琼北闽语词汇研究
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摘要
海南闽语(俗称“海南话”)是海南岛第一大汉语方言,流行于岛上大部分市县,覆盖着全岛人口的约80%。经历数百年的融合演变后,如今的海南闽语,既保存着闽方言的许多重要特征,又表现出不少的变异,与福建闽语之间已经不能自由地通话。
海南闽语发展至今,自身呈现什么特点?与源头的福建闽语还有多少共同的地方?差异究竟有多大?这是研究海南闽语的人们所共同关心的问题。
本文以作为海南闽语发祥地的海南岛北部地区的闽语词汇作为研究的对象,通过田野调查和分析对比,旨在揭示该地区闽语词汇的征貌特点。
本文共分六章。第一章“绪论”,主要介绍海南岛人文地理历史的概况以及海南闽语的形成和发展。第二章“海南闽语音系特点简略”,汇集海南闽语方音研究的最新成果,并侧重介绍琼北闽语的音系。
第三章至第六章为本文研究的主要内容。第三章“琼北闽语的特征词”,在对比和发掘两个轴线上展开。用琼北闽语的词汇与李如龙先生所拟“200个闽方言特征词”进行逐一比对,同源词的比例高达近85%,而且同源同指的比例也已过半,说明琼北闽语与福建闽语仍保持着较为浓厚的血肉关系。在此基础上,本着“人无我有、人有我特”的原则,发掘提取出72个琼北闽语自有的特征词。
第四章“琼北闽语的词汇特点(上)”,从词频、词源以及文化的特点方面对琼北闽语的高频词素、底层词、训读词、称谓词以及“单音情结”等问题进行探讨。结论:1)“高频词素”高度集中,在用字造词上趋于以简驭繁;2)许多非汉语词素处于零星弱态分布状态;3)海南闽语的训读词是方言语素扩大化的结果;4)亲属称谓词上与福建闽语具有同质性,也表现出自身的特点,同时也存在临高话习惯的影响;5)“单音情结”浓重,品性上趋于保守。
第五章“琼北闽语的词汇特点(下)”,侧重讨论琼北闽语词汇的结构特点、实词虚化以及封闭性词类中的实词和虚词等问题。
琼北闽语的“逆序词”多数表现为“逆构”现象;重叠均为表示增义的语法构形形式;并举遍称存在二字对举与四字对举两种形式。
通过对琼北闽语“著、趁、把、沿、但顾”等25例实词虚化的讨论分析可知,完全虚化、半虚半实、虚实同在等三种情况在琼北闽语中均有存在。关于封闭性词类,本文对琼北闽语的代词、量词、副词、介词、连词和助词进行了较为详细地讨论和比较。主要研究结论:1)与厦潮雷闽语存在较高程度的同质性,或共享根词,或属同源流变,而且自厦门以下,越往南走相似性越高;
2)许多名量词可兼作定指量词;3)否定词独用“无”字;4)相当于普通话“地”字的结构助词分化为三:其、著、作;5)情貌助词活跃而时态助词发育不成熟;
6)语气助词中有变“无”为“吗”现象,有疑为假道军话的“楚些”,也有各点非常独特鲜明的一些具体用法。
本文第六章“琼北闽语词汇的计量对比”从方言词语、词素、特征词、亲属称谓词以及封闭性词类五个方面对琼北闽语及厦门话的词汇进行了量化对比,按照分开档次合理权重的办法,求出每个方言对子的计量结果。计量结果显示:
1)府城话与其它各点方言的词汇相比较,相近度均处于高位,体现了府城话地处海南岛政治经济文化中心的较强的地缘影响力。
2)万城话无论与哪个点的词汇相比较,相近度均为最低,说明其与海府片或文琼片的闽语都有着明显的差距。
3)嘉积话与府城话、文城话的相近度均较高,显示出开放性、包容性的特点。
4)各地与厦门话相比较中,府城话与厦门话的相近度最高,说明海南闽语将文昌音作为“标准音”应该另有原因。
Hainan Min dialect (locally named“Hainan Vernacular”) is now the most prominent Chinese dialect in Hainan, prevailing in the most area and covering about 80% of the population on the island. Originated from the Fujian Min dialect, Hainan Min (hereafter referred to as“HNM”as necessary) has undergone articulate changes over the past hundreds of years since it first set foot on the island in the Song dynasty. Nowadays, it is hard for both the dialects to communicate to each other freely.
What peculiarities has Hainan Min developed on its own? What common features does it still share with the source dialect? Or in other words, how far has it departed from the Fujian Min? These questions have fallen into concerns of the people who take a hand in the Hainan Min studies.
This research takes the northern Hainan Min (hereafter referred to as“northern HNM”as necessary) as the object of study, because the northern area is believed to be the“cradle”of today’s Hainan Min dialect.
The dissertation is made up of six chapters. Chapter I,“General Introduction”, makes a brief survey on the history of Hainan, particularly on the forming and development of Hainan Min dialect. Chapter II,“A Phonemic Description of Hainan Min”, is a necessary preparation for the lexical study of the dialect.
Chapters III to VI comprise the main contents of this study. Chapter III,“The Feature Words of the Northern Hainan Min”is unfolded around two axis of comparison and extraction. By comparing the northern HNM vocabulary with the“200 feature words of the Min”proposed by Profess Li Rulong of Xiamen University in China, it is discovered that cognate words are nearly up to 85% of the total, and those of the same sense and reference also precede half of the percentage, which proves that the northern HNM still follows a clear generic line of the Min Dialect. On the axis of extraction, 72 peculiar feature words are worked out, which stand in characteristics of the words and expressions of the northern HNM.
Chapter IV,“The Vocabulary Features of the northern HNM (A)”, engages in a detailed discussion of the characteristics of the vocabulary from the viewpoints of word frequency, etymology, and language culture, to the effect of the following: 1) highly-centralized effective morphemes, which points to a preference of simplicity in word making; 2) sporadic layout of ethnic-sourced morphemes with a weakening sense of meaning; 3) proliferation of“synonymous reading”in the northern HNM caused by the expansion of dialectal morphenes; 4) Min iconicity, peculiarity, and borrowing from Lingao language (a subbranch of Zhuang-Dong ethnic language, which came to Hainan Island much earlier than Han language) all exist in the ways of addressing family members and relatives; and 5) strong inert of a“monosyllabic complex”, which is compliant with the conservative nature of a vocabulary. Chapter V,“The Vocabulary Features of the northern HNM (B)”deals on the structure, formalization, and close-ended type parts of speech.
The structural discussion shows that the majority of the“inverted words”in the northern HNM are structurally inverted, that morpheme repetition words imply a weighing up in meaning, and that symmetrical generic instances of two- or four-syllable patterns are found in the northern HNM.
An analysis the content words formalization in the northern HNM shows a three phases of full formalization, half formalization and co-existents.
As for the close-ended type of parts of speech, pronouns, quantifiers, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions and auxiliaries of the northern HNM are discussed in detail, with the results of 1) Great iconicity is shared with the Min in Xiamen, Chaozhou and Leizhou, either in the root form or as variation from the same origin, and the iconicity is greater southwards from Xiamen; 2) many noun quantifiers have the deictic functions; 3) only the word“无( 21)”is used as the negator; 4) the adverbial marker“De(‘地’)”of the Chinese Mandarin is realized in three forms of“其(n 21)”,“著(○213)”and“作( 55)”; 5) aspect words are much more mature and active than tense words; 6) in the auxiliary words of moods,“无( 21)”is stepping into use for the ending of a general question,“些( 213)”is suspiciously traced far back to the ancient use of“Chu Xue”(a typical sentence-ending auxiliary peculiar to the Chu Kindom vernacular in ancient China), and some special words are found as distinct to each of the four places in the northern HNM.
Chapter VI,“A Quantitative Study of the northern HNM”, engages in a quantitative comparison between Xiamen Min and the northern HNM in the respects of vernacular words, effective morphemes, feature words, words of addressing relatives, and words of close-ended parts of speech, the result of which shows the following:
1) the figures of the comparison pairs involving Fucheng vernacular are all high, reflecting the strong power of influence of Fucheng vernacular as being located in the capital city of the province;
2) those involving Wancheng vernacular are the lowest, which explains why Wancheng vernacular has not been relegated to either the“Wen-Qiong”section or the“Hai-Fu”section in the northern area of Hainan;
3) Jiaji vernacular is closest to both Fucheng and Wencheng vernaculars, showing an open and adaptive inclination in nature; and
4) in the comparisons with Xiamen Min, Fucheng vernacular proves to be the closest in similarity; this fails to linguistically justify the fact that Wenchang vernacular has been recognized as the“standard form”of Hainan Min dialect, which may have to look for other explanations.
海南闽语发展至今,自身呈现什么特点?与源头的福建闽语还有多少共同的地方?差异究竟有多大?这是研究海南闽语的人们所共同关心的问题。
本文以作为海南闽语发祥地的海南岛北部地区的闽语词汇作为研究的对象,通过田野调查和分析对比,旨在揭示该地区闽语词汇的征貌特点。
本文共分六章。第一章“绪论”,主要介绍海南岛人文地理历史的概况以及海南闽语的形成和发展。第二章“海南闽语音系特点简略”,汇集海南闽语方音研究的最新成果,并侧重介绍琼北闽语的音系。
第三章至第六章为本文研究的主要内容。第三章“琼北闽语的特征词”,在对比和发掘两个轴线上展开。用琼北闽语的词汇与李如龙先生所拟“200个闽方言特征词”进行逐一比对,同源词的比例高达近85%,而且同源同指的比例也已过半,说明琼北闽语与福建闽语仍保持着较为浓厚的血肉关系。在此基础上,本着“人无我有、人有我特”的原则,发掘提取出72个琼北闽语自有的特征词。
第四章“琼北闽语的词汇特点(上)”,从词频、词源以及文化的特点方面对琼北闽语的高频词素、底层词、训读词、称谓词以及“单音情结”等问题进行探讨。结论:1)“高频词素”高度集中,在用字造词上趋于以简驭繁;2)许多非汉语词素处于零星弱态分布状态;3)海南闽语的训读词是方言语素扩大化的结果;4)亲属称谓词上与福建闽语具有同质性,也表现出自身的特点,同时也存在临高话习惯的影响;5)“单音情结”浓重,品性上趋于保守。
第五章“琼北闽语的词汇特点(下)”,侧重讨论琼北闽语词汇的结构特点、实词虚化以及封闭性词类中的实词和虚词等问题。
琼北闽语的“逆序词”多数表现为“逆构”现象;重叠均为表示增义的语法构形形式;并举遍称存在二字对举与四字对举两种形式。
通过对琼北闽语“著、趁、把、沿、但顾”等25例实词虚化的讨论分析可知,完全虚化、半虚半实、虚实同在等三种情况在琼北闽语中均有存在。关于封闭性词类,本文对琼北闽语的代词、量词、副词、介词、连词和助词进行了较为详细地讨论和比较。主要研究结论:1)与厦潮雷闽语存在较高程度的同质性,或共享根词,或属同源流变,而且自厦门以下,越往南走相似性越高;
2)许多名量词可兼作定指量词;3)否定词独用“无”字;4)相当于普通话“地”字的结构助词分化为三:其、著、作;5)情貌助词活跃而时态助词发育不成熟;
6)语气助词中有变“无”为“吗”现象,有疑为假道军话的“楚些”,也有各点非常独特鲜明的一些具体用法。
本文第六章“琼北闽语词汇的计量对比”从方言词语、词素、特征词、亲属称谓词以及封闭性词类五个方面对琼北闽语及厦门话的词汇进行了量化对比,按照分开档次合理权重的办法,求出每个方言对子的计量结果。计量结果显示:
1)府城话与其它各点方言的词汇相比较,相近度均处于高位,体现了府城话地处海南岛政治经济文化中心的较强的地缘影响力。
2)万城话无论与哪个点的词汇相比较,相近度均为最低,说明其与海府片或文琼片的闽语都有着明显的差距。
3)嘉积话与府城话、文城话的相近度均较高,显示出开放性、包容性的特点。
4)各地与厦门话相比较中,府城话与厦门话的相近度最高,说明海南闽语将文昌音作为“标准音”应该另有原因。
Hainan Min dialect (locally named“Hainan Vernacular”) is now the most prominent Chinese dialect in Hainan, prevailing in the most area and covering about 80% of the population on the island. Originated from the Fujian Min dialect, Hainan Min (hereafter referred to as“HNM”as necessary) has undergone articulate changes over the past hundreds of years since it first set foot on the island in the Song dynasty. Nowadays, it is hard for both the dialects to communicate to each other freely.
What peculiarities has Hainan Min developed on its own? What common features does it still share with the source dialect? Or in other words, how far has it departed from the Fujian Min? These questions have fallen into concerns of the people who take a hand in the Hainan Min studies.
This research takes the northern Hainan Min (hereafter referred to as“northern HNM”as necessary) as the object of study, because the northern area is believed to be the“cradle”of today’s Hainan Min dialect.
The dissertation is made up of six chapters. Chapter I,“General Introduction”, makes a brief survey on the history of Hainan, particularly on the forming and development of Hainan Min dialect. Chapter II,“A Phonemic Description of Hainan Min”, is a necessary preparation for the lexical study of the dialect.
Chapters III to VI comprise the main contents of this study. Chapter III,“The Feature Words of the Northern Hainan Min”is unfolded around two axis of comparison and extraction. By comparing the northern HNM vocabulary with the“200 feature words of the Min”proposed by Profess Li Rulong of Xiamen University in China, it is discovered that cognate words are nearly up to 85% of the total, and those of the same sense and reference also precede half of the percentage, which proves that the northern HNM still follows a clear generic line of the Min Dialect. On the axis of extraction, 72 peculiar feature words are worked out, which stand in characteristics of the words and expressions of the northern HNM.
Chapter IV,“The Vocabulary Features of the northern HNM (A)”, engages in a detailed discussion of the characteristics of the vocabulary from the viewpoints of word frequency, etymology, and language culture, to the effect of the following: 1) highly-centralized effective morphemes, which points to a preference of simplicity in word making; 2) sporadic layout of ethnic-sourced morphemes with a weakening sense of meaning; 3) proliferation of“synonymous reading”in the northern HNM caused by the expansion of dialectal morphenes; 4) Min iconicity, peculiarity, and borrowing from Lingao language (a subbranch of Zhuang-Dong ethnic language, which came to Hainan Island much earlier than Han language) all exist in the ways of addressing family members and relatives; and 5) strong inert of a“monosyllabic complex”, which is compliant with the conservative nature of a vocabulary. Chapter V,“The Vocabulary Features of the northern HNM (B)”deals on the structure, formalization, and close-ended type parts of speech.
The structural discussion shows that the majority of the“inverted words”in the northern HNM are structurally inverted, that morpheme repetition words imply a weighing up in meaning, and that symmetrical generic instances of two- or four-syllable patterns are found in the northern HNM.
An analysis the content words formalization in the northern HNM shows a three phases of full formalization, half formalization and co-existents.
As for the close-ended type of parts of speech, pronouns, quantifiers, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions and auxiliaries of the northern HNM are discussed in detail, with the results of 1) Great iconicity is shared with the Min in Xiamen, Chaozhou and Leizhou, either in the root form or as variation from the same origin, and the iconicity is greater southwards from Xiamen; 2) many noun quantifiers have the deictic functions; 3) only the word“无( 21)”is used as the negator; 4) the adverbial marker“De(‘地’)”of the Chinese Mandarin is realized in three forms of“其(n 21)”,“著(○213)”and“作( 55)”; 5) aspect words are much more mature and active than tense words; 6) in the auxiliary words of moods,“无( 21)”is stepping into use for the ending of a general question,“些( 213)”is suspiciously traced far back to the ancient use of“Chu Xue”(a typical sentence-ending auxiliary peculiar to the Chu Kindom vernacular in ancient China), and some special words are found as distinct to each of the four places in the northern HNM.
Chapter VI,“A Quantitative Study of the northern HNM”, engages in a quantitative comparison between Xiamen Min and the northern HNM in the respects of vernacular words, effective morphemes, feature words, words of addressing relatives, and words of close-ended parts of speech, the result of which shows the following:
1) the figures of the comparison pairs involving Fucheng vernacular are all high, reflecting the strong power of influence of Fucheng vernacular as being located in the capital city of the province;
2) those involving Wancheng vernacular are the lowest, which explains why Wancheng vernacular has not been relegated to either the“Wen-Qiong”section or the“Hai-Fu”section in the northern area of Hainan;
3) Jiaji vernacular is closest to both Fucheng and Wencheng vernaculars, showing an open and adaptive inclination in nature; and
4) in the comparisons with Xiamen Min, Fucheng vernacular proves to be the closest in similarity; this fails to linguistically justify the fact that Wenchang vernacular has been recognized as the“standard form”of Hainan Min dialect, which may have to look for other explanations.
引文
①参 2005 年底海南省人口抽查数据,载《海南日报》2006 年 3 月 18 日第 2 版
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