毛竹土壤—植物—大气连续体（SPAC）水分特征研究
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摘要
在浙江庙山坞自然保护区,运用Dynamax茎秆液流测量系统监测毛竹茎秆液流的日变化,采用型号为CI-340手持式光合仪和型号为EQ-15的土壤水势仪分别监测毛竹叶片的光合蒸腾速率和0～100 cm土层的土壤水势,利用自动气象站同步监测各气象因子。通过相关数据分析,初步弄清了毛竹SPAC的水分运动特征,旨为指导节水灌溉和调控林分密度提供理论依据。主要结果如下:
毛竹主要生长期内(2009年3月1日～2010年2月28日)共观测到降雨97次,总降雨量1816mm。其中,穿透雨量、秆茎流量和林冠截留量分别是1436.6mm、122.30和257.1 mm,穿透雨率、秆茎流率和截留率分别为79.11%、6.73%和14.16%。幂函数方程能较好地拟合林冠截留量、秆茎流量与总降雨量之间的关系,而线性方程能较好地拟合穿透雨量和总降雨量之间的关系。林地枯枝落叶层现存量平均为6.660t·hm-2,最大持水率为269.4%。毛竹林地表径流31.61mm,占总降雨量0.22%。
冬春两季,毛竹叶片的净光合速率和蒸腾速率的日变化均呈“单峰”曲线。冬季毛竹光合速率均值为2.62μmol·m-2·s-1,春季的光合速率均值下降为1.24μmol·m-2·s-1。春季的平均蒸腾速率0.3113mmol·m-2·s-1,冬季的平均蒸腾速率为0.2742mmol·m-2·s-1。
竹茎秆液流的日变化与天气状况关系密切。在晴朗天气条件下毛竹茎秆液流的日变化过程呈现单峰曲线,而在阴雨天气时毛竹茎秆液流日变化过程呈双峰或多峰曲线,而且日均液流速率和日液流量均低于晴朗天气;不同径阶毛竹茎秆液流速率波动规律相似,但径级较大的日均液流速率和液流量较大一些。当0～100 cm土层土壤水势在-13～-10 kPa时,毛竹茎秆液流速率与土壤水势相关性不显著,但当土壤水势低于-200 kPa左右时,液流速率和土壤水势呈正相关,土壤水分含量成为限制茎秆液流速率的主要因子之一;毛竹茎秆液流与气象因子的相关性分析表明,毛竹茎秆液流速率与空气温度、空气相对湿度、光合有效辐射、总辐射、水蒸气压亏缺呈极显著正相关,与空气相对湿度呈极显著负相关。
Dynamax Sap Flow Measuring System and CI-340 Portable Photosynthesis Pystem were used to monitor the sap flow velocity (SFV) and photosynthetic rate(Pn),transpiration rate (Tr) of the Phyllostachys pubescens stands in Miaoshanwu Nature Reserve, Zhejiang respectively. The soil water potential at 0-100 cm layer were measured with Equitensiometer-15 that is an instrument for measuring soil water potential.The total solar radiation, air temperature, air relative humidity, wind speed were also measured with an automatic weather station.By analysis water transportation patterns and scales in SPAC,it was aimed at to provide a theoretical foundation for instructing water Saving irrigation and controlling stand dencity.The main results indicated as follows:
From march 1th in 2009 to february 28th in 2010,the total precipitation was 1816mm in main growth period of Phyllostachys pubescens ,consisted of throughfall,1436.6mm(79.11%); stemflow122.3mm(6.73%);and canopy interception,257.1mm(14.16%).The relationships between canopy interception,stemflow and total rainfall could be described significantly by a power function ,while the relationship between throughfall and total rainfall is linear.The amount of litter layer on forest floor was 6.660 t·hm-2. Maximum water retention ratio and water-holding capacity of litter were 269.4%. The surface run off from plot was low and only 31.61 mm, accounting for 0.22% of the total precipitation.
The diurnal varitation of net photosynthetic rate(Pn) and transpiration rate(Tr) for Phyllostachys pubescens change with single peak curve in winter and spring.The mean of Pn in winter was 2.62μmol·m-2·s-1,which decresed to 1.24μmol·m-2·s-1 in spring.The mean of Tr in winter and spring were 0.3113mmol·m-2·s-1 and 0.2742mmol·m-2·s-1 respectively.
The diurnal variations of SFV exhibited mono-peak curve with a distinct diurnal course in clear days and multi-peak pattern in cloudy or rainy days. Moreover, the average daily sap flow rate and diurnal sap flux in cloudy or rainy days were lower than that in sunny days. Magnitude of sap flow changed considerably between sunny and rainy days. The daily sap flux of Phyllostachys pubescens with different diameter followed similar pattern, the bigger ones had faster SFV and higher daily sap flux than the smaller. When the average soil water potential in 0-100 cm layer was between -13 to -10 kPa, no obvious correlation was found between SFV and the average soil water potential. But SFV was positively correlated with the soil water potential as the average soil water potential less than -200 kPa. So soil moisture became one of the main limiting factors for SFV. SFV had significant positive correlations with solar radiation, air temperature, vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and wind speed, but negative correlation with air relative humidity.
毛竹主要生长期内(2009年3月1日～2010年2月28日)共观测到降雨97次,总降雨量1816mm。其中,穿透雨量、秆茎流量和林冠截留量分别是1436.6mm、122.30和257.1 mm,穿透雨率、秆茎流率和截留率分别为79.11%、6.73%和14.16%。幂函数方程能较好地拟合林冠截留量、秆茎流量与总降雨量之间的关系,而线性方程能较好地拟合穿透雨量和总降雨量之间的关系。林地枯枝落叶层现存量平均为6.660t·hm-2,最大持水率为269.4%。毛竹林地表径流31.61mm,占总降雨量0.22%。
冬春两季,毛竹叶片的净光合速率和蒸腾速率的日变化均呈“单峰”曲线。冬季毛竹光合速率均值为2.62μmol·m-2·s-1,春季的光合速率均值下降为1.24μmol·m-2·s-1。春季的平均蒸腾速率0.3113mmol·m-2·s-1,冬季的平均蒸腾速率为0.2742mmol·m-2·s-1。
竹茎秆液流的日变化与天气状况关系密切。在晴朗天气条件下毛竹茎秆液流的日变化过程呈现单峰曲线,而在阴雨天气时毛竹茎秆液流日变化过程呈双峰或多峰曲线,而且日均液流速率和日液流量均低于晴朗天气;不同径阶毛竹茎秆液流速率波动规律相似,但径级较大的日均液流速率和液流量较大一些。当0～100 cm土层土壤水势在-13～-10 kPa时,毛竹茎秆液流速率与土壤水势相关性不显著,但当土壤水势低于-200 kPa左右时,液流速率和土壤水势呈正相关,土壤水分含量成为限制茎秆液流速率的主要因子之一;毛竹茎秆液流与气象因子的相关性分析表明,毛竹茎秆液流速率与空气温度、空气相对湿度、光合有效辐射、总辐射、水蒸气压亏缺呈极显著正相关,与空气相对湿度呈极显著负相关。
Dynamax Sap Flow Measuring System and CI-340 Portable Photosynthesis Pystem were used to monitor the sap flow velocity (SFV) and photosynthetic rate(Pn),transpiration rate (Tr) of the Phyllostachys pubescens stands in Miaoshanwu Nature Reserve, Zhejiang respectively. The soil water potential at 0-100 cm layer were measured with Equitensiometer-15 that is an instrument for measuring soil water potential.The total solar radiation, air temperature, air relative humidity, wind speed were also measured with an automatic weather station.By analysis water transportation patterns and scales in SPAC,it was aimed at to provide a theoretical foundation for instructing water Saving irrigation and controlling stand dencity.The main results indicated as follows:
From march 1th in 2009 to february 28th in 2010,the total precipitation was 1816mm in main growth period of Phyllostachys pubescens ,consisted of throughfall,1436.6mm(79.11%); stemflow122.3mm(6.73%);and canopy interception,257.1mm(14.16%).The relationships between canopy interception,stemflow and total rainfall could be described significantly by a power function ,while the relationship between throughfall and total rainfall is linear.The amount of litter layer on forest floor was 6.660 t·hm-2. Maximum water retention ratio and water-holding capacity of litter were 269.4%. The surface run off from plot was low and only 31.61 mm, accounting for 0.22% of the total precipitation.
The diurnal varitation of net photosynthetic rate(Pn) and transpiration rate(Tr) for Phyllostachys pubescens change with single peak curve in winter and spring.The mean of Pn in winter was 2.62μmol·m-2·s-1,which decresed to 1.24μmol·m-2·s-1 in spring.The mean of Tr in winter and spring were 0.3113mmol·m-2·s-1 and 0.2742mmol·m-2·s-1 respectively.
The diurnal variations of SFV exhibited mono-peak curve with a distinct diurnal course in clear days and multi-peak pattern in cloudy or rainy days. Moreover, the average daily sap flow rate and diurnal sap flux in cloudy or rainy days were lower than that in sunny days. Magnitude of sap flow changed considerably between sunny and rainy days. The daily sap flux of Phyllostachys pubescens with different diameter followed similar pattern, the bigger ones had faster SFV and higher daily sap flux than the smaller. When the average soil water potential in 0-100 cm layer was between -13 to -10 kPa, no obvious correlation was found between SFV and the average soil water potential. But SFV was positively correlated with the soil water potential as the average soil water potential less than -200 kPa. So soil moisture became one of the main limiting factors for SFV. SFV had significant positive correlations with solar radiation, air temperature, vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and wind speed, but negative correlation with air relative humidity.
引文
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