不同经营类型毛竹林土壤活性有机碳的差异
摘要
本文在庙山坞自然保护区选择粗放和集约两种经营类型的毛竹(Phyllostachys pubescens)林作为研究对象,通过设置典型样地,采用土壤分层取样和化学分析等方法研究了不同经营类型毛竹林土壤各种活性有机碳的差异,探讨了不同经营类型毛竹林土壤总有机碳和各种活性有机碳的季节动态,为改善毛竹林土壤质量和毛竹林的可持续经营提供理论指导。研究结果表明:
( 1 )集约经营后毛竹林0～10和10～20 cm土层土壤总有机碳含量分别下降了7.01%和18.90%,易氧化碳含量分别下降了31.22%和46.03%,水溶性有机碳分别下降了11.89%和11.50%,0～20 cm土层轻组有机质含量下降了19.87%。
( 2 )两种毛竹林的土壤有机碳在剖面上,整体均随土层深度的增加而呈下降趋势,但下降幅度不同。两种毛竹林土壤易氧化碳剖面特征与总有机碳相似。两种毛竹林水溶性有机碳在剖面上下降幅度波动大,且水溶性有机碳含量表层与下层相差不大。轻组有机质具有表聚性,主要分布在土壤表层(0～20 cm)。
( 3 )集约经营后,毛竹林水溶性有机碳碳素有效率与粗放经营的大小关系并不明显。而毛竹林0～10 cm土层土壤易氧化碳碳素有效率和土壤碳库活度则分别下降了26.01%和50.52%,差异达到显著水平(p < 0.05);10～20 cm分别下降了35.51%和54.41%。因此,施加适当配比的有机肥和无机肥,有利于土壤各种有机碳的积累,也可改善土壤生物化学活性。
( 4 )土壤总有机碳、易氧化碳、水溶性有机碳、轻组有机质与土壤养分之间的相关性均达到显著或极显著水平,除水溶性有机碳与速效磷相关性不显著。
( 5 )集约经营毛竹林土壤总有机碳、水溶性有机碳和水溶性有机碳碳素有效率的季节动态规律与粗放经营的一致。但两种经营类型下的毛竹林土壤易氧化碳、易氧化碳碳素有效率和碳库活度季节动态规律不同,分别为:
a:两种毛竹林土壤易氧化碳季节动态均呈现先下降后上升再下降的变化趋势,集约经营毛竹林土壤易氧化碳含量最大值15.77 g·kg~(-1)(0～10 cm)出现在秋季,冬季最小值12.15g·kg~(-1)(0～10 cm)。而粗放经营毛竹林春季达到最大值21.11 g·kg~(-1)(0～10 cm),夏季最小值10.69 g·kg~(-1)(0～10 cm)。
b:两种经营类型下的毛竹林土壤碳库活度季节动态趋势与易氧化碳碳素有效率相同,集约经营毛竹林土壤碳库活度先上升,夏季达到最大值1.28(0～10 cm)后下降(最小值出现在冬季,0～10 cm碳库活度为0.87);粗放经营毛竹林该值四季动态呈现先下降至后上升又下降的趋势,最大值1.92(0～10 cm)出现在春季,最小值0.64(0～10 cm)出现在冬季。
总之,集约经营后,毛竹林总有机碳和各种活性有机碳下降。两种经营类型毛竹林土壤各种有机碳指标季节动态不尽相同。
Bamboo stands under intensive management(IM) and extensive management(EM) in Miaoshanwu Nature Reserve in Zhejiang were studied. Based on soil samples, chemical analysis and otherwise in intensively and extensively managed bamboo stands, the changes in lablie organic carbon(LOC) under different management types were researched, on other hand, dynamics of total organic carbon(TOC) and LOC with seasons were discussed. It provided a theoretical foundation for sustainable management and improvement of the soil fertility. The results were as follows:
(1)Under IM, TOC were decreased by 7.01% and 18.90%, readily oxidized carbon (ROC) decreased by 31.22% and 46.03% and Water soluble organic carbon(WSOC) decreased by 11.89% and 11.50% in 0~10 and 10~20 cm soil layers, respectively. And light fraction organic matter (LFOM) was decreased 19.87% in the 0~20 cm soil layer.
(2)Under the two types of management, SOC were decreased with increasing of soil depths, but both of the drop ranges were different. The vertical distribution of ROC under IM and EM paralleled that of TOC. The drop ranges of WSOC under the two types of management were showed fluctuation, and the WSOC content in an underlying soil layers were not much lower in surface layer. LFOM tended to accumulate in surface layer (0~20 cm).
(3) There were not apparent differences between IM and EM in the percentage of WSOC to TOC. While after IM, the percentage of ROC to TOC and activity of carbon pool significantly dropped by 26.01% and 50.52%(p < 0.05) respectively in the 0~10 cm soil layer and dropped by 35.51% and 54.41% respectively in the 10~20 cm soil layer. Therefore, a mixture of organic and inorganic manures with the proper ratio should be applied to promote SOC and improve biological and chemical soil activity.
(4)TOC, ROC, WSOC and LFOM were strongly correlated with soil nutrients(p < 0.01 or p < 0.05), but WSOC was not significantly related to available P.
(5)The yearly dynamics of TOC, WSOC, and the percentage of WSOC to TOC under IM were the same as EM. But the yearly dynamics of ROC, the percentage of ROC to TOC and activity of C pool under two management types of bamboo stands were different, as follows:
a: Dynamics of ROC under both IM and EM were decreased firstly, increased, and then decreased. Two peaks, which under EM in spring and summer, were measured in autumn and winter under IM.
b: Dynamics of activity of C pool under two management types of bamboo stands were the same as the percentage of ROC to TOC. Activity of C pool under IM was decreased firstly and reached a minimum in winter, which was increased and reached a maximum in summer. That under EM was the same as ROC, which was at a maximum level in spring and reached a minimum in winter.
In conclusion, IM causes TOC and various LOC to decline. Dynamics of various LOC under two management types of bamboo stands don't quite hang together.
( 1 )集约经营后毛竹林0～10和10～20 cm土层土壤总有机碳含量分别下降了7.01%和18.90%,易氧化碳含量分别下降了31.22%和46.03%,水溶性有机碳分别下降了11.89%和11.50%,0～20 cm土层轻组有机质含量下降了19.87%。
( 2 )两种毛竹林的土壤有机碳在剖面上,整体均随土层深度的增加而呈下降趋势,但下降幅度不同。两种毛竹林土壤易氧化碳剖面特征与总有机碳相似。两种毛竹林水溶性有机碳在剖面上下降幅度波动大,且水溶性有机碳含量表层与下层相差不大。轻组有机质具有表聚性,主要分布在土壤表层(0～20 cm)。
( 3 )集约经营后,毛竹林水溶性有机碳碳素有效率与粗放经营的大小关系并不明显。而毛竹林0～10 cm土层土壤易氧化碳碳素有效率和土壤碳库活度则分别下降了26.01%和50.52%,差异达到显著水平(p < 0.05);10～20 cm分别下降了35.51%和54.41%。因此,施加适当配比的有机肥和无机肥,有利于土壤各种有机碳的积累,也可改善土壤生物化学活性。
( 4 )土壤总有机碳、易氧化碳、水溶性有机碳、轻组有机质与土壤养分之间的相关性均达到显著或极显著水平,除水溶性有机碳与速效磷相关性不显著。
( 5 )集约经营毛竹林土壤总有机碳、水溶性有机碳和水溶性有机碳碳素有效率的季节动态规律与粗放经营的一致。但两种经营类型下的毛竹林土壤易氧化碳、易氧化碳碳素有效率和碳库活度季节动态规律不同,分别为:
a:两种毛竹林土壤易氧化碳季节动态均呈现先下降后上升再下降的变化趋势,集约经营毛竹林土壤易氧化碳含量最大值15.77 g·kg~(-1)(0～10 cm)出现在秋季,冬季最小值12.15g·kg~(-1)(0～10 cm)。而粗放经营毛竹林春季达到最大值21.11 g·kg~(-1)(0～10 cm),夏季最小值10.69 g·kg~(-1)(0～10 cm)。
b:两种经营类型下的毛竹林土壤碳库活度季节动态趋势与易氧化碳碳素有效率相同,集约经营毛竹林土壤碳库活度先上升,夏季达到最大值1.28(0～10 cm)后下降(最小值出现在冬季,0～10 cm碳库活度为0.87);粗放经营毛竹林该值四季动态呈现先下降至后上升又下降的趋势,最大值1.92(0～10 cm)出现在春季,最小值0.64(0～10 cm)出现在冬季。
总之,集约经营后,毛竹林总有机碳和各种活性有机碳下降。两种经营类型毛竹林土壤各种有机碳指标季节动态不尽相同。
Bamboo stands under intensive management(IM) and extensive management(EM) in Miaoshanwu Nature Reserve in Zhejiang were studied. Based on soil samples, chemical analysis and otherwise in intensively and extensively managed bamboo stands, the changes in lablie organic carbon(LOC) under different management types were researched, on other hand, dynamics of total organic carbon(TOC) and LOC with seasons were discussed. It provided a theoretical foundation for sustainable management and improvement of the soil fertility. The results were as follows:
(1)Under IM, TOC were decreased by 7.01% and 18.90%, readily oxidized carbon (ROC) decreased by 31.22% and 46.03% and Water soluble organic carbon(WSOC) decreased by 11.89% and 11.50% in 0~10 and 10~20 cm soil layers, respectively. And light fraction organic matter (LFOM) was decreased 19.87% in the 0~20 cm soil layer.
(2)Under the two types of management, SOC were decreased with increasing of soil depths, but both of the drop ranges were different. The vertical distribution of ROC under IM and EM paralleled that of TOC. The drop ranges of WSOC under the two types of management were showed fluctuation, and the WSOC content in an underlying soil layers were not much lower in surface layer. LFOM tended to accumulate in surface layer (0~20 cm).
(3) There were not apparent differences between IM and EM in the percentage of WSOC to TOC. While after IM, the percentage of ROC to TOC and activity of carbon pool significantly dropped by 26.01% and 50.52%(p < 0.05) respectively in the 0~10 cm soil layer and dropped by 35.51% and 54.41% respectively in the 10~20 cm soil layer. Therefore, a mixture of organic and inorganic manures with the proper ratio should be applied to promote SOC and improve biological and chemical soil activity.
(4)TOC, ROC, WSOC and LFOM were strongly correlated with soil nutrients(p < 0.01 or p < 0.05), but WSOC was not significantly related to available P.
(5)The yearly dynamics of TOC, WSOC, and the percentage of WSOC to TOC under IM were the same as EM. But the yearly dynamics of ROC, the percentage of ROC to TOC and activity of C pool under two management types of bamboo stands were different, as follows:
a: Dynamics of ROC under both IM and EM were decreased firstly, increased, and then decreased. Two peaks, which under EM in spring and summer, were measured in autumn and winter under IM.
b: Dynamics of activity of C pool under two management types of bamboo stands were the same as the percentage of ROC to TOC. Activity of C pool under IM was decreased firstly and reached a minimum in winter, which was increased and reached a maximum in summer. That under EM was the same as ROC, which was at a maximum level in spring and reached a minimum in winter.
In conclusion, IM causes TOC and various LOC to decline. Dynamics of various LOC under two management types of bamboo stands don't quite hang together.
引文
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