光纤光栅传感技术与工程应用研究
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摘要
本文在研究光纤光栅传感特性的基础上,针对大型土木工程结构长期健康监测的需要,研制开发了钢管封装的光纤光栅应变传感器和光纤光栅温度传感器,研究了封装传感器的应变和温度传感特性及其温度补偿方法,通过全面分析应变传感器的应变传播过程,计算光纤光栅应变传感器的应变响应时间与工作频率,研究钢管封装的光纤光栅传感器本身应变传递率的影响因素和埋入基体材料中的应变传递问题,在一系列实验与实际工程中实现了结构应变、温度与裂缝监测。主要研究内容包括以下方面:
首先,基于光纤光栅的布拉格方程,分析了光纤光栅应变与温度传感特性,以及应变与温度的交叉耦合问题,提出了光纤光栅应变传感的温度补偿原理和方法,研究表明:光纤光栅在实际结构应变监测时必须考虑温度影响。
其次,针对土木工程结构长期监测的需要,自行开发了金属管式封装的光纤光栅应变传感器和金属管式封装的光纤光栅温度传感器,并对其传感特性进行了试验研究。从力学角度出发,对实验室中常用的应用等强度梁的标定方式的误差进行分析与修正。详细研究了两种基体材料上钢管封装的光纤光栅应变传感器的应变灵敏度系数。
第三,通过对应变传播过程的全面分析,计算了光纤光栅应变传感器在动态工作状态下的应变响应时间及粘贴在不同基体材料上的最高工作频率,计算结果表明,自行开发的光纤光栅应变传感器应变响应速度很快,工程应用中可不考虑光纤光栅应变传感器的应变响应滞后问题,光纤光栅应变传感器的工作频率满足低频振动系统中的频率要求。
第四,采用有限元方法分析了光纤光栅应变传感器本身应变传递率的影响因素,对埋入基体材料中的光纤光栅应变传感器的应变传递率的几种计算方法进行了对比。
第五,将自行开发的光纤光栅应变传感器与温度传感器应用于一系列模型试验中。分别监测了混凝土固化期收缩应变与温度变化、海底管线模型和海洋平台模型地震响应过程、三层框架剪力墙结构地震破坏过程中的整体结构变化与裂缝监测。研究了光纤光栅传感器在不同试验中的布设工艺,在这些实验中实现了应变与温度的同时测量,解决了光纤光栅应变传感器的温度补偿问题,提供的监测数据可靠。在框架剪力墙结构的破坏实验中,监测到结构从弹性状态到塑性状态过程中的裂缝的发生、发展情况,结构整体在进入极限状态时的“关键部位”的应变变化情况,以及多次振动作用下钢筋上的“残余应变”,还可根据实际需要,给出框—剪结构在试验前的“初始应变”。结果显示,光纤光栅传感器具有抗电磁干扰能力强和测量灵敏度高的优点,能够检测到强电磁干扰下的微弱应变信号。
Based on the research of FBG's sensing properties, the packaged FBG sensors have been developed for the sake of long-term health monitoring of large civil infrastructure. Also the strain and temperature properties of packaged FBG sensors well as their temperature compensation technique were studied. Then, after fully analyzing the strain transmitting process of the strain sensors and calculating the strain response time and operation frequency of the packaged FBG sensors, the factors influencing the strain transfer ratio of the packaged FBG sensors and the problems of the strain transfer when the packaged FBG sensors are embedded in the host matrix have been studied. And in series of experiments and practical projects, homemade FBG sensors have been used to monitor strain, temperature and crack of the structures. The main contents include:Firstly, based on the principle of light travel in FBG, the strain and temperature sensing properties of the FBG sensors as well as the coupling problems of them have been analyzed. Then, the principle and technique for the temperature compensation of FBG sensors are given when using as strain sensor. The results indicate that the temperature influence cannot be neglected when using FBG to monitor the strain of the real structures.Secondly, considering the need of long-term monitoring for civil engineering, the mental tube packaged FBG strain sensor and temperature sensor are developed and their sensing properties are investigated experimentally. The calibration errors of FBG strain sensor using the usually equal-strength beam method are analyzed and modified from the standpoint of mechanics. And the strain sensitivity coefficients are studied in detail when sticking the mental tube packaged FBG sensors on two materials.Thirdly, by analyzing the strain transmitting process in host matrix, the strain response time and maximum frequency of FBG strain sensor under dynamic work conditions when glued on different materials have been computed. The results show that strain response speed of the FBG strain sensors developed by us is fast and the lag problem of strain response of FBG strain sensor needn't be considered. The operation frequency of FBG strain sensor fulfills the frequency request in low frequency vibration system.Fourthly, factors influencing strain transfer ratio of FBG strain sensor are analyzed by FEM (finite element method) and several methods calculating strain transfer ratio of FBG strain sensor embedded in host matrix are compared.
Fifthly, homemade FBG strain sensors and FBG temperature sensors have been used in a series of experiments. The technique of FBG sensor installation in these experiments, and the method that the curing of concrete is monitored by use of FBG sensors in brought forward has been studied, and the technique of simultaneous strain and temperature monitoring, the dynamic strain measurement of offshore platform model and submarine pipeline model in seismic load have been realized. In shaking table test of frame structure, FBG strain sensor has been successfully monitored dynamic strain of "key parts" of structure and "remnant strain " of rebar in several tests. By analyzing of test data, the growing state of the crack could be find from elastic state to plastic state of structure. "Original strain" of structure also can be monitored. The experimental results show that FBG's superior ability of explosion proof, immunity to electromagnetic interference and high accuracy, especially fitting for measurement applications in harsh environment.Sixthly, the FBG temperature sensors have been embedded in a pipe underground of ground-source heat pump system. The sensors are used to measure the temperature distribution of the soil and thermal energy of the underground soil to heat or cool a building. The FBG sensors were designed and packaged delicately to eliminate the influence of strain as well as to improve the thermal sensitivity. The measurement temperature is consistent with associated theories on the temperature distribution of underground soils. The technique of FBG sensor spot installation has been explored, and FBG strain sensors and FBG temperature sensors have been successfully installed in a building of Dalian University of Technology. The FBG sensors have monitored the strain course and temperature change under construction of building.
首先,基于光纤光栅的布拉格方程,分析了光纤光栅应变与温度传感特性,以及应变与温度的交叉耦合问题,提出了光纤光栅应变传感的温度补偿原理和方法,研究表明:光纤光栅在实际结构应变监测时必须考虑温度影响。
其次,针对土木工程结构长期监测的需要,自行开发了金属管式封装的光纤光栅应变传感器和金属管式封装的光纤光栅温度传感器,并对其传感特性进行了试验研究。从力学角度出发,对实验室中常用的应用等强度梁的标定方式的误差进行分析与修正。详细研究了两种基体材料上钢管封装的光纤光栅应变传感器的应变灵敏度系数。
第三,通过对应变传播过程的全面分析,计算了光纤光栅应变传感器在动态工作状态下的应变响应时间及粘贴在不同基体材料上的最高工作频率,计算结果表明,自行开发的光纤光栅应变传感器应变响应速度很快,工程应用中可不考虑光纤光栅应变传感器的应变响应滞后问题,光纤光栅应变传感器的工作频率满足低频振动系统中的频率要求。
第四,采用有限元方法分析了光纤光栅应变传感器本身应变传递率的影响因素,对埋入基体材料中的光纤光栅应变传感器的应变传递率的几种计算方法进行了对比。
第五,将自行开发的光纤光栅应变传感器与温度传感器应用于一系列模型试验中。分别监测了混凝土固化期收缩应变与温度变化、海底管线模型和海洋平台模型地震响应过程、三层框架剪力墙结构地震破坏过程中的整体结构变化与裂缝监测。研究了光纤光栅传感器在不同试验中的布设工艺,在这些实验中实现了应变与温度的同时测量,解决了光纤光栅应变传感器的温度补偿问题,提供的监测数据可靠。在框架剪力墙结构的破坏实验中,监测到结构从弹性状态到塑性状态过程中的裂缝的发生、发展情况,结构整体在进入极限状态时的“关键部位”的应变变化情况,以及多次振动作用下钢筋上的“残余应变”,还可根据实际需要,给出框—剪结构在试验前的“初始应变”。结果显示,光纤光栅传感器具有抗电磁干扰能力强和测量灵敏度高的优点,能够检测到强电磁干扰下的微弱应变信号。
Based on the research of FBG's sensing properties, the packaged FBG sensors have been developed for the sake of long-term health monitoring of large civil infrastructure. Also the strain and temperature properties of packaged FBG sensors well as their temperature compensation technique were studied. Then, after fully analyzing the strain transmitting process of the strain sensors and calculating the strain response time and operation frequency of the packaged FBG sensors, the factors influencing the strain transfer ratio of the packaged FBG sensors and the problems of the strain transfer when the packaged FBG sensors are embedded in the host matrix have been studied. And in series of experiments and practical projects, homemade FBG sensors have been used to monitor strain, temperature and crack of the structures. The main contents include:Firstly, based on the principle of light travel in FBG, the strain and temperature sensing properties of the FBG sensors as well as the coupling problems of them have been analyzed. Then, the principle and technique for the temperature compensation of FBG sensors are given when using as strain sensor. The results indicate that the temperature influence cannot be neglected when using FBG to monitor the strain of the real structures.Secondly, considering the need of long-term monitoring for civil engineering, the mental tube packaged FBG strain sensor and temperature sensor are developed and their sensing properties are investigated experimentally. The calibration errors of FBG strain sensor using the usually equal-strength beam method are analyzed and modified from the standpoint of mechanics. And the strain sensitivity coefficients are studied in detail when sticking the mental tube packaged FBG sensors on two materials.Thirdly, by analyzing the strain transmitting process in host matrix, the strain response time and maximum frequency of FBG strain sensor under dynamic work conditions when glued on different materials have been computed. The results show that strain response speed of the FBG strain sensors developed by us is fast and the lag problem of strain response of FBG strain sensor needn't be considered. The operation frequency of FBG strain sensor fulfills the frequency request in low frequency vibration system.Fourthly, factors influencing strain transfer ratio of FBG strain sensor are analyzed by FEM (finite element method) and several methods calculating strain transfer ratio of FBG strain sensor embedded in host matrix are compared.
Fifthly, homemade FBG strain sensors and FBG temperature sensors have been used in a series of experiments. The technique of FBG sensor installation in these experiments, and the method that the curing of concrete is monitored by use of FBG sensors in brought forward has been studied, and the technique of simultaneous strain and temperature monitoring, the dynamic strain measurement of offshore platform model and submarine pipeline model in seismic load have been realized. In shaking table test of frame structure, FBG strain sensor has been successfully monitored dynamic strain of "key parts" of structure and "remnant strain " of rebar in several tests. By analyzing of test data, the growing state of the crack could be find from elastic state to plastic state of structure. "Original strain" of structure also can be monitored. The experimental results show that FBG's superior ability of explosion proof, immunity to electromagnetic interference and high accuracy, especially fitting for measurement applications in harsh environment.Sixthly, the FBG temperature sensors have been embedded in a pipe underground of ground-source heat pump system. The sensors are used to measure the temperature distribution of the soil and thermal energy of the underground soil to heat or cool a building. The FBG sensors were designed and packaged delicately to eliminate the influence of strain as well as to improve the thermal sensitivity. The measurement temperature is consistent with associated theories on the temperature distribution of underground soils. The technique of FBG sensor spot installation has been explored, and FBG strain sensors and FBG temperature sensors have been successfully installed in a building of Dalian University of Technology. The FBG sensors have monitored the strain course and temperature change under construction of building.
引文
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