广东省沿海防护林综合效益计量与实现研究
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摘要
广东省濒临南海,是我国海岸线最长的省份,受台风、海啸等自然灾害的威胁十分严重。20世纪50年代以来,广东沿海地区通过自发和工程造林,初步建立起了海岸基干防护林带,有效改善了当地生态环境。尽管如此,在区域经济的高速发展中,生态建设往往让位于其他经济活动,广东省沿海防护林工程总体上进展缓慢,总量不足、质量不高的防护林体系未能充分发挥出防御自然灾害的作用。
2007年,为吸取印度洋海啸事件的深刻教训,中央和广东省先后出台了沿海防护林体系建设二期工程规划(2006-2015),将其上升到区域国民经济和社会发展的战略高度。
本文以广东省沿海防护林建设发展历史为线索,首先明确了新时期海防林生态建设在目标定位、体系布局、建设规模和内容等方面所要实现的突破,分析指出科学、系统地量化评估沿海防护林的功能和效益,对于丰富该领域研究、促进其建设管理实践具有重要意义。
结合林业生态工程的共性和沿海防护林工程的特殊性,本文综合运用频度分析、专家咨询、层次分析等方法,构建了广东省沿海防护林工程综合效益评价指标体系,包括目标层、状态层、变量层、要素层共4层3类15项22个指标,并以广东省沿海防护林二期工程建设规划为依据,研究了工程实施可预期的生态、经济和社会效益。结果显示,截至二期工程完成,将实现综合效益562844.5万元/a,投资效果系数达到1：13.25。
实践中,沿海防护林效益的实现有赖于相当的数量规模和质量水平,而这要受到来自外界的各种因素影响。因此,本文对理想的效益水平能否实现以及如何实现进行了深入分析。
首先,依据干扰理论,本文分析构建了广东省沿海防护林效益实现的干扰体系。鉴于研究区域人口密集、经济发达的特征,人为干扰的影响广泛而深刻,本文从经济学角度对其驱动机制进行了剖析,认为：沿海防护林建设形成的森林／湿地资源具有公共物品的特性,在现有公有产权结构安排下,其建设管理的正外部性未得到相应补偿,干扰破坏的负外部性行为未付出应有代价,缺乏有效的正向激励和反向惩罚,表现为市场失灵、政府失灵和自愿供给失灵,以致沿海防护林建设的数量规模和管理的质量水平受到影响,制约了功能效益的发挥。
运用博弈理论,本文进一步研究了广东省沿海防护林建设和管理过程中,各利益主体的参与／执行和违规／破坏行为,对人为干扰的形成机理及其优化策略予以阐释和探讨。
最后,基于分析结论,本文针对性地提出了能够有效促进广东省沿海防护林体系综合效益实现的策略,包括具有激励效应的补偿水平和多元化的投入机制、严格的监督机制和科技支撑体系。
Endangered South China Sea, Guangdong Province, which has the longest coastline of the provinces in China, is threatened by typhoons, tsunamis and other natural disasters seriously. Since 20ec50s, Guangdong coastal areas through Spontaneous and organized forestation, has initially formed the framework of the coastal shelterbelts system and effectively improved the local ecological environment. However, because it's found always give way to other economic activities in the highly developing regional economic environment, the construction of Guangdong coastal shelterbelts has made a slow progress. Until now, due to deficiency of the total quantity and quality, the system has not been able to withstand natural disasters effectively.
To draw profound lessons from the Indian Ocean tsunami events, the central government and coastal provinces formulated the Phase II coastal shelterbelt system project planning (2006-2015) and enhanced the plan to the the strategic height of regional economic and social development in 2007.
The paper takes Guangdong Coastal Protection Forest constructing history as the clue, clear the forest ecological construction in new period to achieve breakthrough on target location, system layout, building size and contents of fields at first, analysis that quantitative research functions and benefits of coastal protection forest scientifically and systematically, is important to enrich the research field and promote its construction management practice.
Combining the Community of forest ecological projects and the particularity of coastal shelterbelt projects, the paper establishes a four-class comprehensive benefits evaluation index system, including the overall objectives level (1 index), the state level (3 indexes), the variation level (14 indexes) and the element level (21 indexes) by using frequency analysis, expert advice, hierarchical analysis and other methods. Based on the coastal shelterbelts Phase II construction plan of Guangdong Province, the paper studies the expecting ecological, economic and social benefits brought by the implementation of this project. The result is, by the time of the completion of Phase II project, it will achieve overall efficiency of (?)7.041539 billion/a, and the coefficient of investment will reach 1:13.25.
In practice, the degree of effectiveness realization of coastal shelterbelts system depends on the corresponding quantity and quality level. Thus, the paper carries out a deep research on how to achieve the desired level of efficiency.
Firstly, according to interference theory, the paper constructs a interference system which sets back to achieve effectiveness of Guangdong coastal protection forest. In view of the regional characteristics such as the densely populated coastal areas, economic concentration, the human disturbance is more profound. The paper analyses the driving mechanism of human disturbance on coastal shelterbelts in the perspective of institutional economics and deems that forest/wetland resources formated of coastal shelterbelt are provided with the public goods characteristics, public ownership structure of the existing arrangements, the construction management of the positive externalities have not been given compensation and the disruption of the negative external behavior have not been paid. Lack of effective forward and reverse incentive punishment, market failure, government failure and voluntary supply failure bring unfavorable number of coastal protection forest construction and quality level of the management and restrict the functionality benefits of play.
The paper uses game theory to analyze each stakeholder's participation and interference actions in the process of the coastal shelterbelt construction and management and studies the formation mechanism of interference behavior and optimization strategy.
Based on conclusion analysis, the paper presents a set of safeguard mechanism which can promote the comprehensive benefits of coastal shelterbelts system to play more effectively, including those with the incentive effects of compensation level and multi-input systems, stringent monitoring mechanism and other business strategies.
2007年,为吸取印度洋海啸事件的深刻教训,中央和广东省先后出台了沿海防护林体系建设二期工程规划(2006-2015),将其上升到区域国民经济和社会发展的战略高度。
本文以广东省沿海防护林建设发展历史为线索,首先明确了新时期海防林生态建设在目标定位、体系布局、建设规模和内容等方面所要实现的突破,分析指出科学、系统地量化评估沿海防护林的功能和效益,对于丰富该领域研究、促进其建设管理实践具有重要意义。
结合林业生态工程的共性和沿海防护林工程的特殊性,本文综合运用频度分析、专家咨询、层次分析等方法,构建了广东省沿海防护林工程综合效益评价指标体系,包括目标层、状态层、变量层、要素层共4层3类15项22个指标,并以广东省沿海防护林二期工程建设规划为依据,研究了工程实施可预期的生态、经济和社会效益。结果显示,截至二期工程完成,将实现综合效益562844.5万元/a,投资效果系数达到1：13.25。
实践中,沿海防护林效益的实现有赖于相当的数量规模和质量水平,而这要受到来自外界的各种因素影响。因此,本文对理想的效益水平能否实现以及如何实现进行了深入分析。
首先,依据干扰理论,本文分析构建了广东省沿海防护林效益实现的干扰体系。鉴于研究区域人口密集、经济发达的特征,人为干扰的影响广泛而深刻,本文从经济学角度对其驱动机制进行了剖析,认为：沿海防护林建设形成的森林／湿地资源具有公共物品的特性,在现有公有产权结构安排下,其建设管理的正外部性未得到相应补偿,干扰破坏的负外部性行为未付出应有代价,缺乏有效的正向激励和反向惩罚,表现为市场失灵、政府失灵和自愿供给失灵,以致沿海防护林建设的数量规模和管理的质量水平受到影响,制约了功能效益的发挥。
运用博弈理论,本文进一步研究了广东省沿海防护林建设和管理过程中,各利益主体的参与／执行和违规／破坏行为,对人为干扰的形成机理及其优化策略予以阐释和探讨。
最后,基于分析结论,本文针对性地提出了能够有效促进广东省沿海防护林体系综合效益实现的策略,包括具有激励效应的补偿水平和多元化的投入机制、严格的监督机制和科技支撑体系。
Endangered South China Sea, Guangdong Province, which has the longest coastline of the provinces in China, is threatened by typhoons, tsunamis and other natural disasters seriously. Since 20ec50s, Guangdong coastal areas through Spontaneous and organized forestation, has initially formed the framework of the coastal shelterbelts system and effectively improved the local ecological environment. However, because it's found always give way to other economic activities in the highly developing regional economic environment, the construction of Guangdong coastal shelterbelts has made a slow progress. Until now, due to deficiency of the total quantity and quality, the system has not been able to withstand natural disasters effectively.
To draw profound lessons from the Indian Ocean tsunami events, the central government and coastal provinces formulated the Phase II coastal shelterbelt system project planning (2006-2015) and enhanced the plan to the the strategic height of regional economic and social development in 2007.
The paper takes Guangdong Coastal Protection Forest constructing history as the clue, clear the forest ecological construction in new period to achieve breakthrough on target location, system layout, building size and contents of fields at first, analysis that quantitative research functions and benefits of coastal protection forest scientifically and systematically, is important to enrich the research field and promote its construction management practice.
Combining the Community of forest ecological projects and the particularity of coastal shelterbelt projects, the paper establishes a four-class comprehensive benefits evaluation index system, including the overall objectives level (1 index), the state level (3 indexes), the variation level (14 indexes) and the element level (21 indexes) by using frequency analysis, expert advice, hierarchical analysis and other methods. Based on the coastal shelterbelts Phase II construction plan of Guangdong Province, the paper studies the expecting ecological, economic and social benefits brought by the implementation of this project. The result is, by the time of the completion of Phase II project, it will achieve overall efficiency of (?)7.041539 billion/a, and the coefficient of investment will reach 1:13.25.
In practice, the degree of effectiveness realization of coastal shelterbelts system depends on the corresponding quantity and quality level. Thus, the paper carries out a deep research on how to achieve the desired level of efficiency.
Firstly, according to interference theory, the paper constructs a interference system which sets back to achieve effectiveness of Guangdong coastal protection forest. In view of the regional characteristics such as the densely populated coastal areas, economic concentration, the human disturbance is more profound. The paper analyses the driving mechanism of human disturbance on coastal shelterbelts in the perspective of institutional economics and deems that forest/wetland resources formated of coastal shelterbelt are provided with the public goods characteristics, public ownership structure of the existing arrangements, the construction management of the positive externalities have not been given compensation and the disruption of the negative external behavior have not been paid. Lack of effective forward and reverse incentive punishment, market failure, government failure and voluntary supply failure bring unfavorable number of coastal protection forest construction and quality level of the management and restrict the functionality benefits of play.
The paper uses game theory to analyze each stakeholder's participation and interference actions in the process of the coastal shelterbelt construction and management and studies the formation mechanism of interference behavior and optimization strategy.
Based on conclusion analysis, the paper presents a set of safeguard mechanism which can promote the comprehensive benefits of coastal shelterbelts system to play more effectively, including those with the incentive effects of compensation level and multi-input systems, stringent monitoring mechanism and other business strategies.
引文
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