M.A Critical Comparison of the 4-Intersection and 9-Intersection Models for Spatial Relations:Formal analysis.Auto Carto,1993,(11):1-11
[42] Chen J,Li C M,Improving 9_intersection Model by Replacing the Compement with Voronoi Region.Proceedings of Dynamic and Muli_dimensional GIS,Hong Kong,1997
[43] Egenhofer Max J,Clementini Eliseo and Felice,Paolino Fdi.Topological Relations between Regions with Holes,In GIS,1994,8(2):129-142
[44]陈军,赵仁亮.GIS空间关系的基本问题与研究进展[J].测绘学报,1999,(02):95-102
[45]陈军.GIS空间数据模型的基本问题与学术前沿.地理学报,1995,50(增刊):24-33
[46]张彩虹.真实感3D地形可视化研究与实现[M].长春理工大学,2008
[47]刘念.基于UML的GIS模型研究[M].贵州大学,2008
[48]吴慧欣. 3DGIS空间数据模型及可视化技术研究[D].西北工业大学,2007
[49]江男.轨道交通基础地理信息3D可视化研究[M].上海师范大学,2007
[50]于静波.基于3D GIS的公路虚拟实现的研究[M].东北林业大学,2007
[51]张亮.基于VR技术的3DGIS试验系统研究[M].西南交通大学,2007
[52]李冬梅. 3DGIS中的矢栅一体化技术的研究与设计[M].沈阳工业大学,2007
[53]杨春金. 3DGIS建模及可视化技术的应用研究[M].武汉理工大学,2007
[54]刘梅华.综合地质数据库及勘探工程3D建模研究[M].中南大学,2007
[55]裴继红.城市3D景观的互联网络发布技术研究及其实现[M].深圳大学,2007
[56]施永胜.基于组件的城市3D空间数据建模研究[M].中南大学,2006
[57]胡秀丽.基于GIS的土地整理规划设计系统研究[M].华中师范大学,2006
[58]于慧玲.铁路构筑物3D建模技术研究[M].石家庄铁道学院,2006
[59]屈年赦. 3D建模和可视化方法的研究[M].辽宁工程技术大学,2005
[60]谷建成. WebGIS在火电厂环保管理信息系统中应用与研究[M],华北电力大学,2005
[61]王涛. 3DGIS中的动态目标表示及其可视化[M].武汉大学,2005
[62]陈钢.基于OpenGL的3D管线可视化[M].武汉大学,2005