广播英语新闻中的名词化现象分析—语法隐喻之视角
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摘要
The systemic-functional approach to nominalization in the framework of grammatical metaphor was first introduced by M.A.K. Halliday in his monograph "An Introduction to Functional Grammar" in 1985. The notion of grammatical metaphor (GM), developed mainly by Halliday (1994) represents an original and innovative contribution to linguistic theory.
This thesis focuses on the use of grammatical metaphor in the form of nominalized processes in the English broadcast news reporting. As a functional variety, broadcast news reporting is lexically and syntactically unique. So far most descriptions of grammatical metaphor in this functional variety are qualitative, lacking in empirical data support. In this thesis, randomly selected news items from VOA were used as data for both quantitative and qualitative analysis. Under the theoretical framework of systemic-functional grammar, the concept of grammatical metaphor is discussed with the process transference in transitivity system as a starting point. Thereafter definitions of nominalization and difficulties in identifying examples of nominalized processes are presented. Statistic evidence shows that nominalized processes abound in news items. And some productive nominal suffixes -ion, -ment, -ity, -ness and a special nominal ending -ing are investigated. After the presentation of their distribution frequency, functional explanation of nominalization is elucidated. Nominalization is the main source of grammatical metaphor in news reporting as it is in scientific discourse. Nominalization, a stylistic feature of news reporting, has the rhetorical effects of condensation, thematic connection, backgrounding and parallelism. Moreover, superficial objectification, authors' desired effect of ambiguity and ideology, as well as pragmatic presupposition are secretly achieved by the purposefully used nominalized processes.
It is believed that a better understanding of nominalized processes in news reporting can facilitate EFL learners' understanding of English news items and shed some light on journalists' work for news reporting.
引文
1. Bell, A. The Language of News Media. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1991.
2. Bhatia, V.K. Pragmatics of the Use of Nominals in Academic and Professional Genres. Pragmatics and Language Learning Vol.3.217-230, 1992.
3. Biber, D., S. Conrad & R. Reppon. Corpus Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
4. Biber, et al. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Pearson Education Limited, 1999.
5. Bussmann, H. Routledge Dictionary and Linguistics. London and New York: Routledge, 1996.
6. Chomsky, N. Remarks on Nominalization R. Jacobs and P. Rosenbaum (eds). Readings in English Transformational Grammar. Waltham, Mass: Ginn and Company, 1970.
7. Banks, D. Types of Nominalization in Scientific English. http://www.univ-brest.fr/erla/membres/banksdocs/FEST02.DOC
8. Eggins, Suzanne & Peter Wignell & J.R. Martin. The Discourse of History: Distancing the Recoverable Past, in Mohsen Ghadessy. (ed.) Register Analysis. Theory and Practice. London: Pinter Publishers, 1993.
9. Fowler, Roger & Gunter Kress. Critical linguistics in Fowler, Roger, Bob Hodge, Gunther Kress and Tony Trew. Language and Control. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1979.
10. Givon T. Syntax: A Functional-typological Introduction. Vol. 1. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1984.
11. Grimshaw, J. Argument Structure Cambridge/London: MIT Press, 1990.
12. Halliday, M.A.K. Language as Social Semiotic: The Social Interpretation of Langiage and Meaning. London: Edward Arnold Ltd, 1978.
13. Halliday, M.A.K. & J. Martin. Writing Science, Literacy and Discursive Power London: The Falmer Press, 1993.
14. Halliday, M.A.K. An Introduction to Functional Grammar London: Edward Arnold Ltd, 1985/1994.
15. Halliday, M.A.K. Spoken and Written Language Melbourne: Deakin University, 1994.
16. Halliday, M.A.K. Things and Relations in Reading Science (ed.) J.R. Martin and Robert Veel. London: Routledge, 1998:185-235.
17. Hartnett, Carolyn G. English Nominalization Paradoxes. Paper presented at the Linguistic Association of the Southwest Conference, 1998.
18. Heyvaert, L. Gerundive Nominalization: from Type Specification to Gerundive Instance. Foolen, A. and F.V. Leek (eds). Construction in Cognitive Linguistics, 103-121. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1997.
19. Jamieson, K. H. & Campbell, K.K. The Interplay of Influence—News. Advertising, Politics and the Mass Media (5th edition). Beijing: Beijing University Press, 2004.
20. Jespersen, O. The Philosophy of Grammar. London: George Allen and Unwin Ttd, 1924/1965.
21. Koptjevskaja-Tamm, M. Nominalizations. London: Routledge, 1993.
22. Lakoff & Johnson. Metaphors We Live By. Chicago: The University of Chicago, 1980.
23. Langacker, R. Foundations of Cognitive Grammar (Volume Ⅱ): Descriptive Applications. Stanford: Stanford University, 1991.
24. Lee, R. The Grammar of English Nominalizations. Mouton: The Hague, 1960.
25. Levison, S. C. Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.
26. Martin, J. R. Nominalization in Science and Humanities: Distilling Knowledge and Scaffolding Text, in Eija Ventola. (ed.) Trends in linguistics: functional and systemic linguistics. New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 1991.
27. McCawley J.D. Why Surface Structure Reflects Logical Structure as much as it does, but only that much. Language, 1999:75, 34-60.
28. Quirk, R., S. Greenbaum, G. Leech & J. Svartvik A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman Group Ltd, 1985.
29. Richards, J., J. Plat & H. Platt. Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching & Applied Linguistics. London: Longman, 1992.
30. Shopen, T. Language Typology and Syntactic Description (Volume Ⅲ). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.
31. Thompson, G. Introducing Functional Grammar. London: Edward Arnold Ltd, 1996.
32. Van Dijk, Teun A. News as Discourse. Hillsdale, Hove and London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1988.
33. Vendler, Z. Adjectives and Nominalizations. Papers in Formal Linguistics. Paris: The Hague, 1968.
34. Ventola, Eija. From Syntax to Test: Problems in Producing Scientific Abstract in L2. In Syntax of Sentence and Text: A festschrift for Frantisek Danes. Ed by Svetla Cmerjrkova and Frantisek Sticha. Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 1994: 281-303.
35. Ventola, Eija. Packing and Unpacking of Information in Academic Texts, in Ventola, Eija & Anna Mauranen (eds.): Academic Writing, Intercultural and Textual Issues, Amsterdam, John Benjamins, 1996:153-194.
36. Verplanck, W.S. Cognitivism, as an Operation-Analytic Behaviorist Views It. Paper presented at Third International Congress on Behaviorism and the Sciences of Behavior. Tokyo, Japan, 1996.
37. Waddell, Craig. Basic Prose Style and Mechanics. Writing Center at Rensselaer, 1987.
38．程工．名物化与向心结构理论新探．现代外语，1999(2)：128-144．
39．程晓堂．名词化与语用预设．外语研究，2003(3)．
40．范文芳．语法隐喻理论研究．北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2001．
41．范文芳．名词化隐喻的语篇衔接功能．外语研究，1999(1)：9-12．
42．韩雪，魏梦晓．名词化结构在新闻语篇中的衔接方式．中文自学指导，2006(2)：48-51．
43．胡壮麟，et al．系统功能语法概论．长沙：湖南教育出版社，1989．
44．林克难．论新闻英语“倒金字塔”结构．天津外国语学院学报，1996(3)．
45．刘承宇．语法隐喻的文体价值．现代外语，2003(2)：120-127．
46．刘国辉&汪兴福．名化、级差转移、原型范畴及名化研究框架体系的思考．外国语，2005(4)：37-43．
47．马建国．英文报刊导读．北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2002．
48．裘燕萍．英语广播新闻语篇中的名物化结构及其功能分析．绍兴文理学院学报，2005(4)：26-30．
49．王晋军．名词化在语篇类型中的体现．外语学刊，2003(2)．
50．杨信彰．名词化在语体中的作用——基于小型语料库的一项分析．外语电化教学，2006(4)．
51．于航．中英文新闻导语语篇结构差异分析．北京第二外国语学院学报，2004(2)．
52．张健．新闻英语文体与范文评析(第二版)．上海外语教育出版社，2004．
53．张权．英语动词名词化的认知结构分析．外国语，2001(6)：29-34．
54．钟岚．英语报刊新闻导语的语言特点及其翻译．北京第二外国语学院学报，2002(5)．
55．朱永生&严世清．系统功能语言学多维思考．上海：海外语教育出版社，2001．
56．朱永生．名词化、动词化与语法隐喻．外语教学与研究，2006(3)：83-90．
2. Bhatia, V.K. Pragmatics of the Use of Nominals in Academic and Professional Genres. Pragmatics and Language Learning Vol.3.217-230, 1992.
3. Biber, D., S. Conrad & R. Reppon. Corpus Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
4. Biber, et al. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Pearson Education Limited, 1999.
5. Bussmann, H. Routledge Dictionary and Linguistics. London and New York: Routledge, 1996.
6. Chomsky, N. Remarks on Nominalization R. Jacobs and P. Rosenbaum (eds). Readings in English Transformational Grammar. Waltham, Mass: Ginn and Company, 1970.
7. Banks, D. Types of Nominalization in Scientific English. http://www.univ-brest.fr/erla/membres/banksdocs/FEST02.DOC
8. Eggins, Suzanne & Peter Wignell & J.R. Martin. The Discourse of History: Distancing the Recoverable Past, in Mohsen Ghadessy. (ed.) Register Analysis. Theory and Practice. London: Pinter Publishers, 1993.
9. Fowler, Roger & Gunter Kress. Critical linguistics in Fowler, Roger, Bob Hodge, Gunther Kress and Tony Trew. Language and Control. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1979.
10. Givon T. Syntax: A Functional-typological Introduction. Vol. 1. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1984.
11. Grimshaw, J. Argument Structure Cambridge/London: MIT Press, 1990.
12. Halliday, M.A.K. Language as Social Semiotic: The Social Interpretation of Langiage and Meaning. London: Edward Arnold Ltd, 1978.
13. Halliday, M.A.K. & J. Martin. Writing Science, Literacy and Discursive Power London: The Falmer Press, 1993.
14. Halliday, M.A.K. An Introduction to Functional Grammar London: Edward Arnold Ltd, 1985/1994.
15. Halliday, M.A.K. Spoken and Written Language Melbourne: Deakin University, 1994.
16. Halliday, M.A.K. Things and Relations in Reading Science (ed.) J.R. Martin and Robert Veel. London: Routledge, 1998:185-235.
17. Hartnett, Carolyn G. English Nominalization Paradoxes. Paper presented at the Linguistic Association of the Southwest Conference, 1998.
18. Heyvaert, L. Gerundive Nominalization: from Type Specification to Gerundive Instance. Foolen, A. and F.V. Leek (eds). Construction in Cognitive Linguistics, 103-121. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1997.
19. Jamieson, K. H. & Campbell, K.K. The Interplay of Influence—News. Advertising, Politics and the Mass Media (5th edition). Beijing: Beijing University Press, 2004.
20. Jespersen, O. The Philosophy of Grammar. London: George Allen and Unwin Ttd, 1924/1965.
21. Koptjevskaja-Tamm, M. Nominalizations. London: Routledge, 1993.
22. Lakoff & Johnson. Metaphors We Live By. Chicago: The University of Chicago, 1980.
23. Langacker, R. Foundations of Cognitive Grammar (Volume Ⅱ): Descriptive Applications. Stanford: Stanford University, 1991.
24. Lee, R. The Grammar of English Nominalizations. Mouton: The Hague, 1960.
25. Levison, S. C. Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.
26. Martin, J. R. Nominalization in Science and Humanities: Distilling Knowledge and Scaffolding Text, in Eija Ventola. (ed.) Trends in linguistics: functional and systemic linguistics. New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 1991.
27. McCawley J.D. Why Surface Structure Reflects Logical Structure as much as it does, but only that much. Language, 1999:75, 34-60.
28. Quirk, R., S. Greenbaum, G. Leech & J. Svartvik A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman Group Ltd, 1985.
29. Richards, J., J. Plat & H. Platt. Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching & Applied Linguistics. London: Longman, 1992.
30. Shopen, T. Language Typology and Syntactic Description (Volume Ⅲ). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.
31. Thompson, G. Introducing Functional Grammar. London: Edward Arnold Ltd, 1996.
32. Van Dijk, Teun A. News as Discourse. Hillsdale, Hove and London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1988.
33. Vendler, Z. Adjectives and Nominalizations. Papers in Formal Linguistics. Paris: The Hague, 1968.
34. Ventola, Eija. From Syntax to Test: Problems in Producing Scientific Abstract in L2. In Syntax of Sentence and Text: A festschrift for Frantisek Danes. Ed by Svetla Cmerjrkova and Frantisek Sticha. Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 1994: 281-303.
35. Ventola, Eija. Packing and Unpacking of Information in Academic Texts, in Ventola, Eija & Anna Mauranen (eds.): Academic Writing, Intercultural and Textual Issues, Amsterdam, John Benjamins, 1996:153-194.
36. Verplanck, W.S. Cognitivism, as an Operation-Analytic Behaviorist Views It. Paper presented at Third International Congress on Behaviorism and the Sciences of Behavior. Tokyo, Japan, 1996.
37. Waddell, Craig. Basic Prose Style and Mechanics. Writing Center at Rensselaer, 1987.
38．程工．名物化与向心结构理论新探．现代外语，1999(2)：128-144．
39．程晓堂．名词化与语用预设．外语研究，2003(3)．
40．范文芳．语法隐喻理论研究．北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2001．
41．范文芳．名词化隐喻的语篇衔接功能．外语研究，1999(1)：9-12．
42．韩雪，魏梦晓．名词化结构在新闻语篇中的衔接方式．中文自学指导，2006(2)：48-51．
43．胡壮麟，et al．系统功能语法概论．长沙：湖南教育出版社，1989．
44．林克难．论新闻英语“倒金字塔”结构．天津外国语学院学报，1996(3)．
45．刘承宇．语法隐喻的文体价值．现代外语，2003(2)：120-127．
46．刘国辉&汪兴福．名化、级差转移、原型范畴及名化研究框架体系的思考．外国语，2005(4)：37-43．
47．马建国．英文报刊导读．北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2002．
48．裘燕萍．英语广播新闻语篇中的名物化结构及其功能分析．绍兴文理学院学报，2005(4)：26-30．
49．王晋军．名词化在语篇类型中的体现．外语学刊，2003(2)．
50．杨信彰．名词化在语体中的作用——基于小型语料库的一项分析．外语电化教学，2006(4)．
51．于航．中英文新闻导语语篇结构差异分析．北京第二外国语学院学报，2004(2)．
52．张健．新闻英语文体与范文评析(第二版)．上海外语教育出版社，2004．
53．张权．英语动词名词化的认知结构分析．外国语，2001(6)：29-34．
54．钟岚．英语报刊新闻导语的语言特点及其翻译．北京第二外国语学院学报，2002(5)．
55．朱永生&严世清．系统功能语言学多维思考．上海：海外语教育出版社，2001．
56．朱永生．名词化、动词化与语法隐喻．外语教学与研究，2006(3)：83-90．