电力线直接序列扩频载波通信模块研究与设计
摘要
以低压配电网电力线作为信号载体实现数据通信是90年代初期兴起的一项前沿技术，由于该技术具有潜在的巨大市场和广阔的应用前景，被国外媒体称为“未被挖掘的金山”。本文针对国内水、电、管道煤气等抄表管理难的问题提出了设计基于低压电力线的载波通信模块的设计目标，此通信模块是基于低压电力线载波通信集中远程抄表系统的关键部分。
本文从低压电力线信道特性方面分析了通信实现的难点。低压电力线上信号衰减严重，噪声干扰大，阻抗特性难以匹配，以及低压电力线上的衰减、噪声和阻抗特性呈时变性，使低压电力线上实现数据通信较为困难，这是通信接口模块设计的难点。本文针对以上难点，在研究国内外相关电力线载波通信技术的基础上采用直接序列扩频技术来克服信号的衰减和抑制噪声，并对扩频信号进行二进制频移键控调制来进一步降低噪声对通信的影响。同时，在硬件电路上采用多次滤波滤除噪声，采用高增益接收解调芯片MC13135对接收信号进行两次混频滤波，提取出微弱有用信号，进一步提高通信模块抗衰减能力。硬件电路与电力线耦合部分采用压敏电阻、滤波电容、耦合变压器等来保护通信模块和滤除冲击性干扰。采用ES16来发送和接收扩频信号，对信号进行软件解调，并对接收信号进行容错和两次校验检错，即按位异或校验和累加和校验检错。远程数据读取实验、有效通信距离实验和抗干扰实验的结果表明该通信模块的设计是成功的和可靠的。最后，本文提出了通信模块的进一步研究内容。
Exchanging data through low -voltage powerline is a leading edge technology started in early 1990s . Because of its large latent markets and its wide applications, it is called "the undigged gold mountain". In terms of the difficulties of transcription of consumption of water, power and gas, this paper set up the goal of designing the powline carrier communication interface. This interface is the key part for remote transcription system based on powerline carrier technology.
From the aspects of the channel characteristics of low-voltage powline, this paper analyzes the difficulties of communication through powerline . Signal attenuates sharply on powerline, noise is too high , impedence match is hard, and these characteristics are also time- varying, which contribute to the difficulty of powerlie communication and the design of the interface. After studying the powerline carrier technology domestic and overseas, this paper employs DSSS technology to overcome the attenuation and noise. 2FSK is used then to furtherly reduce the influence of noise. At the same time , several filters are adopted in hardware circuits. The reception chip MC13135 with high gain is used to promote the capability of anti-attenuation of the interface . The coupling part between hardware circuits and powerline consists of piezo-resistor,filter capacitances and coupling transformer so as to protect the interface and filt the voltage surge. ES16 is used to receive and send the signal of spread spectrum, and
demodulate the received signal with software . Fault tolerant and two methods of falt check are employed here. Three kinds of experiments are done, including remote-data reading, effective distance of communication, and anti-interference as well.The results show that the designation of the communication interface is successful and reliable. At last, its further research is presented.
本文从低压电力线信道特性方面分析了通信实现的难点。低压电力线上信号衰减严重，噪声干扰大，阻抗特性难以匹配，以及低压电力线上的衰减、噪声和阻抗特性呈时变性，使低压电力线上实现数据通信较为困难，这是通信接口模块设计的难点。本文针对以上难点，在研究国内外相关电力线载波通信技术的基础上采用直接序列扩频技术来克服信号的衰减和抑制噪声，并对扩频信号进行二进制频移键控调制来进一步降低噪声对通信的影响。同时，在硬件电路上采用多次滤波滤除噪声，采用高增益接收解调芯片MC13135对接收信号进行两次混频滤波，提取出微弱有用信号，进一步提高通信模块抗衰减能力。硬件电路与电力线耦合部分采用压敏电阻、滤波电容、耦合变压器等来保护通信模块和滤除冲击性干扰。采用ES16来发送和接收扩频信号，对信号进行软件解调，并对接收信号进行容错和两次校验检错，即按位异或校验和累加和校验检错。远程数据读取实验、有效通信距离实验和抗干扰实验的结果表明该通信模块的设计是成功的和可靠的。最后，本文提出了通信模块的进一步研究内容。
Exchanging data through low -voltage powerline is a leading edge technology started in early 1990s . Because of its large latent markets and its wide applications, it is called "the undigged gold mountain". In terms of the difficulties of transcription of consumption of water, power and gas, this paper set up the goal of designing the powline carrier communication interface. This interface is the key part for remote transcription system based on powerline carrier technology.
From the aspects of the channel characteristics of low-voltage powline, this paper analyzes the difficulties of communication through powerline . Signal attenuates sharply on powerline, noise is too high , impedence match is hard, and these characteristics are also time- varying, which contribute to the difficulty of powerlie communication and the design of the interface. After studying the powerline carrier technology domestic and overseas, this paper employs DSSS technology to overcome the attenuation and noise. 2FSK is used then to furtherly reduce the influence of noise. At the same time , several filters are adopted in hardware circuits. The reception chip MC13135 with high gain is used to promote the capability of anti-attenuation of the interface . The coupling part between hardware circuits and powerline consists of piezo-resistor,filter capacitances and coupling transformer so as to protect the interface and filt the voltage surge. ES16 is used to receive and send the signal of spread spectrum, and
demodulate the received signal with software . Fault tolerant and two methods of falt check are employed here. Three kinds of experiments are done, including remote-data reading, effective distance of communication, and anti-interference as well.The results show that the designation of the communication interface is successful and reliable. At last, its further research is presented.
引文
[1]汤效军．电力线载波通信技术的发展及特点．电力系统通信，2003，1：47-51
[2]杨扬．快速发展的低压电力线载波技术及其应用展望．浙江电力，2002，4：43-47
[3]雷锡社，刘敏．低压配电网通信技术及应用介绍．现代电子技术，2002，10：14-17
[4]王赞基．郭静波．电力线扩频载波通信技术及其应用．电力系统自动化，2000，24(21)：64-68
[5]本刊编辑部．中国第五次人口普查公报透视．人口研究，2001，25(3)：27-39
[6]吴志成，肇启明等．国内智能化水表的应用现状与发展方向．中国给水排水，2003，19(9)：19-21
[7]耗能表户外计量自动抄表系统．http://www.shuibiao.com.cn/zixun/show.asp?newsid=682
[8]IC卡售电，何时退出市场? http://news.ccidnet.com/pub/articlc/c995_a68062_p1.html
[9]电工仪器仪表行业分析与预测．http://www.c114.net/market/marketread.asp?articleid=5244&boardcode=test
[10]张有兵，程时杰等．低压电力线高频载波通信信道的建模研究．电力系统自动化，2002，26(23)：62-66
[11]高锋，董亚波．低压电力线载波通信中信号传输特性分析．电力系统自动化，2000，24(7)：36-40
[12]Radford D. Spead-Spectrum Data Leap Through AC Powerline. IEEE Spectum, 1996, 54(6):80-87
[13]Philpps H. Modelling of Powerline Communication Channels. In: Poceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Power-line Communications and its Applications. Lancaster (UK) 1999: 14-21
[14]Zimmermann M. Dostert K. A multi-path signal propagation model for the power line channel in then high frequency range. Poceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Power-line Communications and its Applications, Lancaster (UK), 1999
[15]姜霞，J．GUIMBIS等．低压配电网载波通信噪声特性研究．中国机电工程学报，2000，20(11)：30-35
[16]Hensen Christian, Schulz Wolfgan. Time depence of the channel characteristics of lower voltage power-lines and its effects on hardware implementation. International Journal of Communication, 2000, 54(1): 23-32
[17]Liu D. Flint E. Wide band AC power line characterization. IEEE Transations on Consumer Electronics, 1999, 45(4): 1087-1097
[18]俞鹤伟，赖声礼．正交频分复用技术及其应用．电子技术应用，2003，3：46-49
[19]虞华艳，毛德样．基于正交频分复用调制的低压电力线高速数据通信．电子技术，2003，3：25-28
[20]张辉，曹丽娜．现代通信原理与技术．西安：西安电子科技出版社，2002
[21]沈保锁，侯春萍．现代通信原理．北京：国防工业出版社，2002
[22]周炯槃．通信原理．北京：北京邮电大学出版社，2002
[23]John G. Proakis. Digital Communications. McGraw-Hill Education (Asia) Co. 2003
[24]沈允春．扩谱技术．北京：国防工业出版社，1995
[25]王秉钧．扩频通信．天津：天津大学出版社，1993
[26]罗卫兵，王永生．具有低截获概率的直序扩频系统．系统仿真学报，2002，14(7)：957-960
[27]杨国宇，徐炜炜等．扩频通信在电力线载波抄表系统中的应用．合肥工业大学学报(自然科学版)，2003，26(1)：150-153
[28]Dixon RC. Spread Spectrum Systems with Commerial Applications (3rd edition)[M]. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1994
[29]朱近康．扩展频谱通信及其应用．中国科学技术大学出版社，1993
[30]Zimmermann M, Dostert K. The Low Voltage Power Distribution Network as Last Mile Access Network——signal Propagation and Noise Scenario in the HF——range. AEU International Journal on Electronics and Communications, 2000, 54(1): 13-22
[31]Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) Modem Reference Design, http://www.altera.com/literature/an/an289.pdf
[32]邢明海，胡静宇．低压电力线载波抄表系统中的通信技术应用．化工
自动化及仪表，2002，29(1)：38-42
[33]Miura N, Sato H, Narita H. Auomatic meter-reading system by powerline carrier communications[J]. IEEE Proceedings, 1990, 137(1):691-699
[34]江媛，都思丹．结合电力线载波和电话通信的报警网络系统．电子技术应用，2000，11：49-52
[35]温阳东，钱乐伟等．一种基于扩展频谱通信技术的集中抄表系统．合肥工业大学学报(自然科学版)，2002，25(6)：1143-1147
[36]Ferreira H, Hooijen O. Power line communications[A]. Webster J. Encycolpadia of Electrical and Electronics Engineering. New York: Wiley, 1999, 706-716
[37]李建坤，徐政勋．低压电力线载波通讯信道的分析与载波信号注入耦合电路的设计．电测与仪表，2002，39(438)：17-20
[38]张大伟，杨康．采用P300／P111芯片的电力线载波信道机的设计．沈阳工业学院学报，2002，21(3)：26—30
[39]肖会兵，吕铁军等．掌上电脑集成无线通信功能的设计及实现．电子技术应用，2002，28(9)：57-59
[40]Nizamuddeen Ishak, Norashdah Md Din, Md Zaini Jamaludin. Powerline carrier technology and home automation[C]. Student Conference on Research and Development Proeedings. Shah Alam, Malaysia. 2002
[41]Agee B. G, Kleinman R. J, Reed J. H. Soft Synchronization of Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Signals[J]. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 1996, 44(1): 2234-2237
[42]Dominique F, Reed JH. A Simple PN Code Sequence Estimation and Synchroniztion Techniques Using the Constrained Hebbian Rule[J]. IEEE Leners, 1997, 33(1): 37-38.
[43]张瑞军，程新丽．直接序列扩频(DS SS)系统及其抗干扰性能研究．青海大学学报，2002，20(4)：40-43
[44]曲东才．通用微型机与MCS-51系列单片机的数据通讯技术．微计算机信息，1998，14(3)：24-26，
[45]邓集贤，许刘俊．随机过程．北京：高等教育出版社，1992
[46]Shwehdi M H, Khan A Z. A Powerline data communication interface using spread specturm technology in home automation[J]. IEEE
Transaction on power Delivery, 1996, 11(3): 1232-1237
[47]Joseph Nguimbis、熊兰等．电力线正交频分复用通信专用耦合电路的设计与实现．电力系统自动化 2003，21(27)：55-62
[48]谢沅清．通信电子电路．北京：北京邮电大学出版社，2000
[49]潘志铂，林建中．基于软件无线电思想的数字通信终端接口电路设计与实现．国外电子元器件 2002，12：10-13
[50]潘策，陈晓南．单片机远程通信的电路设计．现代电力 2003，20(5)：70-73
[51]王幸之，王雷等．单片机应用系统抗干扰技术．北京：北京航空航天大学出版社，2000
[52]唐瑜，李乐民．扩频通信中稳健自适应抗干扰技术的研究．通信学报，1998，19(7)：36-43
[53]赵荣黎．跳频通信抗干扰技术．北方交通大学学报，1994，18(2)：139-146
[54]孟传良．工控系统的通信抗干扰技术．贵州工业大学学报，1999，28(1)：75-78，86
[2]杨扬．快速发展的低压电力线载波技术及其应用展望．浙江电力，2002，4：43-47
[3]雷锡社，刘敏．低压配电网通信技术及应用介绍．现代电子技术，2002，10：14-17
[4]王赞基．郭静波．电力线扩频载波通信技术及其应用．电力系统自动化，2000，24(21)：64-68
[5]本刊编辑部．中国第五次人口普查公报透视．人口研究，2001，25(3)：27-39
[6]吴志成，肇启明等．国内智能化水表的应用现状与发展方向．中国给水排水，2003，19(9)：19-21
[7]耗能表户外计量自动抄表系统．http://www.shuibiao.com.cn/zixun/show.asp?newsid=682
[8]IC卡售电，何时退出市场? http://news.ccidnet.com/pub/articlc/c995_a68062_p1.html
[9]电工仪器仪表行业分析与预测．http://www.c114.net/market/marketread.asp?articleid=5244&boardcode=test
[10]张有兵，程时杰等．低压电力线高频载波通信信道的建模研究．电力系统自动化，2002，26(23)：62-66
[11]高锋，董亚波．低压电力线载波通信中信号传输特性分析．电力系统自动化，2000，24(7)：36-40
[12]Radford D. Spead-Spectrum Data Leap Through AC Powerline. IEEE Spectum, 1996, 54(6):80-87
[13]Philpps H. Modelling of Powerline Communication Channels. In: Poceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Power-line Communications and its Applications. Lancaster (UK) 1999: 14-21
[14]Zimmermann M. Dostert K. A multi-path signal propagation model for the power line channel in then high frequency range. Poceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Power-line Communications and its Applications, Lancaster (UK), 1999
[15]姜霞，J．GUIMBIS等．低压配电网载波通信噪声特性研究．中国机电工程学报，2000，20(11)：30-35
[16]Hensen Christian, Schulz Wolfgan. Time depence of the channel characteristics of lower voltage power-lines and its effects on hardware implementation. International Journal of Communication, 2000, 54(1): 23-32
[17]Liu D. Flint E. Wide band AC power line characterization. IEEE Transations on Consumer Electronics, 1999, 45(4): 1087-1097
[18]俞鹤伟，赖声礼．正交频分复用技术及其应用．电子技术应用，2003，3：46-49
[19]虞华艳，毛德样．基于正交频分复用调制的低压电力线高速数据通信．电子技术，2003，3：25-28
[20]张辉，曹丽娜．现代通信原理与技术．西安：西安电子科技出版社，2002
[21]沈保锁，侯春萍．现代通信原理．北京：国防工业出版社，2002
[22]周炯槃．通信原理．北京：北京邮电大学出版社，2002
[23]John G. Proakis. Digital Communications. McGraw-Hill Education (Asia) Co. 2003
[24]沈允春．扩谱技术．北京：国防工业出版社，1995
[25]王秉钧．扩频通信．天津：天津大学出版社，1993
[26]罗卫兵，王永生．具有低截获概率的直序扩频系统．系统仿真学报，2002，14(7)：957-960
[27]杨国宇，徐炜炜等．扩频通信在电力线载波抄表系统中的应用．合肥工业大学学报(自然科学版)，2003，26(1)：150-153
[28]Dixon RC. Spread Spectrum Systems with Commerial Applications (3rd edition)[M]. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1994
[29]朱近康．扩展频谱通信及其应用．中国科学技术大学出版社，1993
[30]Zimmermann M, Dostert K. The Low Voltage Power Distribution Network as Last Mile Access Network——signal Propagation and Noise Scenario in the HF——range. AEU International Journal on Electronics and Communications, 2000, 54(1): 13-22
[31]Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) Modem Reference Design, http://www.altera.com/literature/an/an289.pdf
[32]邢明海，胡静宇．低压电力线载波抄表系统中的通信技术应用．化工
自动化及仪表，2002，29(1)：38-42
[33]Miura N, Sato H, Narita H. Auomatic meter-reading system by powerline carrier communications[J]. IEEE Proceedings, 1990, 137(1):691-699
[34]江媛，都思丹．结合电力线载波和电话通信的报警网络系统．电子技术应用，2000，11：49-52
[35]温阳东，钱乐伟等．一种基于扩展频谱通信技术的集中抄表系统．合肥工业大学学报(自然科学版)，2002，25(6)：1143-1147
[36]Ferreira H, Hooijen O. Power line communications[A]. Webster J. Encycolpadia of Electrical and Electronics Engineering. New York: Wiley, 1999, 706-716
[37]李建坤，徐政勋．低压电力线载波通讯信道的分析与载波信号注入耦合电路的设计．电测与仪表，2002，39(438)：17-20
[38]张大伟，杨康．采用P300／P111芯片的电力线载波信道机的设计．沈阳工业学院学报，2002，21(3)：26—30
[39]肖会兵，吕铁军等．掌上电脑集成无线通信功能的设计及实现．电子技术应用，2002，28(9)：57-59
[40]Nizamuddeen Ishak, Norashdah Md Din, Md Zaini Jamaludin. Powerline carrier technology and home automation[C]. Student Conference on Research and Development Proeedings. Shah Alam, Malaysia. 2002
[41]Agee B. G, Kleinman R. J, Reed J. H. Soft Synchronization of Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Signals[J]. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 1996, 44(1): 2234-2237
[42]Dominique F, Reed JH. A Simple PN Code Sequence Estimation and Synchroniztion Techniques Using the Constrained Hebbian Rule[J]. IEEE Leners, 1997, 33(1): 37-38.
[43]张瑞军，程新丽．直接序列扩频(DS SS)系统及其抗干扰性能研究．青海大学学报，2002，20(4)：40-43
[44]曲东才．通用微型机与MCS-51系列单片机的数据通讯技术．微计算机信息，1998，14(3)：24-26，
[45]邓集贤，许刘俊．随机过程．北京：高等教育出版社，1992
[46]Shwehdi M H, Khan A Z. A Powerline data communication interface using spread specturm technology in home automation[J]. IEEE
Transaction on power Delivery, 1996, 11(3): 1232-1237
[47]Joseph Nguimbis、熊兰等．电力线正交频分复用通信专用耦合电路的设计与实现．电力系统自动化 2003，21(27)：55-62
[48]谢沅清．通信电子电路．北京：北京邮电大学出版社，2000
[49]潘志铂，林建中．基于软件无线电思想的数字通信终端接口电路设计与实现．国外电子元器件 2002，12：10-13
[50]潘策，陈晓南．单片机远程通信的电路设计．现代电力 2003，20(5)：70-73
[51]王幸之，王雷等．单片机应用系统抗干扰技术．北京：北京航空航天大学出版社，2000
[52]唐瑜，李乐民．扩频通信中稳健自适应抗干扰技术的研究．通信学报，1998，19(7)：36-43
[53]赵荣黎．跳频通信抗干扰技术．北方交通大学学报，1994，18(2)：139-146
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