沙尘暴对健康的影响及沙尘暴PM_（2.5）对肺泡巨噬细胞的损伤
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摘要
为全面了解沙尘暴对人体健康的急性影响效应并探讨其毒理机制，于2004年3月1日至5月31日在甘肃省武威市和内蒙古包头市收集逐日气象资料、环境污染监测资料和大中型医院的门诊、住院病例；选取武威市内2所小学3～5年级的1040名学生及其2394名家长进行健康状况问卷调查；在此期间，采集武威市和包头市每日大气细颗粒物(PM_(2.5)，粒径≤2.5μm的颗粒)并测定其质量浓度。
通过对比分析和基于广义相加模型(GAM)的时间序列分析研究沙尘暴对武威市7所医院门诊、住院人数(住院人数指当日登记的入院人数)以及对小学生(儿童)、居民(成人)健康与日常行为的影响，结果表明：(1)沙尘天气(浮尘、扬沙、沙尘暴)期间，大气总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)、可吸入颗粒物(PM_(10))、细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))质量浓度、风速显著增大；(2)在控制气温、相对湿度、大气压、水汽压、露点温度等气象因素、SO_2、NO_2、NOx等大气污染因素、长期趋势、日历效应(day of the week)等影响因子情况下，呼吸、循环、消化系统疾病和眼耳疾病门诊或住院的患病相对危险度在沙尘天气之后1～4天均有不同程度增加，沙尘暴的影响作用大于扬沙和浮尘；(3)沙尘暴发生时，不论成人还是儿童，出现咳嗽、咳痰、气短、胸部憋闷、咽干口苦、眼睛干涩、流泪、流涕、打喷嚏、心情压抑等急性刺激症状或表现的人数明显增加(与沙尘暴来临之前的3天平均值相比)，成人中增加的比例多于儿童，且儿童一般在沙尘暴结束后第1天即可恢复，而成人要到第3天才恢复，相关分析表明这些症状或表现的发生率与大气颗粒物(尤其是大气PM_(2.5))浓度升高密切相关，而与气象因子(如气温、气压、相对湿度)及气态污染物(如SO_2、NO_2)关系不大，说明沙尘暴颗粒物(尤其沙尘暴PM_(2.5))可引起急性刺激效应，且成人受到的影响大于儿童；(4)沙尘暴还使居民交通道路时间延长、室外工作时间减少，使小学生中使用步行和自行车的人数比例减少而坐车人数上升、室内活动少于4h的人数减少而大于4h的人数上升、
The objective of the dissertation is to investigate acute effects of dust storms on population health and analyze toxicity mechanism of dust storm fine particulate matter (PM2.5; particles ≤ 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter) on alveolar macrophages (AM). From March 1 to May 31, 2004, the daily counts and diseases of outpatients and inpatients from 7 normal hospitals in Wuwei city of Gansu Province were recorded; the daily meteorological and air pollution data were collected from the local weather bureau and environment monitoring station in Wuiwei city and Baotou city of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. According to the data, normal (clean and clear days) and dust event (dust haze, blowing dust and dust storm) days were distinguished. Questionnaires of 1040 pupils from third to fifth grades in 2 primary schools and 2394 of their elderships (especially parents) about effects of dust storms on their health status were conducted. Meanwhile, mass concentrations of daily ambient PM2.5 in the two cities were determined and airborne PM2.5 were daily collected using PM2.5 high volume air samplers (Thermon Anderson). The ambient PM2.5 collected on normal days were called normal samples, and those collected on dust storm days were called dust storm samples.
Through time-series study based on generalized additive model (GAM) and antitheses analysis on the responses of adults and children to dust storms, it was found that: (1) The 24h mean wind speed and mass concentration of ambient total suspended particulate (TSP), PM_(10) (particles ≤ 10 μm in aerodynamic diameter) and PM2.5 during dust event (especially dust storm) periods were significantly enhanced in comparison with those on normal days. (2) Under the conditions that calendar time, day of the week, meteorological variables (such as air temperature, air pressure, relative
通过对比分析和基于广义相加模型(GAM)的时间序列分析研究沙尘暴对武威市7所医院门诊、住院人数(住院人数指当日登记的入院人数)以及对小学生(儿童)、居民(成人)健康与日常行为的影响，结果表明：(1)沙尘天气(浮尘、扬沙、沙尘暴)期间，大气总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)、可吸入颗粒物(PM_(10))、细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))质量浓度、风速显著增大；(2)在控制气温、相对湿度、大气压、水汽压、露点温度等气象因素、SO_2、NO_2、NOx等大气污染因素、长期趋势、日历效应(day of the week)等影响因子情况下，呼吸、循环、消化系统疾病和眼耳疾病门诊或住院的患病相对危险度在沙尘天气之后1～4天均有不同程度增加，沙尘暴的影响作用大于扬沙和浮尘；(3)沙尘暴发生时，不论成人还是儿童，出现咳嗽、咳痰、气短、胸部憋闷、咽干口苦、眼睛干涩、流泪、流涕、打喷嚏、心情压抑等急性刺激症状或表现的人数明显增加(与沙尘暴来临之前的3天平均值相比)，成人中增加的比例多于儿童，且儿童一般在沙尘暴结束后第1天即可恢复，而成人要到第3天才恢复，相关分析表明这些症状或表现的发生率与大气颗粒物(尤其是大气PM_(2.5))浓度升高密切相关，而与气象因子(如气温、气压、相对湿度)及气态污染物(如SO_2、NO_2)关系不大，说明沙尘暴颗粒物(尤其沙尘暴PM_(2.5))可引起急性刺激效应，且成人受到的影响大于儿童；(4)沙尘暴还使居民交通道路时间延长、室外工作时间减少，使小学生中使用步行和自行车的人数比例减少而坐车人数上升、室内活动少于4h的人数减少而大于4h的人数上升、
The objective of the dissertation is to investigate acute effects of dust storms on population health and analyze toxicity mechanism of dust storm fine particulate matter (PM2.5; particles ≤ 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter) on alveolar macrophages (AM). From March 1 to May 31, 2004, the daily counts and diseases of outpatients and inpatients from 7 normal hospitals in Wuwei city of Gansu Province were recorded; the daily meteorological and air pollution data were collected from the local weather bureau and environment monitoring station in Wuiwei city and Baotou city of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. According to the data, normal (clean and clear days) and dust event (dust haze, blowing dust and dust storm) days were distinguished. Questionnaires of 1040 pupils from third to fifth grades in 2 primary schools and 2394 of their elderships (especially parents) about effects of dust storms on their health status were conducted. Meanwhile, mass concentrations of daily ambient PM2.5 in the two cities were determined and airborne PM2.5 were daily collected using PM2.5 high volume air samplers (Thermon Anderson). The ambient PM2.5 collected on normal days were called normal samples, and those collected on dust storm days were called dust storm samples.
Through time-series study based on generalized additive model (GAM) and antitheses analysis on the responses of adults and children to dust storms, it was found that: (1) The 24h mean wind speed and mass concentration of ambient total suspended particulate (TSP), PM_(10) (particles ≤ 10 μm in aerodynamic diameter) and PM2.5 during dust event (especially dust storm) periods were significantly enhanced in comparison with those on normal days. (2) Under the conditions that calendar time, day of the week, meteorological variables (such as air temperature, air pressure, relative
引文
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