美国波士顿贝肯山历史街区保护模式研究
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摘要
贝肯山历史街区成立于1955年,是马萨诸塞州最古老的街区之一。关于这一街区的形成和保护,学术界鲜有研究,美国很少见,国内则更为少见,主要在一些散见的文章中提及,并没有进行专门探讨。因此,本研究具有一定的创新性,对于国内文化遗产、历史区域和历史景观的保护不无意义。
17世纪30年代,在查理一世统治下遭受迫害的清教徒逃离英国,来到波士顿地区,居住在查尔斯顿和贝肯山一带,成为这里的早期居民。18世纪中叶,战争爆发,波士顿惨案和邦克山战役相继发生,由于优越的地理位置,贝肯山一度成为战争要塞。1795年是贝肯山发展史上具有标志意义的年份。这一年,新政府大楼在贝肯街建成,波士顿第一个房地产组织——芒特弗农地产也相继成立。芒特弗农的组建预示着贝肯山街区的重要发展,正是这个组织,策划了贝肯山填海工程,将崎岖的山区改造为平缓的斜坡。而作为组织成员之一的著名建筑师布尔芬奇,也开始在这个地段设计房屋,向世人展示他的设计才华。这些建筑许多留存至今,与其他著名建筑师的作品一同成为街区建筑的经典之作。19世纪中叶,废奴运动开始,贝肯山北坡成为废奴主义者集会的场所,而非洲人会堂则成为逃亡奴隶的藏身之地,成为非裔美国人的历史见证,这一建筑得到了政府部门的保护,如今仍然保存完好。同是19世纪,一大批作家、诗人、政治家等社会精英入住贝肯山,为街区文化的繁盛与多元发展做出巨大贡献,他们就是后人称谓的“波士顿婆罗门”和“波士顿波西米亚”。
19世纪上半叶,在芒特弗农地产组织的经营下,贝肯山建筑业蓬勃发展,相继诞生了一批著名建筑,建筑风格以希腊复兴式和联邦式为主,也有安妮女王式、意大利和埃及复兴式等,由此形成了一部生动的建筑画卷。20世纪上半叶,贝肯山平地区快速发展,形成了三片区域：南坡、北坡和平地区。对于这些历史文化遗产的保护,贝肯山相关组织积累了许多成功的经验,也留下了一些惨痛的教训。例如,建于1737年的汉考克故居堪称建筑史上的杰作,但迫于财政问题,政府最终于1863年拆毁。
贝肯山丰富的建筑资源和历史文化底蕴得到了大众及政府的重视,在社区组织、公众、政府和非营利组织的共同努力,渐渐形成了自己的保护方式,对相关材料进行整理、分析、研究和归纳,可以形成街区保护的一个基本概念,我们称之为“贝肯山模式”。这一模式包括管理、参与和具体操作三方面内容。在管理层面,政府部门主要负责监督街区保护工程,而社区组织主要管理日常事务；在参与层面,街区居民、志愿者和非营利组织积极参与保护活动,配合社区工作,共同呵护历史建筑免遭毁坏；在具体操层面,遵循街区独特的建筑保护指导方针,尽可能保留历史建筑的设计特色和历史信息。
社区居民是贝肯山保护历程中最重要的推动力量。19世纪中后期,在经历了汉考克故居的摧毁后,人们开始意识到历史保护的重要性。20世纪上半叶,街区居民的建筑保护意识开始萌芽并付诸行动,于是发生了以保护街区人行道为主要内容的著名的“砖石之战”。1921年第一次“砖石之战”标志着街区居民介入历史保护的开端,事件的发生使人们认识到有必要成立社区组织来管理和保护这些古老的街区,于是在积极分子的带领下,由街区居民组成的贝肯山公民协会诞生了。社区组织的成立极大推动了贝肯山的保护工作,在此后的保护运动中一直居于主导地位。在社区组织的带领下,居民参加了1924年波士顿第一部分区法的制定,并在1947年的第二次“砖石之战”中成功保护了街区特有的红砖人行道。此后,随着老建筑的逐年减少,人们意识到街区亟需政府以法律的形式进行保护,于是历史街区的命名工作提上日程。在房地产商威廉·柯德曼和他的儿子约翰·柯德曼为中心的保护积极分子的奔走与带领下,1955年政府最终通过立法将南坡命名为历史街区。同年,市政府成立了贝肯山建筑委员会,负责对街区的专门管理。20世纪中叶,政府启动波士顿西角城市更新工程,开始危及贝肯山北坡,社区组织马上意识到整个街区的命名工作刻不容缓,于是努力与政府协商,并呼吁公众和各大机构加入保护队伍,最终于1963年将整个贝肯山三片区域纳入法律管辖范围,遂使这些区域的历史建筑幸免于城市更新过程的侵袭和损害。今天,居民与社区组织仍是贝肯山历史保护的中坚力量,居民首先向政府提出建筑维护申请,而后依具体意见进行工程操作,是建筑修复具体的执行者；而社区组织负责街区的日常管理工作,对于整体环境的保护起到了关键作用。
政府管理是“贝肯山模式”的重要组成部分。20世纪中叶,马萨诸塞州政府通过法律将贝肯山命名为历史街区,而后隶属波士顿市政府地标委员会的贝肯山建筑委员会开始对街区的建筑保护工程实施监督管理。街区内所有需要维护的建筑首先需要居民或机构向市政府提出申请,而后委员会召开公听会对提议进行审理,根据贝肯山建筑保护指导方针和建筑实际状况给出具体修复意见。这一方式大大提高了街区建筑修复的专业化水平,有效地解决了由于操作不当而造成的历史信息缺失等问题,较好地保护了街区的历史文化风貌。地标委员会负责整个波士顿的历史建筑保护和维修,曾于21世纪初对贝肯山历史街区建筑进行全方位的梳理与调查,相关记录成为研究历史街区和建筑保护的不可多得的材料。马萨诸塞州政府通过波士顿市政府管理贝肯山,随着历史保护的发展,州政府创立了建筑修复税收抵免项目,并设立了马萨诸塞州保护基金,旨在为包括贝肯山街区在内的建筑和景观等历史文化资源的维护提供资金支持,以减轻建筑所有者的经济压力,促进历史保护的健康发展。
街区内外的非营利组织也为社区的保护和发展贡献了力量。贝肯山市民协会是对街区保护贡献最大的非营利组织,这一组织自成立以来,一直是街区日常管理的主要机构。社区组织设有多个委员会,分别负责建筑、绿化、公共空间、分区等事务,成员由街区居民或在贝肯山工作的个人组成。此外,协会还招纳会员和志愿者,共同保护贝肯山历史街区。除社区组织外,新英格兰历史协会也以不同方式促进了街区的保护。这一组织是美国最古老的区域性历史保护组织,创建者威廉·艾普顿是全美首位专业保护人员。他于1910年创建了新英格兰古迹保护协会(后更名为新英格兰历史协会),一生致力于新英格兰六州的历史保护事业。历史协会将贝肯山的欧提斯第一故居以室内博物馆的形式保护下来,并作为总部使用至今。协会的一些公众教育项目也涉及贝肯山历史街区与建筑的保护,许多项目旨在为市民了解贝肯山历史文化提供介绍和咨询。
在具体保护层面,市政府根据联邦政府的《内政部历史保护项目执行标准》根据贝肯山的具体情况制定贝肯山建筑修复指导方针,要求街区在公共视野范围内的所有建筑保护工程都应按此标准进行。这一方针以原真性为准则,对历史建筑的重要部位进行了详细的修复说明,包括石工、屋顶、窗户、门、铁饰和标志等。市政府贝肯山建筑委员会根据居民自觉申请的原则,审查监督市民提议的保护工程,与公众一同为维护街区建筑而开展工作。
总之,贝肯山历史街区的成功保护首先得益于街区有识之士的呼吁,在居民、保护主义者和一些非营利组织的努力下,政府出台了法律保护街区免遭各种形式的摧毁,设立了专门机构进行直接管理,并制定了针对街区历史建筑的保护方针和实施细则。经过半个多世纪的发展,贝肯山历史街区的保护已经形成了独特的模式,并为波士顿其他街区的保护提供了良好的借鉴。“贝肯山模式”的优长是显而易见的,但也存在一些不足。从具体实践中可以看出,这种模式过于注重博物馆式的静态保护：严格按规划执行操作,尽量减少商业性开发,以最大限度地保留历史信息。注重静态保护是必要的,但街区生命的延续更需要积极的动态性维护,而这种维护,贝肯山模式显然相对欠缺,这就难免造成居民对街区的了解和关心不够,易于导致保护的有欠充分。老城区的复兴是许多历史街区普遍面临的问题,还需要政府和常年与建筑和街区相伴的居民的共同努力,及时调整思路,根据街区现状采取可行措施,以实现可持续发展的动态保护。
The Historic Beacon Hill District, the oldest historic district in Massachusetts, was designated in1955by an Act of the Massachusetts Legislature. There were few studies about the formation and preservation of the district in the Academic circle by now, so the analysis and summary of the unique way of Beacon Hill preservation could give the historic preservation in China some enlightenment.
As early as1630s, the Puritans who were suffered religious persecution came to Plymouth, Massachusetts, and then moved to the place we called Beacon Hill today. In the mid-18th century, Boston massacre and Battle of Bunker Hill outbroke, and Beacon Hill became the fort of the battles due to its predominant geological location.1795became the turn point of Beacon Hill with the construction of the new State House and the formation of the Mount Vernon Proprietors. Consisting of six prominent Boston citizens, the Mount Vernon Proprietors was one of the earliest land development operations in the country. They planned the land reclamation project in Beacon Hill and designed buildings in this area, transformed the rugged mountain area into mild slopes, and changed Shawmut from town to metropolis. One of the proprietors, Charles Bulfinch, was known as renowned architect, designed lots of famous buildings on Beacon Hill. This district was the center of abolitionists in the antislavery movement which occurred in the middle of the19th century, and African Meeting House became a pivotal center in the political fight against slavery. In the meanwhile, Beacon Hill is populated by artists, writers, poets and politicians, who laid culturally a solid foundation for the district and gained a reputation for being Beacon Hill Brahmins and Bohemians.
In the first half of the19th century, the building industry on Beacon Hill was flourishing due to the operation and management by Mount Vernon Proprietors. Still largely residential, the structures on Beacon Hill showcase several different styles and are the work of a number of notable architects, such as the Charles Bulfinch, Asher Benjamin, and Alexander Parris. While the Greek revival and Federal styles were most popular during this period, Queen Ann, Italianate, Egyptian revival and American Gothic Revival styles could also be found. By the first half of20th century, Beacon Hill included three areas, i.e., South slope, North Slope, and the flat of the hill. All of these elements made Beacon Hill a living portrait in downtown area of Boston. With regard to the preservation of these cultural heritages, the relevant organizations of Historic Beacon Hill District have accumulated many successful experiences, also have got some painful lessons. For instance, the Hancock manor, which built in1737had been a masterpiece in architectural design, was demolished by government in1863because of the capital shortages.
In the20th century, the public and government noticed the abundant historical and cultural resources in Beacon Hill, so the community organization, residents, government and nonprofit organization worked together to protect Beacon Hill, and gradually formed its own way of preservation which become a model and be copied by other districts, we call it "Beacon Hill preservation mode". Generally speaking, this mode is composed of three aspects which are management, public participation and architectural guidelines. Specifically, in the management aspect, the government of Boston city is responsible to review all the proposed exterior works, and the community organization mainly is in charge of daily routine; in the public participation aspect, the residents, volunteer, and non-profit organizations actively involved in the preservation activities; in the preservation principle aspect, the district government has its own architectural guidelines to maintain the district as a landmark in the history of architecture and as a tangible reminder of old Boston.
Residents of the district are the main driving force of the preservation movement in Beacon Hill. In the second half of19th century, the pubic realized the importance of historic preservation since they lost the famous Hancock Mansion. The First Battle of the Bricks occurred in1921marked the beginning of public involvement of preservation, and it was also the origin of the founding of the community organization------Beacon Hill Civic Association (BHCA). The BHCA played a key role in preservation movement and initiating preservation legislation on the Beacon Hill Historic District. In1955, the law put south slope into historic district, set up the Beacon Hill Architectural Commission, and required property owners to obtain the Commission's permission for the exterior work. In1958, the activists expanded the district to include the flat of the hill. In the middle of20th century, the urban renewal project of West End started, and the north slope of Beacon Hill was confronted with being demolished. By1963, North Slope was also included in the district, and Beacon Hill was integrally preserved. Nowadays, BHCA and activists are still playing the key role in the district, working together to preserve the district and promoting the development of the educational, cultural, economic and general welfare.
One of the important parts of "Beacon Hill preservation mode" is government management. In1955, an Act of the Massachusetts State Legislature designated Historic Beacon Hill District, and created Beacon Hill Architectural Commission (BHAC) which belongs to Boston Landmarks Commission (BLC) nowadays to supervise the preservation works in the district. Under the terms of the legislation, no buildings seen from a public way can be altered in any way without the approval of the BHAC. This management mode significantly improved the professional level of preservation, effectively solved the problem of losing historical information, and well preserved the historical and cultural character. Moreover, the Massachusetts state government created lots of programs to support the preservation projects in the state, i.e., Massachusetts Preservation Project Fund, Massachusetts Historic Rehabilitation Tax Credit, etc. These projects aimed to encourage property owners to actively preserve historic buildings, and lots of residents in Beacon Hill benefited from them.
The non-profit organizations of Beacon Hill or other areas in Boston also contribute to the preservation of Beacon Hill. As a volunteer organization, BHCA helps to preserve and enhance the quality of life on Beacon Hill, and to protect historic residential character of this district. By providing the volunteers and internship with opportunities, the BHCA keeps its focus on zoning, licensing, traffic, parking, and neighborhood cleanliness, and all of these made BHCA the main organization for the district's daily management. Besides BHCA, Historic New England also helps to promote historic preservation of the district. In1910, William Sumner Appleton founded the Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities, known today as Historic New England (HNE). The organization is a museum of cultural history which has collected and preserved buildings, landscapes, and objects dating from the seventeenth century to the present and used them to keep history alive and to help people to develop a deeper understanding and enjoyment of New England life and appreciation for its preservation. The organization acquired the first Otis House as headquarter in1916which located at Beacon Hill Historic District, and preserved it as historic house museum. Moreover, some public education program of HNE also related to Beacon Hill, to help people to understand the history and culture of the district.
In technological respect, the act regulated that the BHAC determine whether the proposed change is appropriate to the preservation of the district, and the commission developed Historic Beacon Hill District Architectural Guidelines on the basis of The Secretary of the Interior's Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties. The guidelines based on authenticity, described the specific standards to preserve a historic building, including masonry, roof structures, windows, sash, shutters, doors and entries, etc.
All in all, the success of Beacon Hill preservation primarily benefits from the activists, after that, with the joint efforts of residents, preservationists and nonprofit organizations, the government introduced preservation laws to prevent the historic buildings in the district from destruction, established specialized agency to manage the district, and developed the architectural guidelines to protect the historic information. After fifty years of the development, Historic Beacon Hill District has formed its unique way of preservation, and provided references for other historic districts in Boston.
But, Beacon Hill Preservation Mode has limitations also. We can see from the practices that this mode overemphasize static preservation which focus on exclusive control and protection, reduce commercial exploitation, deprives historic area of extension of conforming to urban transformation. This kind of preservation is necessary, but to keep the life vitality of sustainable development of a historic district needs positive dynamic preservation. That year after year, rich people and preservationists moved out from Beacon Hill, and lots of residents today are barely know the history and culture of the district, could easily cause decline of the district. Urban renewal is always an issue for historic cities at home and abroad. To stop the decline of historic areas in a city, the government needs to enhance the preservation consciousness of the public, adjust thinking and take necessary measures, to achieve the sustainable dynamic preservation.
17世纪30年代,在查理一世统治下遭受迫害的清教徒逃离英国,来到波士顿地区,居住在查尔斯顿和贝肯山一带,成为这里的早期居民。18世纪中叶,战争爆发,波士顿惨案和邦克山战役相继发生,由于优越的地理位置,贝肯山一度成为战争要塞。1795年是贝肯山发展史上具有标志意义的年份。这一年,新政府大楼在贝肯街建成,波士顿第一个房地产组织——芒特弗农地产也相继成立。芒特弗农的组建预示着贝肯山街区的重要发展,正是这个组织,策划了贝肯山填海工程,将崎岖的山区改造为平缓的斜坡。而作为组织成员之一的著名建筑师布尔芬奇,也开始在这个地段设计房屋,向世人展示他的设计才华。这些建筑许多留存至今,与其他著名建筑师的作品一同成为街区建筑的经典之作。19世纪中叶,废奴运动开始,贝肯山北坡成为废奴主义者集会的场所,而非洲人会堂则成为逃亡奴隶的藏身之地,成为非裔美国人的历史见证,这一建筑得到了政府部门的保护,如今仍然保存完好。同是19世纪,一大批作家、诗人、政治家等社会精英入住贝肯山,为街区文化的繁盛与多元发展做出巨大贡献,他们就是后人称谓的“波士顿婆罗门”和“波士顿波西米亚”。
19世纪上半叶,在芒特弗农地产组织的经营下,贝肯山建筑业蓬勃发展,相继诞生了一批著名建筑,建筑风格以希腊复兴式和联邦式为主,也有安妮女王式、意大利和埃及复兴式等,由此形成了一部生动的建筑画卷。20世纪上半叶,贝肯山平地区快速发展,形成了三片区域：南坡、北坡和平地区。对于这些历史文化遗产的保护,贝肯山相关组织积累了许多成功的经验,也留下了一些惨痛的教训。例如,建于1737年的汉考克故居堪称建筑史上的杰作,但迫于财政问题,政府最终于1863年拆毁。
贝肯山丰富的建筑资源和历史文化底蕴得到了大众及政府的重视,在社区组织、公众、政府和非营利组织的共同努力,渐渐形成了自己的保护方式,对相关材料进行整理、分析、研究和归纳,可以形成街区保护的一个基本概念,我们称之为“贝肯山模式”。这一模式包括管理、参与和具体操作三方面内容。在管理层面,政府部门主要负责监督街区保护工程,而社区组织主要管理日常事务；在参与层面,街区居民、志愿者和非营利组织积极参与保护活动,配合社区工作,共同呵护历史建筑免遭毁坏；在具体操层面,遵循街区独特的建筑保护指导方针,尽可能保留历史建筑的设计特色和历史信息。
社区居民是贝肯山保护历程中最重要的推动力量。19世纪中后期,在经历了汉考克故居的摧毁后,人们开始意识到历史保护的重要性。20世纪上半叶,街区居民的建筑保护意识开始萌芽并付诸行动,于是发生了以保护街区人行道为主要内容的著名的“砖石之战”。1921年第一次“砖石之战”标志着街区居民介入历史保护的开端,事件的发生使人们认识到有必要成立社区组织来管理和保护这些古老的街区,于是在积极分子的带领下,由街区居民组成的贝肯山公民协会诞生了。社区组织的成立极大推动了贝肯山的保护工作,在此后的保护运动中一直居于主导地位。在社区组织的带领下,居民参加了1924年波士顿第一部分区法的制定,并在1947年的第二次“砖石之战”中成功保护了街区特有的红砖人行道。此后,随着老建筑的逐年减少,人们意识到街区亟需政府以法律的形式进行保护,于是历史街区的命名工作提上日程。在房地产商威廉·柯德曼和他的儿子约翰·柯德曼为中心的保护积极分子的奔走与带领下,1955年政府最终通过立法将南坡命名为历史街区。同年,市政府成立了贝肯山建筑委员会,负责对街区的专门管理。20世纪中叶,政府启动波士顿西角城市更新工程,开始危及贝肯山北坡,社区组织马上意识到整个街区的命名工作刻不容缓,于是努力与政府协商,并呼吁公众和各大机构加入保护队伍,最终于1963年将整个贝肯山三片区域纳入法律管辖范围,遂使这些区域的历史建筑幸免于城市更新过程的侵袭和损害。今天,居民与社区组织仍是贝肯山历史保护的中坚力量,居民首先向政府提出建筑维护申请,而后依具体意见进行工程操作,是建筑修复具体的执行者；而社区组织负责街区的日常管理工作,对于整体环境的保护起到了关键作用。
政府管理是“贝肯山模式”的重要组成部分。20世纪中叶,马萨诸塞州政府通过法律将贝肯山命名为历史街区,而后隶属波士顿市政府地标委员会的贝肯山建筑委员会开始对街区的建筑保护工程实施监督管理。街区内所有需要维护的建筑首先需要居民或机构向市政府提出申请,而后委员会召开公听会对提议进行审理,根据贝肯山建筑保护指导方针和建筑实际状况给出具体修复意见。这一方式大大提高了街区建筑修复的专业化水平,有效地解决了由于操作不当而造成的历史信息缺失等问题,较好地保护了街区的历史文化风貌。地标委员会负责整个波士顿的历史建筑保护和维修,曾于21世纪初对贝肯山历史街区建筑进行全方位的梳理与调查,相关记录成为研究历史街区和建筑保护的不可多得的材料。马萨诸塞州政府通过波士顿市政府管理贝肯山,随着历史保护的发展,州政府创立了建筑修复税收抵免项目,并设立了马萨诸塞州保护基金,旨在为包括贝肯山街区在内的建筑和景观等历史文化资源的维护提供资金支持,以减轻建筑所有者的经济压力,促进历史保护的健康发展。
街区内外的非营利组织也为社区的保护和发展贡献了力量。贝肯山市民协会是对街区保护贡献最大的非营利组织,这一组织自成立以来,一直是街区日常管理的主要机构。社区组织设有多个委员会,分别负责建筑、绿化、公共空间、分区等事务,成员由街区居民或在贝肯山工作的个人组成。此外,协会还招纳会员和志愿者,共同保护贝肯山历史街区。除社区组织外,新英格兰历史协会也以不同方式促进了街区的保护。这一组织是美国最古老的区域性历史保护组织,创建者威廉·艾普顿是全美首位专业保护人员。他于1910年创建了新英格兰古迹保护协会(后更名为新英格兰历史协会),一生致力于新英格兰六州的历史保护事业。历史协会将贝肯山的欧提斯第一故居以室内博物馆的形式保护下来,并作为总部使用至今。协会的一些公众教育项目也涉及贝肯山历史街区与建筑的保护,许多项目旨在为市民了解贝肯山历史文化提供介绍和咨询。
在具体保护层面,市政府根据联邦政府的《内政部历史保护项目执行标准》根据贝肯山的具体情况制定贝肯山建筑修复指导方针,要求街区在公共视野范围内的所有建筑保护工程都应按此标准进行。这一方针以原真性为准则,对历史建筑的重要部位进行了详细的修复说明,包括石工、屋顶、窗户、门、铁饰和标志等。市政府贝肯山建筑委员会根据居民自觉申请的原则,审查监督市民提议的保护工程,与公众一同为维护街区建筑而开展工作。
总之,贝肯山历史街区的成功保护首先得益于街区有识之士的呼吁,在居民、保护主义者和一些非营利组织的努力下,政府出台了法律保护街区免遭各种形式的摧毁,设立了专门机构进行直接管理,并制定了针对街区历史建筑的保护方针和实施细则。经过半个多世纪的发展,贝肯山历史街区的保护已经形成了独特的模式,并为波士顿其他街区的保护提供了良好的借鉴。“贝肯山模式”的优长是显而易见的,但也存在一些不足。从具体实践中可以看出,这种模式过于注重博物馆式的静态保护：严格按规划执行操作,尽量减少商业性开发,以最大限度地保留历史信息。注重静态保护是必要的,但街区生命的延续更需要积极的动态性维护,而这种维护,贝肯山模式显然相对欠缺,这就难免造成居民对街区的了解和关心不够,易于导致保护的有欠充分。老城区的复兴是许多历史街区普遍面临的问题,还需要政府和常年与建筑和街区相伴的居民的共同努力,及时调整思路,根据街区现状采取可行措施,以实现可持续发展的动态保护。
The Historic Beacon Hill District, the oldest historic district in Massachusetts, was designated in1955by an Act of the Massachusetts Legislature. There were few studies about the formation and preservation of the district in the Academic circle by now, so the analysis and summary of the unique way of Beacon Hill preservation could give the historic preservation in China some enlightenment.
As early as1630s, the Puritans who were suffered religious persecution came to Plymouth, Massachusetts, and then moved to the place we called Beacon Hill today. In the mid-18th century, Boston massacre and Battle of Bunker Hill outbroke, and Beacon Hill became the fort of the battles due to its predominant geological location.1795became the turn point of Beacon Hill with the construction of the new State House and the formation of the Mount Vernon Proprietors. Consisting of six prominent Boston citizens, the Mount Vernon Proprietors was one of the earliest land development operations in the country. They planned the land reclamation project in Beacon Hill and designed buildings in this area, transformed the rugged mountain area into mild slopes, and changed Shawmut from town to metropolis. One of the proprietors, Charles Bulfinch, was known as renowned architect, designed lots of famous buildings on Beacon Hill. This district was the center of abolitionists in the antislavery movement which occurred in the middle of the19th century, and African Meeting House became a pivotal center in the political fight against slavery. In the meanwhile, Beacon Hill is populated by artists, writers, poets and politicians, who laid culturally a solid foundation for the district and gained a reputation for being Beacon Hill Brahmins and Bohemians.
In the first half of the19th century, the building industry on Beacon Hill was flourishing due to the operation and management by Mount Vernon Proprietors. Still largely residential, the structures on Beacon Hill showcase several different styles and are the work of a number of notable architects, such as the Charles Bulfinch, Asher Benjamin, and Alexander Parris. While the Greek revival and Federal styles were most popular during this period, Queen Ann, Italianate, Egyptian revival and American Gothic Revival styles could also be found. By the first half of20th century, Beacon Hill included three areas, i.e., South slope, North Slope, and the flat of the hill. All of these elements made Beacon Hill a living portrait in downtown area of Boston. With regard to the preservation of these cultural heritages, the relevant organizations of Historic Beacon Hill District have accumulated many successful experiences, also have got some painful lessons. For instance, the Hancock manor, which built in1737had been a masterpiece in architectural design, was demolished by government in1863because of the capital shortages.
In the20th century, the public and government noticed the abundant historical and cultural resources in Beacon Hill, so the community organization, residents, government and nonprofit organization worked together to protect Beacon Hill, and gradually formed its own way of preservation which become a model and be copied by other districts, we call it "Beacon Hill preservation mode". Generally speaking, this mode is composed of three aspects which are management, public participation and architectural guidelines. Specifically, in the management aspect, the government of Boston city is responsible to review all the proposed exterior works, and the community organization mainly is in charge of daily routine; in the public participation aspect, the residents, volunteer, and non-profit organizations actively involved in the preservation activities; in the preservation principle aspect, the district government has its own architectural guidelines to maintain the district as a landmark in the history of architecture and as a tangible reminder of old Boston.
Residents of the district are the main driving force of the preservation movement in Beacon Hill. In the second half of19th century, the pubic realized the importance of historic preservation since they lost the famous Hancock Mansion. The First Battle of the Bricks occurred in1921marked the beginning of public involvement of preservation, and it was also the origin of the founding of the community organization------Beacon Hill Civic Association (BHCA). The BHCA played a key role in preservation movement and initiating preservation legislation on the Beacon Hill Historic District. In1955, the law put south slope into historic district, set up the Beacon Hill Architectural Commission, and required property owners to obtain the Commission's permission for the exterior work. In1958, the activists expanded the district to include the flat of the hill. In the middle of20th century, the urban renewal project of West End started, and the north slope of Beacon Hill was confronted with being demolished. By1963, North Slope was also included in the district, and Beacon Hill was integrally preserved. Nowadays, BHCA and activists are still playing the key role in the district, working together to preserve the district and promoting the development of the educational, cultural, economic and general welfare.
One of the important parts of "Beacon Hill preservation mode" is government management. In1955, an Act of the Massachusetts State Legislature designated Historic Beacon Hill District, and created Beacon Hill Architectural Commission (BHAC) which belongs to Boston Landmarks Commission (BLC) nowadays to supervise the preservation works in the district. Under the terms of the legislation, no buildings seen from a public way can be altered in any way without the approval of the BHAC. This management mode significantly improved the professional level of preservation, effectively solved the problem of losing historical information, and well preserved the historical and cultural character. Moreover, the Massachusetts state government created lots of programs to support the preservation projects in the state, i.e., Massachusetts Preservation Project Fund, Massachusetts Historic Rehabilitation Tax Credit, etc. These projects aimed to encourage property owners to actively preserve historic buildings, and lots of residents in Beacon Hill benefited from them.
The non-profit organizations of Beacon Hill or other areas in Boston also contribute to the preservation of Beacon Hill. As a volunteer organization, BHCA helps to preserve and enhance the quality of life on Beacon Hill, and to protect historic residential character of this district. By providing the volunteers and internship with opportunities, the BHCA keeps its focus on zoning, licensing, traffic, parking, and neighborhood cleanliness, and all of these made BHCA the main organization for the district's daily management. Besides BHCA, Historic New England also helps to promote historic preservation of the district. In1910, William Sumner Appleton founded the Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities, known today as Historic New England (HNE). The organization is a museum of cultural history which has collected and preserved buildings, landscapes, and objects dating from the seventeenth century to the present and used them to keep history alive and to help people to develop a deeper understanding and enjoyment of New England life and appreciation for its preservation. The organization acquired the first Otis House as headquarter in1916which located at Beacon Hill Historic District, and preserved it as historic house museum. Moreover, some public education program of HNE also related to Beacon Hill, to help people to understand the history and culture of the district.
In technological respect, the act regulated that the BHAC determine whether the proposed change is appropriate to the preservation of the district, and the commission developed Historic Beacon Hill District Architectural Guidelines on the basis of The Secretary of the Interior's Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties. The guidelines based on authenticity, described the specific standards to preserve a historic building, including masonry, roof structures, windows, sash, shutters, doors and entries, etc.
All in all, the success of Beacon Hill preservation primarily benefits from the activists, after that, with the joint efforts of residents, preservationists and nonprofit organizations, the government introduced preservation laws to prevent the historic buildings in the district from destruction, established specialized agency to manage the district, and developed the architectural guidelines to protect the historic information. After fifty years of the development, Historic Beacon Hill District has formed its unique way of preservation, and provided references for other historic districts in Boston.
But, Beacon Hill Preservation Mode has limitations also. We can see from the practices that this mode overemphasize static preservation which focus on exclusive control and protection, reduce commercial exploitation, deprives historic area of extension of conforming to urban transformation. This kind of preservation is necessary, but to keep the life vitality of sustainable development of a historic district needs positive dynamic preservation. That year after year, rich people and preservationists moved out from Beacon Hill, and lots of residents today are barely know the history and culture of the district, could easily cause decline of the district. Urban renewal is always an issue for historic cities at home and abroad. To stop the decline of historic areas in a city, the government needs to enhance the preservation consciousness of the public, adjust thinking and take necessary measures, to achieve the sustainable dynamic preservation.
引文
①张松：《历史城市保护学导论——文化遗产和历史环境保护的一种整体性方法》,上海：同济大学出版社,2008年,第6-8页。
②“梁林故居”违规拆除竹后开工复建,新京报,2012年1月29日, 《北京新闻时政》A03版。
① Li-Marcus, Moying, Beacon Hill, the Life and Times of a Neighborhood, Boston:Northeastern University Press. 2002.
② Moore, Barbara W. & Weesner, Gail., Beacon Hill, a Living Portrait. Boston:Gentry Mill Press,2008.
① George W. Born, The Beacon Hill Historic District:Pioneer of the 1950s with Lessons for Today. Historic New England:http://www.historicnewengland.org/preservation/regional-resources/looking-forward-symposium
②Kirker, Harold & James. Bulfinch's Boston:1787-1817, New York:Oxford University Press,1964.
③ Kirker, Harold, The Architecture of Charles Bulfinch, Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1969.
④Raymond W. Stanley, Mr. Charles Bulfinch's Boston, Boston:Old Colony Trust Company,1963.
①Holleran, Michael, Boston's "Changeful Times", Origins of Preservation and Planning in America, Baltimore: the Johns Hopkins University Press, Maryland,1998. p.4.
①Holleran, Michael, Boston's "Changeful Times", Origins of Preservation and Planning in America, Baltimore: the Johns Hopkins University Press, Maryland,1998. p.238.
②同上,p.244.
③同上,p.135.
④同上,p.193.
②Lindgren, James M. Preserving Historic New England:Preservation, Progressivism, and the Remaking of Memory, New York:Oxford University Press,1995.
③Page, Max, and Randall Mason, eds. Giving Preservation a History:Histories of Historic Preservation in the United States. New York:Routledge,2004.
① Page, Max, and Randall Mason, eds. Giving Preservation a History:Histories of Historic Preservation in the United States. New York:Routledge,2004, p.10.
②同上,pp.11-13.
(?) Miller, Naomi and Morgan, Keith N. Boston Architecture:1975-1990. Munich:Prestel Verlag,1990.
(?) Morgan, Keith N., Candee, Richard M., eds. Building of Massachusetts:Metropolitan Boston. Charlottesville:University of Virginia Press,2009.
(?) Shand-Tucci, Douglass, Built in Boston:city and suburb,1800-2000, Amherst:University of Massachusetts Press,1999.
① Whitehill, Walter Muir and Kennedy, Lawrence W. Boston:A Topographical History, Cambridge:the Belknap Press of Harvard University Press,2000.
② Kennedy, Lawrence W. Planning the City upon a Hill, Boston since 1630. Amherst:the University of Massachusetts Press,1992.
③ Seasholes, Nancy S. Gaining Ground:A History of Land Making in Boston. Cambridge:the MIT Press,2003.
④ Charles B. Hosmer Jr. Presence of the Past:A History of the Preservation Movement in the United States before Williamsburg, New York:G.P. Putnam's Sons,1965.
⑤Charles B. Hosmer Jr. Preservation Comes of Age:From Williamsburg to the National Trust 1926-1949, Charlottesville:University Press of Virginia,1981.
⑥Hosmer, Charles B. Jr., Preservation Comes of Age, From Williamsburg to the National Trust,1926-1949, Volume I. Charlottesville:the University Press of Virginia.1981. p.378.
① James Fitch, Historic Preservation:Curatorial Management of the Built World, New York:McGraw-Hill Book Company,1982.
② Robert Stipe. A Richer Heritage:Historic Preservation in the Twenty-first Century. Chapel Hill and London: The University of North Carolina Press.2003.
③ William J. Murtagh, keeping time:The History and Theory of Preservation in America, Hoboken:John Wiley and Sons,2006.
④ Ned Kaufman:Place, Race and Story, Essays on the Past and Future of Historic Preservation, New York: Routledge,2009.
① National Trust for Historic Preservation, Landmark Yellow Pages, Washington D. C.:the Preservation Press, 1993.
②Gregory E. Andrews, Tax Incentives for Historic Preservation, National Trust of Historic Preservation, Washington D. C.:the Preservation Press,1980.
③[英]史蒂文·蒂耶斯德尔,蒂姆·希思,[土]塔内尔·厄奇著,张玫英,董卫译：《城市历史街区的复兴》,北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2006年。
①张松： 《历史城市保护学导论——文化遗产和历史环境保护的一种整体性方法》,上海：同济大学出版社,2008年。
②陆地： 《建筑的生与死：历史性建筑再利用研究》,南京：东南大学出版社,2004年。
③李和平、王敏：美国历史街区保护的推动模式, 《新建筑》,2009年第2期。
④阮仪三： 《护城纪实》,北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2003年。
⑤阮仪三、王景慧、王林： 《历史文化名城保护理论与规划》,上海：同济大学出版社,2002年。
① Barbara W. Moore, Gail Weesner, Beacon Hill, a Living Portrait, Boston:Centry Hill Press,2008, p.2.
② Nancy S. Seasholes, Gaining Ground:A History of Land Making in Boston, Cambridge:the MIT Press,2003, p. 2.
③ Lawrence W. Kennedy, Planning the City upon a Hill, Boston since 1630, Amherst:the University of Massachusetts Press,1992, p.60.
① Keith N. Morgan, Buildings of Massachusetts:Metropolitan Boston, Charlottesville and London:University of Virginia Press,2009, p.100.
①Nancy S. Seasholes, Gaining Ground A History of Land Making in Boston, Cambridge:the MIT Press,2003, p.1.
①Chapter 616 of the Acts of 1955 (1955年7月28日批准,1955年8月27日生效)
② Barbara W. Moore, Gail Weesner, Beacon Hill, a Living Portrait, Boston:Centry Hill Press,2008, p.3.
① Moying Li-Marcus, Beacon Hill, the Life and Times of a Neighborhood, Boston:Northeastern University Press, 2002, pp.3-4.
② Barbara W. Moore, Gail Weesner, Beacon Hill, a Living Portrait, Boston:Centry Hill Press,2008, pp.4-8.
① Barbara W. Moore, Gail Weesner, Beacon Hill, a Living Portrait, Boston:Centry Hill Press,2008, pp.8-9.
② Raymond W. Stanley, Mr. Charles Bulfinch's Boston, Boston:Old Colony Trust Company,1963, pp.15-16.
①Barbara W. Moore, Gail Weesner, Beacon Hill, a Living Portrait, Boston:Centry Hill Press,2008, p.10.
②Harold Kirker, the Architecture of Charles Bulfinch, Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1969, pp.1-4.
③Talbot Hamlin, Greek Revival Architecture in America, New York:Oxford University Press,1944, p.91.
④Talbot Hamlin, Greek Revival Architecture in America, New York:Oxford University Press,1944, p.90.
①Raymond W. Stanley, Mr. Charles Buljinch's Boston, Boston:Old Colony Trust Company,1963, p.10.
②参见波士顿市政府宣传册：Beacon Hill and Bay Village, exploring Boston's Neighborhoods.
②Justin Winsor, the Memorial History of Boston, in Four Volumes, The Revolutionary Period, Vol. Ⅲ, Boston: James R. Osgood and Company,1882, pp.369-376.
① http://www.beacon-hill-boston.com/History
② Barbara W. Moore, Gail Weesner, Beacon Hill, a Living Portrait, Boston:Centry Hill Press,2008, p. 18.
① Moying Li-Marcus, Beacon Hill, the Life and Times of a Neighborhood, Boston:Northeastern University Press, 2002, pp.39-41.
②Moying Li-Marcus, Beacon Hill, the Life and Times of a Neighborhood, Boston:Northeastern University Press, 2002, pp.69-72.
③ Harold Kirker. the Architecture of Charles Bulfinch, Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1969, p.118.
① Barbara W. Moore, Gail Weesner, Beacon Hill, a Living Portrait, Boston:Centry Hill Press,2008, pp.15-17.
① Moying Li-Marcus, Beacon Hill, the Life and Times of a Neighborhood, Boston:Northeastern University Press, 2002, pp.7-9.
② James M. Lindgren, Preserving Historic New England:Preservation, Progressivism, and the Remaking of Memory, New York:Oxford University Press,1995, p.50.
③ Barbara W. Moore, Gail Weesner, Beacon Hill, a Living Portrait, Boston:Centry Hill Press,2008, p.19.
① Talbot Hamlin, Greek Revival Architecture in America, New York:Oxford University Press,1944, p. 92.
② M. A. DeWolfe Howe, Boston Landmarks, New York:Hastings House,1947, p3.
①波士顿地标委员会2002年调查资料,贝肯山南坡路易斯伯格广场1-19号。
① Ronald Story, Class and Culture in Boston:The Athenaeum,1807-1860, American Quarterly,27 (May 1975):178-199.
①BHAC档案资料,非洲人会堂(African Meeting House).乔伊衔46号(46 Joy Street)Introduction-History.
① Walter Muir Whitehill, Lawrence W. Kennedy, Boston:A Topographical History, Cambridge:the Belknap Press of Harvard University Press,2000, p.236.
① National Trust for Historic Preservation, Landmark Yellow Pages, Washington D. C.:the Preservation Press, 1993, p.4.
② Historic New England website:Architectural Style Guide: http://www.historicnewengland.org/preservation/your-older-or-historic-home/architectural-sty le-guide#federal-ada m-1780-1820
①美国阿肯色州建筑保护教育项目：历史建筑风格(Arkansas Historic Preservation Program) (PDF文件)www.arkansaspreservation.com
② National Trust for Historic Preservation, Landmark Yellow Pages. Washington D. C.:the Preservation Press, 1993, p.4.
③ Norman Tyler, Historic Preservation:An Introduction to Its History, Principles, and Practice, New York:W. W. Norton & Company,2009, p.70.
①蔡定剑： 《公众参与：奉献社会的制度建设》,北京：法律出版社,2009年,第3-6页；下周户：《公众参与的理论与实践》,北京：法律出版社,2011年,第2页。
②引自《马丘比丘宪章》“城市与区域”部分。
① Charles B. Hosmer, Jr., Presence of the Past:A History of the Preservation Movement in the United States before Williamsburg, New York:G. P. Putnam's Sons,1965, p.302.
②Norman Tyler, Historic Preservation:An Introduction to Its History, Principles, and Practice, New York:W. W. Norton & Company,2009, p.29.
③ Michael Holleran, Boston's "Changeful Times":Origins of Preservation and Planning in America, Baltimore: the Johns Hopkins University Press, Maryland,1998, p.85.
①Michael Holleran, Boston's "Changeful Times ":Origins of Preservation and Planning in America, Baltimore: the Johns Hopkins University Press, Maryland,1998, pp.91-92.
①Michael Holleran, Boston's "Changeful Times":Origins of Preservation and Planning in America, Baltimore: the Johns Hopkins University Press, Maryland,1998, pp.219-221.
②Michael Holleran, Boston's "Changeful Times":Origins of Preservation and Planning in America, Baltimore: the Johns Hopkins University Press, Maryland,1998, p.226.
③Moying Li-Marcus, Beacon Hill, the Life and Times of a Neighborhood, Boston:Northeastern University Press, 2002, pp.47-48.
① Max Page, Randall Mason, eds.. Giving Preservation a History:Histories of Historic Preservation in the United States, New York:Routledge,2004, pp.108-109.
②Moying l.i-Marcus, Beacon Hill, the Life and Times of a Neighborhood, Boston:Northeastern University Press, 2002, pp.54-55.
③ Michael Holleran, Boston's "Changeful Times":Origins of Preservation and Planning in America, Baltimore: the Johns Hopkins University Press, Maryland,1998,p.264. Moying Li-Marcus. Beacon Hill, the Life and Times of a Neighborhood, Boston:Northeastern University Press,2002, pp.45-47.
④Moying Li-Marcus. Beacon Hill, the Life and Times of a Neighborhood, Boston:Northeastern University Press, 2002, p.57.
①Jane Jacobs, The Death and Life of Great American cities, New York:Vintage,1992, p.272.
① Thomas H. O'Connor, Building a New Boston, Politics and Urban Renewal 1950-1970, Boston:Northeastern University Press,1993. pp.124-137.
②Moying Li-Marcus, Beacon Hill, the Life and Times of a Neighborhood, Boston:Northeastern University Press, 2002, p.103.
③Herbert J. Gans, Urban Villager:Group and Class in the Life of Italian Americans, New York:the Free Press, 1982, p.134.
④Moying Li-Marcus, Beacon Hill, the Life and Times of a Neighborhood, Boston:Northeastern University Press. 2002, pp.106-109.
⑤ Moying Li-Marcus, Beacon Hill, the Life and Times of a Neighborhood, Boston:Northeastern University Press, 2002, p.107.
①Moying Li-Marcus, Beacon Hill, the Life and Times of a Neighborhood, Boston:Northeastern University Press, 2002, pp.106-109.
②Moying Li-Marcus, Beacon Hill, the Life and Times of a Neighborhood, Boston:Northeastern University Press, 2002, p.116
③ Moying Li-Marcus, Beacon Hill, the Life and Times of a Neighborhood, Boston:Northeastern University Press, 2002, pp.117-118.
① Moying Li-Marcus, Beacon Hill, the Life and Times of a Neighborhood, Boston:Northeastern University Press, 2002, pp.131-132.
② Nathan Weinberg, Preservation in American Towns and Cities, Boulder:Westview Press,1979, pp.122-123.
①Beacon Hill Architectural Commission Archives,141 Cambridge Street, Beacon Hill.
①Application material, Beacon Hill Architectural Commission Archives,141 Cambridge Street,2010.
① Congressional Charter of the National Trust for Historic Preservation in the United States (PDF), http://www.preservationnation.org/who-we-are/annual-report-and-tax-returns/NTHP_Charter_1.pdf
② Advisory Council on Historic Preservation (ACHP):The National Historic Preservation Act (PDF), http://www.achp.gov/nhpa.html
① National Trust for Historic Preservation:Field Guide to Local Preservationist.
② National Trust for Historic Preservation:Field Guide to Local Preservationist.
①王周户： 《公众参与的理论与实践》,北京：法律出版社,2011年,第3-6页。
②北京文化遗产保护中心：http://www.bjchp.org/
③朱红：天津有个建筑遗产保护志愿者团队一直在文保路上奔跑, 《人民日报》,2012年7月31日。
①刘淑妍： 《公众参与导向的城市治理——利益相关者分析视角》,上海：同济大学出版社,2010年,第9页。
①Charles B. Hosmer, Jr., Presence of the Past, A History of the Preservation Movement in the United States before Williamsburg, New York:G. P. Putnam's Sons,1965, p.120.
① Walter Muir Whitehill, Lawrence W. Kennedy, Boston:A Topographical History, Cambridge:the Delknap Press of Harvard University Press,2000, p.236.
②City of Boston, Building Department, Beacon Hill Architectural Commission. Created by Chapter 616of the Act of 1955, Establishing the Historic Beacon Hill District.
①Beacon Hill Architectural Commission Enabling Legislation, p.4.
①Norman Tyler, Historic Preservation:An Introduction to Its History, Principles, and Practice, New York:W. W. Norton & Company,2009, p.40.
② William J. Murtagh, keeping time:The History and Theory of Preservation in America, I loboken:John Wiley and Sons,2006, pp.172-173.; Wikipedia:Historic Site Act:http://en.wikipedia.Org/wiki/Historic_Sites_Act
①Norman Tyler, Historic Preservation:An Introduction to Its History, Principles, and Practice, New York:W. W. Norton & Company,2009, pp.46-47.; William J. Murtagh, keeping time:The History and Theory of Preservation in America, Hoboken:John Wiley and Sons. pp.175-177, Advisory Council on Historic Preservation (ACI-IP):The National Historic Preservation Act (PDF), http://www.achp.gov/nhpa.html
① Advisory Council on Historic Preservation (ACHP):National Register Evaluation Criteria, http://www.achp.gov/nrcriteria.html
①Robert E. Stipe, A Richer Heritage:Historic Preservation in the Twenty-first Century, Chapel Hill and London: The University of North Carolina Press,2003, p.50.
① National Register of Historic Places Listings in Northern Boston, Massachusetts, Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National Register of Historic Places listings in northern Boston, Massachusetts
②Norman Tyler, Historic Preservation:An Introduction to Its History, Principles, and Practice, New York:W. W. Norton & Company,2009, p.156.
① Robert E. Stipe, A Richer Heritage:Historic Preservation in the Twenty-first Century, Chapel Hill and London: The University of North Carolina Press,2003, p.117.
① By-Law of the Boston Landmarks Commission (PDF)
②波士顿地标委员会网站：http://www.cityofboston.gov/boardsandcommissions/BLC.asp
① Boston Redevelopment Authority: http://www.bostonredevelopmentauthority.org/HomePageUtils/About_Us.asp 2-25-2013.
①来源：波士顿地标委员会(BLC)办公室材料。
②来源：贝肯山建筑委员会(BHAC)历史档案资料。
①笔者曾于2012年6月3日在波士顿市政府805房间对BHAC主任Caitlin Greeley进行访谈,资料来源于此次访谈记录。
①资料来源于笔者对BHAC主任Caitlin Greeley的访谈。
② Robert E. Stipe, A Richer Heritage:Historic Preservation in the Twenty-first Century, Chapel Hill and London: The University of North Carolina Press,2003, p.81.
③ Norman Tyler, Historic Preservation:An Introduction to Its History, Principles, and Practice, New York:W. W. Norton & Company,2009, p.52.
①Massachusetts State Historic Preservation Plan 2011-2015, p.10.
① Massachusetts Historic Commission, Massachusetts Preservation Projects Fund: http://www.sec.state.ma.us/mhc/mhcmppf/mppfidx.htm
① Massachusetts Historic Commission, The Massachusetts Historic Rehabilitation Tax Credit Program (PDF):http://www.sec.state.ma.us/mhc/mhctax/taxidx.htm
① Department of Conservation and Recreation:http://www.mass.gov/dcr/aboutDCR.htm
② Community Preservation Coalition:http://www.communitypreservation.org/
①William J. Murtagh, keeping time:The History and Theory of Preservation in America, Hoboken:John Wiley and Sons,2006, p.45.
①[芬]尤嘎·尤基莱托著,郭旃译： 《建筑保护史》,北京：中华书局,2011年,第372页。
① Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, About the ACHP:General Information: http://www.achp.gov/aboutachp.html (最后浏览时间：2013年2月13日)
② Robert E. Stipe, A Richer Heritage:Historic Preservation in the Twenty-first Century, Chapel Hill and London: The University of North Carolina Press,2003, p.40.
① Service Learning:http://www.servicelearning.org/service-learning-amp-historic-preservation/introduction(最后浏览日期：2013年2月14日)
②Milford Wayne Donaldson, Get Youth Involved, to Build a Better Preservation Ethic-and Nation, The Alliance Review,2011, May-June, pp.6-9.
③ BHAC档案资料,非裔会堂(African Meeting I louse),乔伊街46号(46 Joy Street) Note from the superintendent.
①Barbara W. Moore, Gail Weesner, Beacon Hill, a Living Portrait, Boston:Centry Hill Press,2008, pp.20-21.
②Beacon Hill Civic Association, structure:http://www.bhcivic.org/about/structure.htm
①Beacon Hill Civic Association, membership:http://www.bhcivic.org/membership/membership.htm
①Nathan Weinberg, Preservation in American Towns and Cities, Boulder:Westview Press,1979, pp.125-126.
①Michael Holleran, Boston's "Changeful Times":Origins of Preservation and Planning in America, Baltimore:the Johns Hopkins University Press, Maryland,1998, pp.218-226.
② James M. Lindgren, Preserving Historic New England:Preservation, Progressivism, and the Remaking of Memory, New York:Oxford University Press,1995, p.20.
①Charles B. Hosmer. Jr.. Preservation Comes of Age. From Williamsburg to the National Trust,1926-1949, Volume I, Charlottesville:the University Press of Virginia,1981. p.133.
② Steven W. Semes, The Future of the Past, New York:W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.,2009, p.130.
①Max Page, and Randall Mason, eds. Giving Preservation a History:Histories of Historic Preservation in the United States, New York:Routledge,2004, p.99.
② Historic New England:http://www.historicnewengland.org/preservation/copy_of_preservation-philosophy
① James Fitch, Historic Preservation:Curatorial Management of the Built World, New York:McGraw-Hill Book Company,1982, p.43.
②James Fitch, Historic Preservation:Curatorial Management of the Built World, New York:McGraw-Hill Book Company,1982, p.44.
③Charles B. Hosmer, Jr., Presence of the Past:A History of the Preservation Movement in the United States before Williamsburg, New York:G. P. Putnam's Sons,1965, p.302.
①Ormond H. Loomis, Cultural Conservation, The Protection of Cultural Heritage in the United States, Washington:Library of Congress,1983. p.60.
② Norman Tyler, Historic Preservation:An Introduction to Its History, Principles, and Practice, New York:W. W. Norton & Company,2009, p.43.
① National Trust for Historic Preservation, five principles for successful and sustainable heritage tourism: http://www.preservationnation.org/information-center/economics-of-revitalization/heritage-tourism/basics/the-five-principles.html 2-26-2013
②Elizabeth D. Mulloy, The History of the National Trust for Historic Preservation:1963-1973, Washington, D. C.:the Preservation Press,1976, p.37.
③ Norman Tyler, Historic Preservation:An Introduction to Its History, Principles, and Practice, New York:W. W. Norton & Company,2009, p.47.
① National Park Service, Four Approaches to the Treatment of Historic Properties: http://www.nps.gov/tps/standards.htm
Kay D. Weeks and Anne E. Grimmer, The Secretary of the Interior's Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties with Guidelines for Preserving, Rehabilitating, Restoring & Reconstructing, Washington D. C.:Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data,1995, p.1.
① Historic Beacon Hill District Architectural Guidelines, specific guidelines, masonry, City of Boston Environment Department.
①Donald W. Insall, The Care of Old Buildings Today, a Practical Guide, London:the Architectural Press,1972, p. 93.
② Historic Beacon Hill District Architectural Guidelines, specific guidelines, roof and roof structures, City of Boston Environment Department.
① Donald W. Insall, The Care of Old Buildings Today, a Practical Guide, London:the Architectural Press,1972, pp.150-151.
② Historic Beacon Hill District Architectural Guidelines
①Beacon Hill Architectural Commission, Archives,60 Beacon Street.
①[美]罗伯特·帕特南：《独自打保龄球：美国社区的衰落与复兴》,刘波、祝乃娟、张孜异、林挺进、郑寰译,燕继荣校,北京：北京大学出版社.2011年,第14页。
①[英]史蒂文·蒂耶斯德尔,蒂姆·希思,[土]塔内尔·厄奇著,张玫英,董卫译：《城市历史街区的复兴》,北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2006年,第203页。
①梁琦：菊儿胡同社区吸纳民意改规划,《北京青年报》,第A4版,2009年11月29日；胡同菊香(下),《北京日报》,A20版,2011年11月22日。
②胡同菊香(下), 《北京日报》,A20版,2011年11月22日。
①江平、蔡定剑、康晓光、李稻葵、孙立平,新闻中国三月论坛“改革与公众参与”,中国新闻周刊,2006年3月。
②江平、蔡定剑、康晓光、李稻葵、孙立平,新闻中国三月论坛”改革与公众参与”,中国新闻周刊,2006年3月。
①张松： 《城市文化遗产保护国际宪章与国内法规选编》,上海：同济大学出版社,第27页。
①北京文化遗产保护中心http://www.bjchp.org/
②天津有个建筑遗产保护志愿者团队一直在文保路上奔跑：http://www.dayoo.com/roll/201207/31/10001538_108824443.htm(2013年2月28日)
③潘雷：爱重庆就记下她,文物保护志愿者在行动, 《重庆商报》,2012年9月10日。
①National Trust for Historic Preservation:Preservation:Toward an Ethic in the 1980s, Washington, D. C.:the Preservation Press,1980, p.217.
①Steven W. Semes, The Future of the Past. New York:W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.,2009, p.159.
①[英]史蒂文·蒂耶斯德尔,蒂姆·希思,[土]塔内尔·厄奇著,张玫英,董卫译：《城市历史街区的复兴》,北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2006年,第204页。
①John Ruskin, The Seven Lamps of Architecture, London:Smith, Klder, and Co.,1849, p.172.
②Steven W. Semes, The Future of the Past, New York:W. W. Norton & Company， Inc.,2009, p.159.
1、Anu Ahniemi, Editor, Conservation Training-Needs and Ethics, ICOMOS-CIF Training Committee Meeting, Suomenlinna Helsinki Finland, Seminar papers, Gummerus Printing,1995.
2、Barbara W. Moore, Gail Weesner, Beacon Hill, a Living Portrait, Boston:Centry Hill Press,2008.
3、Charles B. Hosmer, Jr., Presence of the Past:A History of the Preservation Movement in the United States before Williamsburg, New York:G. P. Putnam's Sons,1965.
4、Charles B. Hosmer, Jr., Preservation Comes of Age, From Williamsburg to the National Trust,1926-1949, Volume Ⅰ、Ⅱ, Charlottesville:the University Press of Virginia,1981.
5、Cynthia Chalmers Bartlett, Beacon Hill, Images of America, Mount Pleasant: Arcadia Publishing,2004.
6、Daniel Bluestone, Buildings, Landscapes, and Memory, Case Studies in Historic Preservation, New York:W. W Norton & Company,2011.
7、David Hamer, History in Urban Places, the Historic Districts of the United States, Columbus:Ohio State University Press,1998.
8、David Lowenthal, The Heritage Crusade and the Spoils of history, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1998.
9、Diane Barthel, Historic Preservation, Collective Memory and Historical Identity, New Brunswick:Rutgers University Press,1996.
10、Diane Maddex, All About Buildings:the Whole Preservation Catalog, Washington, D. C.:Preservation Press,1985.
11、Donald W. Insall, The Care of Old Buildings Today, a Practical Guide, London: the Architectural Press,1972.
12、Donlyn Lyndon, the City Observed Boston, A Guide to the Architecture of the Hub, New York:Vintage books,1982.
13、Elizabeth D. Mulloy, The History of the National Trust for Historic Preservation: 1963-1973, Washington, D. C.:the Preservation Press,1976.
14、Freeman Tilden, Interpreting Our Heritage, Chapel Hill:The University of North Carolina Press,1977.
15、Gregory E. Andrews, Tax Incentives for Historic Preservation, National Trust of Historic Preservation, Washington D. C.:the Preservation Press,1980.
16、Harold & James Kirker, Bulfinch's Boston,1787-1817, New York:Oxford University Press,1964.
17、Harold Kirker, the Architecture of Charles Bulfinch, Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1969.
18、Herbert J. Gans, Urban Villager:Group and Class in the Life of Italian-Americans, New York:the Free Press,1982.
19、James C. Massey, Readiongs in Historic Presrvation, An Annotated Biblogrophy to the Key Books and Periodicals, Alexandria:National Preservation Institute, 1986.
20、James Fitch, Historic Preservation:Curatorial Management of the Built World, New York:McGraw-Hill Book Company,1982.
21、James M. Lindgren, Preserving Historic New England:Preservation, Progressivism, and the Remaking of Memory, New York:Oxford University Press, 1995.
22、John Freely, Boston and Cambridge, New York:W. W. Norton & Company Inc. 1984.
23、Jane Jacobs, The Death and Life of Great American cities, New York:Vintage, 1992.
24、John Ruskin, The Seven Lamps of Architecture, London:Smith, Elder, and Co., 1849.
25、Justin Winsor, the Memorial History of Boston, in Four Volumes, The Revolutionary Period, Boston:James R. Osgood and Company,1882.
26、Julie Zagars, National Trust for Historic Preservation, Preservation Yellow Pages, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,1997.
27、Kay D. Weeks and Anne E. Grimmer, The Secretary of the Interior's Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties with Guidelines for Preserving, Rehabilitating, Restoring & Reconstructing, Washington D. C.:Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data,1995.
28、Keith N. Morgan, Buildings of Massachusetts:Metropolitan Boston, Charlottesville and London:University of Virginia Press,2009.
29、Lawrence W. Kennedy, Planning the City upon a Hill, Boston since 1630, Amherst:the University of Massachusetts Press,1992.
30、Laurance Vail Coleman, Historic House Museums, Washington, D. C.:The Amervan Association of Museums,1993.
31、M. A. DeWolfe Howe, Boston Landmarks, New York:Hastings House,1947.
32、Mark Gelernter, A History of Amercan Architure:Buildings in their Cultural and Technological Context, Lebanon:University Press of New England,1999.
33、Max Page, Randall Mason, eds.. Giving Preservation a History:Histories of Historic Preservation in the United States, New York:Routledge,2004.
34、Michael A. Tomlan, Preservation of what, for whom? Critical Look at Historical Significance, the National Council for Preservation Education,1997.
35、Michael Holleran, Boston's "Changeful Times":Origins of Preservation and Planning in America, Baltimore:the Johns Hopkins University Press, Maryland, 1998.
36、Moying Li-Marcus, Beacon Hill, the Life and Times of a Neighborhood, Boston: Northeastern University Press,2002.
37、Nancy S. Seasholes, Gaining Ground:A History of Land Making in Boston, Cambridge:the MIT Press,2003.
38、Nathan Weinberg, Preservation in American Towns and Cities, Boulder: Westview Press,1979.
39、National Trust for Historic Preservation, Landmark Yellow Pages, Washington D. C.:the Preservation Press,1993.
40、National Trust for Historic Preservation, Preservation:Toward an Ethic in the 1980s, Washington, D. C.:the Preservation Press,1980.
41、Ned Kaufman:Place, Race and Story, Essays on the Past and Future of Historic Preservation, New York:Routledge,2009.
42、Norman Tyler, Historic Preservation:An Introduction to Its History, Principles, and Practice, New York:W. W. Norton & Company,2009.
43、Norman Williams Jr. & Edmund H. Kellogg, Frank B. Gilbert, Readings in Historic Preservation, Why? What? How?, Camden:Rutgers,1983.
44、Ormond H. Loomis, Cultural Conservation, The Protection of Cultural Heritage in the United States, Washington:Library of Congress,1983.
45、Pamela Dwight, General editor, Landmark Yellow Pages, National Trust for Historic Preservation, Washington D. C.:the Preservation Press,1993.
46、Raymond W. Stanley, Mr. Charles Bulfinch's Boston, Boston:Old Colony Trust Company,1963.
47、Richard L. Tubesing, Architectural Preservation in the United States 1965-1974: A Bibilography of Fedeal, State and Local Government Publications, Monticello: Council of Planning Librarians,1975.
48、Richard Moe and Carter Wilkie, Changing Places, Rebuilding Community in the Age of Sprawl, New York:Henry Holt and Company,1997.
49、Robert E. Stipe, A Richer Heritage:Historic Preservation in the Twenty-first Century, Chapel Hill and London:The University of North Carolina Press,2003.
50、Sam Bass Warner, JR., Greater Boston, Adapting Regional Traditions to the Present, Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Press,2001.
51、Santosh Ghosh, Architectural and Urban Conservation, Berkeley:Center for the Built Environment,1996.
52、Shand-Tucci, Douglass, Built in Boston:city and suburb,1800-2000, Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press,1999.
53、Sinclair H. Hitchings & Catherine H. Farlow, A New Guide to the Massachusetts State House, John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Company,1964.
54、Steven W. Semes, The Future of the Past, New York:W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.,2009.
55、Stewart Brand, How Buildings Learn:What Happens after They're Built, New York:Viking Penguin,1994.
56、Susan and Michael Southworth, AIA Guide to Boston, Guilford:the Globe Pequot Press,2008.
57、Talbot Hamlin, Greek Revival Architecture in America, New York:Oxford University Press,1944.
58、Thomas H. O'Connor, Building a New Boston, Politics and Urban Renewal 1950-1970, Boston:Northeastern University Press,1993.
59、Vitruvius Pollio, Ten Books of Architecture, Empire Books,2011.
60、Walter Muir Whitehill, Lawrence W. Kennedy, Boston:A Topographical History, Cambridge:the Belknap Press of Harvard University Press,2000.
61、William J. Murtagh, keeping time:The History and Theory of Preservation in America, Hoboken:John Wiley and Sons,2006.
62、W. Dennis Keating, Norman Krumholz and Philip Star, Revitalizing Urban Neighborhoods, Lawrence:University Press of Kansas,1996.
1、Adrian Scott Fine, Is the Teardown Trend Over? Forum Journal, Vol.23, No.04, (Summer 2009),35-38.
2、Anita Nowery Durel, What Can We Do for You? Broadening the Relevance and Reputation of Museums and Historic Sites, Forum Journal, Vol.23, No.04, (Summer 2009),27-34.
3、Ronald Story, Class and Culture in Boston:The Athenaeum,1807-1860, American Quarterly,27 (May 1975).
4、James L. Garvin, Education to Preserve Bridges and Dams as Capstones of Our Engineering Legacy, Preservation Education & Research,2008,Vol.1.1-14.
5、Milford Wayne Donaldson, Get Youth Involved, to Build a Better Preservation Ethic-and Nation, The Alliance Review, (May-June,2011).
6、Theodore H. M. Prudon, The "Modern" Challenge to Preservation, Forum Journal, Vol.24, No.4, (summer 2010),9-14.
7、Trent Nishols, Protecting the Neighborhood:Historic Preservation and Community Development, Forum Journal, Vol.26, No.1, (Fall 2011),41-48.
8、Daniel Bluestone, Academics in Tennis Shoes:Historic Preservation and the Academy, Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, Vol.58, No.3, Architectural History, (Sept.,1999),300-307.
9、Ned Kaufman, Historic Places and the Diversity Deficit in Heritage Conservation, CRM:The Journal of Heritage Stewardship, Vol.1, Number 2, (Summer 2004), 68-85.
10、Erica Avrami, Preservation and Sustainbility, CRM:The Journal of Heritage Stewardship, Vol.7, Number 2, (Summber 2010),20-23.
11、Rich Cook:Two Sisters:The Convergence of Ethics and Aesthetics in the Historic Preservation and Sustainability Movements, CRM:The Journal of Heritage Stewardship, Vol.7, Number 2, (Summber 2010),24-29.
12、Richard Longstreth, Architectural History and the Practice of Historic Preservation in the United States, The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, Vol.58, No.3, (Sep.,1999),326-333.
13、Richard Longstreth, I Can't See It, I Don't Understand It; and It Doesn't Look Old To Me, Historic Preservation Forum, (Fall 1995),6-15.
14、Richard Longstreth, Taste Versus History, Historic Preservation Forum, (May/June 1994),40-45.
15、Susan West Montgomery, New Economic Realities-and Strategies-for Local Preservation Organizations, Forum Journal, Vol.23, No.04, (Summer 2009), 14-18.
16、Thomas C. Hubka, Nomenclature and the Classification of Amercan (Vernacular) Housing, the Vernacular Architectural Forum, Van 111, (Spring 2007) 1-8.
1、National Park Service:http://www.nps.gov
2、National Trust for Historic Preservation:http://www.preservationnation.org/
3、Massachusetts Historic Commission:http://www.sec.state.ma.us/mhc/
4、Department of Conservation and Recreation: http://www.mass.gov/dcr/aboutDCR.htm
5、Community Preservation:http://www.communitypreservation.org/
6、Boston Landmarks Commission:http://www.cityofboston.gov
7、Boston Redevelopment Authority:http://www.bostonredevelopmentauthority.org
8、Beacon Hill Architectural Commission: http://www.cityofboston.gov/landmarks/historic/beaconhill.asp
9、Historic New England:http://www.historicnewengland.org
10、Beacon Hill Civic Association:http://www.bhcivic.org
11、Boston By Foot:http://www.walkboston.org/
12、Museum of African American History: http://www.afroammuseum.org/site3.htm
13、Historic New England website:Architectural Style Guide: http://www.historicnewengland.org/preservation/your-older-or-historic-home/archi tectural-style-guide#federal-adam-1780-1820
14、Arkansas Historic Preservation Program (PDF):www.arkansaspreservation.com
15、中国历史建筑保护网：http://www.aibaohu.com/
1、By-Law of the Boston Landmarks Commission
2、Beacon Hill Architectural Commission Enabling Legislation
3、Congressional Charter of the National Trust for Historic Preservation in the United States
4、Chapter 616 of the Acts of 1955
5、Historic Beacon Hill District Architectural Guidelines
6、Massachusetts State Historic Preservation Plan 2011-2015
7、The Massachusetts Historic Rehabilitation Tax Credit Program
8、The National Historic Preservation Act
1、蔡定剑：《公众参与：欧洲的制度和经验》,北京：法律出版社,2009年。
2、蔡定剑：《公众参与：风险社会制度建设》,北京：法律出版社,2009年。
3、常青,《建筑遗产的生存策略——保护与利用设计实验》,上海：同济大学出版社,2005年。
4、陈志华：《外国建筑史：19世纪末以前》,北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2004年。
5、[芬]尤嘎·尤基莱托著,郭旃译：《建筑保护史》,北京：中华书局,2011年。
6、顾江：《文化遗产经济学》,南京：南京大学出版社,2009年。
7、洪文迁：《纽约大都市规划百年：新城市化时期的探索与创新》,厦门：厦门大学出版社,2010年。
8、[加]Bob McKercher,[澳]Hilary du Cros著,朱路平译,《文化旅游与文化遗产管理》,天津：南开大学出版社,2006。
9、李振宇：《城市规划中的公众参与程序研究》,北京：法律出版社,2009年。
10、梁雪：《三城记：一个建筑师眼中的美国城市》,北京：三联书社,2004。
11、陆地：《建筑的生与死：历史性建筑再利用研究》,南京：东南大学出版社,2004。
12、刘淑妍：《公众参与导向的城市治理——利益相关者分析视角》,上海：同济大学出版社,2010年。
13、孟悦,罗钢主编：《物质文化读本》,北京：北京大学出版社,2008年。
14、阮仪三：《护城纪实》,北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2003年。
15、阮仪三、王景慧、王林：《历史文化名城保护理论与规划》,上海：同济大学出版社,2002年。
16、单霁翔：《从“文物保护”走向“文化遗产保护”》,天津：天津大学出版社,2008年。
17、[英]史蒂文·蒂耶斯德尔,蒂姆·希思,[土]塔内尔·厄奇著,张玫英,董卫译：《城市历史街区的复兴》,北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2006年。
18、孙龙：《公民参与：北京城市居民态度与行为实证研究》,北京：中国社会科学出版社,2011年。
19、王景慧：《保护历史街区的政策和方法》,北京：中国建筑工业出版社,1999年。
20、王旭：《美国城市发展模式,从城市化到大都市区划》,北京：清华大学出版社,2006年。
21、王旭：《美国城市化的历史解读》,长沙：岳麓书社,2003年。
22、[美]弗雷德里克·詹姆逊著,胡亚敏等译,北京：中国社会科学出版社,2000年。
23、[美]罗伯特·布鲁格曼著,吕晓惠,许明修,孙晶译：《城市蔓延简史》,北京：中国电力出版社,2009年。
24、[美]罗伯特·帕特南著,刘波等译,《独自打保龄：美国社区的衰落与复兴》,北京：北京大学出版社,2011年。
25、王周户：《公众参与的理论与实践》,北京：法律出版社,2011年。
26、张松：《城市文化遗产保护国际宪章与国内法规选编》,上海：同济大学出版社,2007年。
27、张松：《历史城市保护学导论——文化遗产和历史环境保护的一种整体性方 法》,上海：同济大学出版社,2008年
28、张松,王俊编：《我们的遗产·我们的未来——关于城市遗产保护的探索与思考》,上海：同济大学出版社,2008年。
29、张朝枝：《旅游与遗产保护：政府治理视角的理论与实证》,北京：中国旅游出版社,2006年。
30、张胜冰：《文化产业经营管理案例》,青岛：中国海洋大学出版社,2007年。
31、张胜冰、徐向昱,马树华：《世界文化产业概要》,昆明：云南大学出版社,2006年。
32、邹统钎：《中国旅游景区管理模式研究》,天津：南开大学出版社,2006年。
33、周晓华：《城市更新之市场模式》,北京：机械工业出版社,2007年。
1、管娟、郭玖玖：上海中心城区城市更新机制演进研究——以新天地、8号桥和田子坊为例,《上海城市规划》,2011年第4期。
2、江平、蔡定剑、康晓光、李稻葵、孙立平,新闻中国三月论坛“改革与公众参与”,《中国新闻周刊》,2006年第12期。
3、李燕宁：田子坊：上海历史街区更新的“自下而上”样本,《中国文化遗产》,2011年第3期。
4、刘耿、林歆：假古董还是情景剧?——上海历史街区保护模式博弈,《瞭望东方周刊》,2010年第37期。
5、龙灏、李昂博威：美国历史建筑保护体系研究及对我国的启示,《室内设计》2011年2期。
6、罗小未：上海新天地广场——旧城改造的一种模式,《时代建筑》,2001年第4期。
7、阮仪三,邵甬：精益求精,返璞归真——周庄古镇保护规划,《城市规划》,1999年第7期。
8、阮仪三,顾晓伟：对于我国历史街区保护实践模式的剖析,《同济大学学报》,2004年第5期。
9、沈海虹：美国文化遗产保护领域中的税费激励政策,《建筑学报》,2006年第6期。
10、谭佳音：我国历史文化街区动态保护模式的比较研究,《安徽建筑工业学院学报》,2007年第5期。
11、汪丽君、舒平、侯薇：冲突、多样性与公众参与——美国建筑历史遗产保护历程研究,《建筑学报》,2011年第5期。
12、王景慧：历史文化名城的概念辨析,《城市规划》,2011年第35卷第12期。
13、王景慧：文化遗产保护的新进展,《北京规划建设》,201 1年第3期。
14、张国超：美国公众参与文化遗产保护的经验与启示,《天中学刊》,2012年第4期。
15、张松,赵明：历史保护过程中的“绅士化”现象及其对策探讨,《中国名城》,2010年第9期。
16、郑利军、杨昌鸣：历史街区动态保护中的公众参与,《城市规划》,2005年第7期。
1、程晓燕：文物古迹保护法律制度研究,重庆：重庆大学硕士论文,2006年。
2、高畅：国外历史街区保护规划体系的对比研究,天津：天津大学硕士论文,2011年
3、贺丰：20世纪60年代美国历史保护运动研究,上海：华东师范大学硕士论文,2010年
4、刘婧：历史文化遗产保护中的公众参与,重庆：重庆大学硕士论文,2007年。
5、孙乐：历史街区复兴中的“城市触媒”策略研究,上海：同济大学硕士论文,2008。
6、穆焕伟：城市历史文化街区复兴策略的研究,哈尔滨：东北林业大学,2010年
7、王红军：美国建筑遗产保护历程研究,上海：同济大学博士论文,2006年。
8、王玉萍：城市旧城改造及文化遗产保护研究,上海：同济大学硕士论文,2006年。
9、张明欣：经营城市历史街区,上海：同济大学博士论文,2007年
10、郑利军：历史街区的动态保护研究,天津：天津大学博士论文,2004。
1、梁琦：菊儿胡同社区吸纳民意改规划,《北京青年报》,第A4版,2009年11月29日。
2、“梁林故居”违规拆除 节后开工复建,新京报,2012年1月29日,《北京新闻时政》A03版
3、胡同菊香(下),《北京日报》,A20版,2011年11月22日。
4、潘雷：爱重庆就记下她,文物保护志愿者在行动,《重庆商报》,2012年9月10口。
5、张松：历史文化名城应整体保护,《中国文化报》,2012年12月6日。
6、朱红：天津有个建筑遗产保护志愿者团队一直在文保路上奔跑,《人民日报》,2012年7月31日。
②“梁林故居”违规拆除竹后开工复建,新京报,2012年1月29日, 《北京新闻时政》A03版。
① Li-Marcus, Moying, Beacon Hill, the Life and Times of a Neighborhood, Boston:Northeastern University Press. 2002.
② Moore, Barbara W. & Weesner, Gail., Beacon Hill, a Living Portrait. Boston:Gentry Mill Press,2008.
① George W. Born, The Beacon Hill Historic District:Pioneer of the 1950s with Lessons for Today. Historic New England:http://www.historicnewengland.org/preservation/regional-resources/looking-forward-symposium
②Kirker, Harold & James. Bulfinch's Boston:1787-1817, New York:Oxford University Press,1964.
③ Kirker, Harold, The Architecture of Charles Bulfinch, Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1969.
④Raymond W. Stanley, Mr. Charles Bulfinch's Boston, Boston:Old Colony Trust Company,1963.
①Holleran, Michael, Boston's "Changeful Times", Origins of Preservation and Planning in America, Baltimore: the Johns Hopkins University Press, Maryland,1998. p.4.
①Holleran, Michael, Boston's "Changeful Times", Origins of Preservation and Planning in America, Baltimore: the Johns Hopkins University Press, Maryland,1998. p.238.
②同上,p.244.
③同上,p.135.
④同上,p.193.
②Lindgren, James M. Preserving Historic New England:Preservation, Progressivism, and the Remaking of Memory, New York:Oxford University Press,1995.
③Page, Max, and Randall Mason, eds. Giving Preservation a History:Histories of Historic Preservation in the United States. New York:Routledge,2004.
① Page, Max, and Randall Mason, eds. Giving Preservation a History:Histories of Historic Preservation in the United States. New York:Routledge,2004, p.10.
②同上,pp.11-13.
(?) Miller, Naomi and Morgan, Keith N. Boston Architecture:1975-1990. Munich:Prestel Verlag,1990.
(?) Morgan, Keith N., Candee, Richard M., eds. Building of Massachusetts:Metropolitan Boston. Charlottesville:University of Virginia Press,2009.
(?) Shand-Tucci, Douglass, Built in Boston:city and suburb,1800-2000, Amherst:University of Massachusetts Press,1999.
① Whitehill, Walter Muir and Kennedy, Lawrence W. Boston:A Topographical History, Cambridge:the Belknap Press of Harvard University Press,2000.
② Kennedy, Lawrence W. Planning the City upon a Hill, Boston since 1630. Amherst:the University of Massachusetts Press,1992.
③ Seasholes, Nancy S. Gaining Ground:A History of Land Making in Boston. Cambridge:the MIT Press,2003.
④ Charles B. Hosmer Jr. Presence of the Past:A History of the Preservation Movement in the United States before Williamsburg, New York:G.P. Putnam's Sons,1965.
⑤Charles B. Hosmer Jr. Preservation Comes of Age:From Williamsburg to the National Trust 1926-1949, Charlottesville:University Press of Virginia,1981.
⑥Hosmer, Charles B. Jr., Preservation Comes of Age, From Williamsburg to the National Trust,1926-1949, Volume I. Charlottesville:the University Press of Virginia.1981. p.378.
① James Fitch, Historic Preservation:Curatorial Management of the Built World, New York:McGraw-Hill Book Company,1982.
② Robert Stipe. A Richer Heritage:Historic Preservation in the Twenty-first Century. Chapel Hill and London: The University of North Carolina Press.2003.
③ William J. Murtagh, keeping time:The History and Theory of Preservation in America, Hoboken:John Wiley and Sons,2006.
④ Ned Kaufman:Place, Race and Story, Essays on the Past and Future of Historic Preservation, New York: Routledge,2009.
① National Trust for Historic Preservation, Landmark Yellow Pages, Washington D. C.:the Preservation Press, 1993.
②Gregory E. Andrews, Tax Incentives for Historic Preservation, National Trust of Historic Preservation, Washington D. C.:the Preservation Press,1980.
③[英]史蒂文·蒂耶斯德尔,蒂姆·希思,[土]塔内尔·厄奇著,张玫英,董卫译：《城市历史街区的复兴》,北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2006年。
①张松： 《历史城市保护学导论——文化遗产和历史环境保护的一种整体性方法》,上海：同济大学出版社,2008年。
②陆地： 《建筑的生与死：历史性建筑再利用研究》,南京：东南大学出版社,2004年。
③李和平、王敏：美国历史街区保护的推动模式, 《新建筑》,2009年第2期。
④阮仪三： 《护城纪实》,北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2003年。
⑤阮仪三、王景慧、王林： 《历史文化名城保护理论与规划》,上海：同济大学出版社,2002年。
① Barbara W. Moore, Gail Weesner, Beacon Hill, a Living Portrait, Boston:Centry Hill Press,2008, p.2.
② Nancy S. Seasholes, Gaining Ground:A History of Land Making in Boston, Cambridge:the MIT Press,2003, p. 2.
③ Lawrence W. Kennedy, Planning the City upon a Hill, Boston since 1630, Amherst:the University of Massachusetts Press,1992, p.60.
① Keith N. Morgan, Buildings of Massachusetts:Metropolitan Boston, Charlottesville and London:University of Virginia Press,2009, p.100.
①Nancy S. Seasholes, Gaining Ground A History of Land Making in Boston, Cambridge:the MIT Press,2003, p.1.
①Chapter 616 of the Acts of 1955 (1955年7月28日批准,1955年8月27日生效)
② Barbara W. Moore, Gail Weesner, Beacon Hill, a Living Portrait, Boston:Centry Hill Press,2008, p.3.
① Moying Li-Marcus, Beacon Hill, the Life and Times of a Neighborhood, Boston:Northeastern University Press, 2002, pp.3-4.
② Barbara W. Moore, Gail Weesner, Beacon Hill, a Living Portrait, Boston:Centry Hill Press,2008, pp.4-8.
① Barbara W. Moore, Gail Weesner, Beacon Hill, a Living Portrait, Boston:Centry Hill Press,2008, pp.8-9.
② Raymond W. Stanley, Mr. Charles Bulfinch's Boston, Boston:Old Colony Trust Company,1963, pp.15-16.
①Barbara W. Moore, Gail Weesner, Beacon Hill, a Living Portrait, Boston:Centry Hill Press,2008, p.10.
②Harold Kirker, the Architecture of Charles Bulfinch, Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1969, pp.1-4.
③Talbot Hamlin, Greek Revival Architecture in America, New York:Oxford University Press,1944, p.91.
④Talbot Hamlin, Greek Revival Architecture in America, New York:Oxford University Press,1944, p.90.
①Raymond W. Stanley, Mr. Charles Buljinch's Boston, Boston:Old Colony Trust Company,1963, p.10.
②参见波士顿市政府宣传册：Beacon Hill and Bay Village, exploring Boston's Neighborhoods.
②Justin Winsor, the Memorial History of Boston, in Four Volumes, The Revolutionary Period, Vol. Ⅲ, Boston: James R. Osgood and Company,1882, pp.369-376.
① http://www.beacon-hill-boston.com/History
② Barbara W. Moore, Gail Weesner, Beacon Hill, a Living Portrait, Boston:Centry Hill Press,2008, p. 18.
① Moying Li-Marcus, Beacon Hill, the Life and Times of a Neighborhood, Boston:Northeastern University Press, 2002, pp.39-41.
②Moying Li-Marcus, Beacon Hill, the Life and Times of a Neighborhood, Boston:Northeastern University Press, 2002, pp.69-72.
③ Harold Kirker. the Architecture of Charles Bulfinch, Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1969, p.118.
① Barbara W. Moore, Gail Weesner, Beacon Hill, a Living Portrait, Boston:Centry Hill Press,2008, pp.15-17.
① Moying Li-Marcus, Beacon Hill, the Life and Times of a Neighborhood, Boston:Northeastern University Press, 2002, pp.7-9.
② James M. Lindgren, Preserving Historic New England:Preservation, Progressivism, and the Remaking of Memory, New York:Oxford University Press,1995, p.50.
③ Barbara W. Moore, Gail Weesner, Beacon Hill, a Living Portrait, Boston:Centry Hill Press,2008, p.19.
① Talbot Hamlin, Greek Revival Architecture in America, New York:Oxford University Press,1944, p. 92.
② M. A. DeWolfe Howe, Boston Landmarks, New York:Hastings House,1947, p3.
①波士顿地标委员会2002年调查资料,贝肯山南坡路易斯伯格广场1-19号。
① Ronald Story, Class and Culture in Boston:The Athenaeum,1807-1860, American Quarterly,27 (May 1975):178-199.
①BHAC档案资料,非洲人会堂(African Meeting House).乔伊衔46号(46 Joy Street)Introduction-History.
① Walter Muir Whitehill, Lawrence W. Kennedy, Boston:A Topographical History, Cambridge:the Belknap Press of Harvard University Press,2000, p.236.
① National Trust for Historic Preservation, Landmark Yellow Pages, Washington D. C.:the Preservation Press, 1993, p.4.
② Historic New England website:Architectural Style Guide: http://www.historicnewengland.org/preservation/your-older-or-historic-home/architectural-sty le-guide#federal-ada m-1780-1820
①美国阿肯色州建筑保护教育项目：历史建筑风格(Arkansas Historic Preservation Program) (PDF文件)www.arkansaspreservation.com
② National Trust for Historic Preservation, Landmark Yellow Pages. Washington D. C.:the Preservation Press, 1993, p.4.
③ Norman Tyler, Historic Preservation:An Introduction to Its History, Principles, and Practice, New York:W. W. Norton & Company,2009, p.70.
①蔡定剑： 《公众参与：奉献社会的制度建设》,北京：法律出版社,2009年,第3-6页；下周户：《公众参与的理论与实践》,北京：法律出版社,2011年,第2页。
②引自《马丘比丘宪章》“城市与区域”部分。
① Charles B. Hosmer, Jr., Presence of the Past:A History of the Preservation Movement in the United States before Williamsburg, New York:G. P. Putnam's Sons,1965, p.302.
②Norman Tyler, Historic Preservation:An Introduction to Its History, Principles, and Practice, New York:W. W. Norton & Company,2009, p.29.
③ Michael Holleran, Boston's "Changeful Times":Origins of Preservation and Planning in America, Baltimore: the Johns Hopkins University Press, Maryland,1998, p.85.
①Michael Holleran, Boston's "Changeful Times ":Origins of Preservation and Planning in America, Baltimore: the Johns Hopkins University Press, Maryland,1998, pp.91-92.
①Michael Holleran, Boston's "Changeful Times":Origins of Preservation and Planning in America, Baltimore: the Johns Hopkins University Press, Maryland,1998, pp.219-221.
②Michael Holleran, Boston's "Changeful Times":Origins of Preservation and Planning in America, Baltimore: the Johns Hopkins University Press, Maryland,1998, p.226.
③Moying Li-Marcus, Beacon Hill, the Life and Times of a Neighborhood, Boston:Northeastern University Press, 2002, pp.47-48.
① Max Page, Randall Mason, eds.. Giving Preservation a History:Histories of Historic Preservation in the United States, New York:Routledge,2004, pp.108-109.
②Moying l.i-Marcus, Beacon Hill, the Life and Times of a Neighborhood, Boston:Northeastern University Press, 2002, pp.54-55.
③ Michael Holleran, Boston's "Changeful Times":Origins of Preservation and Planning in America, Baltimore: the Johns Hopkins University Press, Maryland,1998,p.264. Moying Li-Marcus. Beacon Hill, the Life and Times of a Neighborhood, Boston:Northeastern University Press,2002, pp.45-47.
④Moying Li-Marcus. Beacon Hill, the Life and Times of a Neighborhood, Boston:Northeastern University Press, 2002, p.57.
①Jane Jacobs, The Death and Life of Great American cities, New York:Vintage,1992, p.272.
① Thomas H. O'Connor, Building a New Boston, Politics and Urban Renewal 1950-1970, Boston:Northeastern University Press,1993. pp.124-137.
②Moying Li-Marcus, Beacon Hill, the Life and Times of a Neighborhood, Boston:Northeastern University Press, 2002, p.103.
③Herbert J. Gans, Urban Villager:Group and Class in the Life of Italian Americans, New York:the Free Press, 1982, p.134.
④Moying Li-Marcus, Beacon Hill, the Life and Times of a Neighborhood, Boston:Northeastern University Press. 2002, pp.106-109.
⑤ Moying Li-Marcus, Beacon Hill, the Life and Times of a Neighborhood, Boston:Northeastern University Press, 2002, p.107.
①Moying Li-Marcus, Beacon Hill, the Life and Times of a Neighborhood, Boston:Northeastern University Press, 2002, pp.106-109.
②Moying Li-Marcus, Beacon Hill, the Life and Times of a Neighborhood, Boston:Northeastern University Press, 2002, p.116
③ Moying Li-Marcus, Beacon Hill, the Life and Times of a Neighborhood, Boston:Northeastern University Press, 2002, pp.117-118.
① Moying Li-Marcus, Beacon Hill, the Life and Times of a Neighborhood, Boston:Northeastern University Press, 2002, pp.131-132.
② Nathan Weinberg, Preservation in American Towns and Cities, Boulder:Westview Press,1979, pp.122-123.
①Beacon Hill Architectural Commission Archives,141 Cambridge Street, Beacon Hill.
①Application material, Beacon Hill Architectural Commission Archives,141 Cambridge Street,2010.
① Congressional Charter of the National Trust for Historic Preservation in the United States (PDF), http://www.preservationnation.org/who-we-are/annual-report-and-tax-returns/NTHP_Charter_1.pdf
② Advisory Council on Historic Preservation (ACHP):The National Historic Preservation Act (PDF), http://www.achp.gov/nhpa.html
① National Trust for Historic Preservation:Field Guide to Local Preservationist.
② National Trust for Historic Preservation:Field Guide to Local Preservationist.
①王周户： 《公众参与的理论与实践》,北京：法律出版社,2011年,第3-6页。
②北京文化遗产保护中心：http://www.bjchp.org/
③朱红：天津有个建筑遗产保护志愿者团队一直在文保路上奔跑, 《人民日报》,2012年7月31日。
①刘淑妍： 《公众参与导向的城市治理——利益相关者分析视角》,上海：同济大学出版社,2010年,第9页。
①Charles B. Hosmer, Jr., Presence of the Past, A History of the Preservation Movement in the United States before Williamsburg, New York:G. P. Putnam's Sons,1965, p.120.
① Walter Muir Whitehill, Lawrence W. Kennedy, Boston:A Topographical History, Cambridge:the Delknap Press of Harvard University Press,2000, p.236.
②City of Boston, Building Department, Beacon Hill Architectural Commission. Created by Chapter 616of the Act of 1955, Establishing the Historic Beacon Hill District.
①Beacon Hill Architectural Commission Enabling Legislation, p.4.
①Norman Tyler, Historic Preservation:An Introduction to Its History, Principles, and Practice, New York:W. W. Norton & Company,2009, p.40.
② William J. Murtagh, keeping time:The History and Theory of Preservation in America, I loboken:John Wiley and Sons,2006, pp.172-173.; Wikipedia:Historic Site Act:http://en.wikipedia.Org/wiki/Historic_Sites_Act
①Norman Tyler, Historic Preservation:An Introduction to Its History, Principles, and Practice, New York:W. W. Norton & Company,2009, pp.46-47.; William J. Murtagh, keeping time:The History and Theory of Preservation in America, Hoboken:John Wiley and Sons. pp.175-177, Advisory Council on Historic Preservation (ACI-IP):The National Historic Preservation Act (PDF), http://www.achp.gov/nhpa.html
① Advisory Council on Historic Preservation (ACHP):National Register Evaluation Criteria, http://www.achp.gov/nrcriteria.html
①Robert E. Stipe, A Richer Heritage:Historic Preservation in the Twenty-first Century, Chapel Hill and London: The University of North Carolina Press,2003, p.50.
① National Register of Historic Places Listings in Northern Boston, Massachusetts, Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National Register of Historic Places listings in northern Boston, Massachusetts
②Norman Tyler, Historic Preservation:An Introduction to Its History, Principles, and Practice, New York:W. W. Norton & Company,2009, p.156.
① Robert E. Stipe, A Richer Heritage:Historic Preservation in the Twenty-first Century, Chapel Hill and London: The University of North Carolina Press,2003, p.117.
① By-Law of the Boston Landmarks Commission (PDF)
②波士顿地标委员会网站：http://www.cityofboston.gov/boardsandcommissions/BLC.asp
① Boston Redevelopment Authority: http://www.bostonredevelopmentauthority.org/HomePageUtils/About_Us.asp 2-25-2013.
①来源：波士顿地标委员会(BLC)办公室材料。
②来源：贝肯山建筑委员会(BHAC)历史档案资料。
①笔者曾于2012年6月3日在波士顿市政府805房间对BHAC主任Caitlin Greeley进行访谈,资料来源于此次访谈记录。
①资料来源于笔者对BHAC主任Caitlin Greeley的访谈。
② Robert E. Stipe, A Richer Heritage:Historic Preservation in the Twenty-first Century, Chapel Hill and London: The University of North Carolina Press,2003, p.81.
③ Norman Tyler, Historic Preservation:An Introduction to Its History, Principles, and Practice, New York:W. W. Norton & Company,2009, p.52.
①Massachusetts State Historic Preservation Plan 2011-2015, p.10.
① Massachusetts Historic Commission, Massachusetts Preservation Projects Fund: http://www.sec.state.ma.us/mhc/mhcmppf/mppfidx.htm
① Massachusetts Historic Commission, The Massachusetts Historic Rehabilitation Tax Credit Program (PDF):http://www.sec.state.ma.us/mhc/mhctax/taxidx.htm
① Department of Conservation and Recreation:http://www.mass.gov/dcr/aboutDCR.htm
② Community Preservation Coalition:http://www.communitypreservation.org/
①William J. Murtagh, keeping time:The History and Theory of Preservation in America, Hoboken:John Wiley and Sons,2006, p.45.
①[芬]尤嘎·尤基莱托著,郭旃译： 《建筑保护史》,北京：中华书局,2011年,第372页。
① Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, About the ACHP:General Information: http://www.achp.gov/aboutachp.html (最后浏览时间：2013年2月13日)
② Robert E. Stipe, A Richer Heritage:Historic Preservation in the Twenty-first Century, Chapel Hill and London: The University of North Carolina Press,2003, p.40.
① Service Learning:http://www.servicelearning.org/service-learning-amp-historic-preservation/introduction(最后浏览日期：2013年2月14日)
②Milford Wayne Donaldson, Get Youth Involved, to Build a Better Preservation Ethic-and Nation, The Alliance Review,2011, May-June, pp.6-9.
③ BHAC档案资料,非裔会堂(African Meeting I louse),乔伊街46号(46 Joy Street) Note from the superintendent.
①Barbara W. Moore, Gail Weesner, Beacon Hill, a Living Portrait, Boston:Centry Hill Press,2008, pp.20-21.
②Beacon Hill Civic Association, structure:http://www.bhcivic.org/about/structure.htm
①Beacon Hill Civic Association, membership:http://www.bhcivic.org/membership/membership.htm
①Nathan Weinberg, Preservation in American Towns and Cities, Boulder:Westview Press,1979, pp.125-126.
①Michael Holleran, Boston's "Changeful Times":Origins of Preservation and Planning in America, Baltimore:the Johns Hopkins University Press, Maryland,1998, pp.218-226.
② James M. Lindgren, Preserving Historic New England:Preservation, Progressivism, and the Remaking of Memory, New York:Oxford University Press,1995, p.20.
①Charles B. Hosmer. Jr.. Preservation Comes of Age. From Williamsburg to the National Trust,1926-1949, Volume I, Charlottesville:the University Press of Virginia,1981. p.133.
② Steven W. Semes, The Future of the Past, New York:W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.,2009, p.130.
①Max Page, and Randall Mason, eds. Giving Preservation a History:Histories of Historic Preservation in the United States, New York:Routledge,2004, p.99.
② Historic New England:http://www.historicnewengland.org/preservation/copy_of_preservation-philosophy
① James Fitch, Historic Preservation:Curatorial Management of the Built World, New York:McGraw-Hill Book Company,1982, p.43.
②James Fitch, Historic Preservation:Curatorial Management of the Built World, New York:McGraw-Hill Book Company,1982, p.44.
③Charles B. Hosmer, Jr., Presence of the Past:A History of the Preservation Movement in the United States before Williamsburg, New York:G. P. Putnam's Sons,1965, p.302.
①Ormond H. Loomis, Cultural Conservation, The Protection of Cultural Heritage in the United States, Washington:Library of Congress,1983. p.60.
② Norman Tyler, Historic Preservation:An Introduction to Its History, Principles, and Practice, New York:W. W. Norton & Company,2009, p.43.
① National Trust for Historic Preservation, five principles for successful and sustainable heritage tourism: http://www.preservationnation.org/information-center/economics-of-revitalization/heritage-tourism/basics/the-five-principles.html 2-26-2013
②Elizabeth D. Mulloy, The History of the National Trust for Historic Preservation:1963-1973, Washington, D. C.:the Preservation Press,1976, p.37.
③ Norman Tyler, Historic Preservation:An Introduction to Its History, Principles, and Practice, New York:W. W. Norton & Company,2009, p.47.
① National Park Service, Four Approaches to the Treatment of Historic Properties: http://www.nps.gov/tps/standards.htm
Kay D. Weeks and Anne E. Grimmer, The Secretary of the Interior's Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties with Guidelines for Preserving, Rehabilitating, Restoring & Reconstructing, Washington D. C.:Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data,1995, p.1.
① Historic Beacon Hill District Architectural Guidelines, specific guidelines, masonry, City of Boston Environment Department.
①Donald W. Insall, The Care of Old Buildings Today, a Practical Guide, London:the Architectural Press,1972, p. 93.
② Historic Beacon Hill District Architectural Guidelines, specific guidelines, roof and roof structures, City of Boston Environment Department.
① Donald W. Insall, The Care of Old Buildings Today, a Practical Guide, London:the Architectural Press,1972, pp.150-151.
② Historic Beacon Hill District Architectural Guidelines
①Beacon Hill Architectural Commission, Archives,60 Beacon Street.
①[美]罗伯特·帕特南：《独自打保龄球：美国社区的衰落与复兴》,刘波、祝乃娟、张孜异、林挺进、郑寰译,燕继荣校,北京：北京大学出版社.2011年,第14页。
①[英]史蒂文·蒂耶斯德尔,蒂姆·希思,[土]塔内尔·厄奇著,张玫英,董卫译：《城市历史街区的复兴》,北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2006年,第203页。
①梁琦：菊儿胡同社区吸纳民意改规划,《北京青年报》,第A4版,2009年11月29日；胡同菊香(下),《北京日报》,A20版,2011年11月22日。
②胡同菊香(下), 《北京日报》,A20版,2011年11月22日。
①江平、蔡定剑、康晓光、李稻葵、孙立平,新闻中国三月论坛“改革与公众参与”,中国新闻周刊,2006年3月。
②江平、蔡定剑、康晓光、李稻葵、孙立平,新闻中国三月论坛”改革与公众参与”,中国新闻周刊,2006年3月。
①张松： 《城市文化遗产保护国际宪章与国内法规选编》,上海：同济大学出版社,第27页。
①北京文化遗产保护中心http://www.bjchp.org/
②天津有个建筑遗产保护志愿者团队一直在文保路上奔跑：http://www.dayoo.com/roll/201207/31/10001538_108824443.htm(2013年2月28日)
③潘雷：爱重庆就记下她,文物保护志愿者在行动, 《重庆商报》,2012年9月10日。
①National Trust for Historic Preservation:Preservation:Toward an Ethic in the 1980s, Washington, D. C.:the Preservation Press,1980, p.217.
①Steven W. Semes, The Future of the Past. New York:W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.,2009, p.159.
①[英]史蒂文·蒂耶斯德尔,蒂姆·希思,[土]塔内尔·厄奇著,张玫英,董卫译：《城市历史街区的复兴》,北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2006年,第204页。
①John Ruskin, The Seven Lamps of Architecture, London:Smith, Klder, and Co.,1849, p.172.
②Steven W. Semes, The Future of the Past, New York:W. W. Norton & Company， Inc.,2009, p.159.
1、Anu Ahniemi, Editor, Conservation Training-Needs and Ethics, ICOMOS-CIF Training Committee Meeting, Suomenlinna Helsinki Finland, Seminar papers, Gummerus Printing,1995.
2、Barbara W. Moore, Gail Weesner, Beacon Hill, a Living Portrait, Boston:Centry Hill Press,2008.
3、Charles B. Hosmer, Jr., Presence of the Past:A History of the Preservation Movement in the United States before Williamsburg, New York:G. P. Putnam's Sons,1965.
4、Charles B. Hosmer, Jr., Preservation Comes of Age, From Williamsburg to the National Trust,1926-1949, Volume Ⅰ、Ⅱ, Charlottesville:the University Press of Virginia,1981.
5、Cynthia Chalmers Bartlett, Beacon Hill, Images of America, Mount Pleasant: Arcadia Publishing,2004.
6、Daniel Bluestone, Buildings, Landscapes, and Memory, Case Studies in Historic Preservation, New York:W. W Norton & Company,2011.
7、David Hamer, History in Urban Places, the Historic Districts of the United States, Columbus:Ohio State University Press,1998.
8、David Lowenthal, The Heritage Crusade and the Spoils of history, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1998.
9、Diane Barthel, Historic Preservation, Collective Memory and Historical Identity, New Brunswick:Rutgers University Press,1996.
10、Diane Maddex, All About Buildings:the Whole Preservation Catalog, Washington, D. C.:Preservation Press,1985.
11、Donald W. Insall, The Care of Old Buildings Today, a Practical Guide, London: the Architectural Press,1972.
12、Donlyn Lyndon, the City Observed Boston, A Guide to the Architecture of the Hub, New York:Vintage books,1982.
13、Elizabeth D. Mulloy, The History of the National Trust for Historic Preservation: 1963-1973, Washington, D. C.:the Preservation Press,1976.
14、Freeman Tilden, Interpreting Our Heritage, Chapel Hill:The University of North Carolina Press,1977.
15、Gregory E. Andrews, Tax Incentives for Historic Preservation, National Trust of Historic Preservation, Washington D. C.:the Preservation Press,1980.
16、Harold & James Kirker, Bulfinch's Boston,1787-1817, New York:Oxford University Press,1964.
17、Harold Kirker, the Architecture of Charles Bulfinch, Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1969.
18、Herbert J. Gans, Urban Villager:Group and Class in the Life of Italian-Americans, New York:the Free Press,1982.
19、James C. Massey, Readiongs in Historic Presrvation, An Annotated Biblogrophy to the Key Books and Periodicals, Alexandria:National Preservation Institute, 1986.
20、James Fitch, Historic Preservation:Curatorial Management of the Built World, New York:McGraw-Hill Book Company,1982.
21、James M. Lindgren, Preserving Historic New England:Preservation, Progressivism, and the Remaking of Memory, New York:Oxford University Press, 1995.
22、John Freely, Boston and Cambridge, New York:W. W. Norton & Company Inc. 1984.
23、Jane Jacobs, The Death and Life of Great American cities, New York:Vintage, 1992.
24、John Ruskin, The Seven Lamps of Architecture, London:Smith, Elder, and Co., 1849.
25、Justin Winsor, the Memorial History of Boston, in Four Volumes, The Revolutionary Period, Boston:James R. Osgood and Company,1882.
26、Julie Zagars, National Trust for Historic Preservation, Preservation Yellow Pages, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,1997.
27、Kay D. Weeks and Anne E. Grimmer, The Secretary of the Interior's Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties with Guidelines for Preserving, Rehabilitating, Restoring & Reconstructing, Washington D. C.:Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data,1995.
28、Keith N. Morgan, Buildings of Massachusetts:Metropolitan Boston, Charlottesville and London:University of Virginia Press,2009.
29、Lawrence W. Kennedy, Planning the City upon a Hill, Boston since 1630, Amherst:the University of Massachusetts Press,1992.
30、Laurance Vail Coleman, Historic House Museums, Washington, D. C.:The Amervan Association of Museums,1993.
31、M. A. DeWolfe Howe, Boston Landmarks, New York:Hastings House,1947.
32、Mark Gelernter, A History of Amercan Architure:Buildings in their Cultural and Technological Context, Lebanon:University Press of New England,1999.
33、Max Page, Randall Mason, eds.. Giving Preservation a History:Histories of Historic Preservation in the United States, New York:Routledge,2004.
34、Michael A. Tomlan, Preservation of what, for whom? Critical Look at Historical Significance, the National Council for Preservation Education,1997.
35、Michael Holleran, Boston's "Changeful Times":Origins of Preservation and Planning in America, Baltimore:the Johns Hopkins University Press, Maryland, 1998.
36、Moying Li-Marcus, Beacon Hill, the Life and Times of a Neighborhood, Boston: Northeastern University Press,2002.
37、Nancy S. Seasholes, Gaining Ground:A History of Land Making in Boston, Cambridge:the MIT Press,2003.
38、Nathan Weinberg, Preservation in American Towns and Cities, Boulder: Westview Press,1979.
39、National Trust for Historic Preservation, Landmark Yellow Pages, Washington D. C.:the Preservation Press,1993.
40、National Trust for Historic Preservation, Preservation:Toward an Ethic in the 1980s, Washington, D. C.:the Preservation Press,1980.
41、Ned Kaufman:Place, Race and Story, Essays on the Past and Future of Historic Preservation, New York:Routledge,2009.
42、Norman Tyler, Historic Preservation:An Introduction to Its History, Principles, and Practice, New York:W. W. Norton & Company,2009.
43、Norman Williams Jr. & Edmund H. Kellogg, Frank B. Gilbert, Readings in Historic Preservation, Why? What? How?, Camden:Rutgers,1983.
44、Ormond H. Loomis, Cultural Conservation, The Protection of Cultural Heritage in the United States, Washington:Library of Congress,1983.
45、Pamela Dwight, General editor, Landmark Yellow Pages, National Trust for Historic Preservation, Washington D. C.:the Preservation Press,1993.
46、Raymond W. Stanley, Mr. Charles Bulfinch's Boston, Boston:Old Colony Trust Company,1963.
47、Richard L. Tubesing, Architectural Preservation in the United States 1965-1974: A Bibilography of Fedeal, State and Local Government Publications, Monticello: Council of Planning Librarians,1975.
48、Richard Moe and Carter Wilkie, Changing Places, Rebuilding Community in the Age of Sprawl, New York:Henry Holt and Company,1997.
49、Robert E. Stipe, A Richer Heritage:Historic Preservation in the Twenty-first Century, Chapel Hill and London:The University of North Carolina Press,2003.
50、Sam Bass Warner, JR., Greater Boston, Adapting Regional Traditions to the Present, Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Press,2001.
51、Santosh Ghosh, Architectural and Urban Conservation, Berkeley:Center for the Built Environment,1996.
52、Shand-Tucci, Douglass, Built in Boston:city and suburb,1800-2000, Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press,1999.
53、Sinclair H. Hitchings & Catherine H. Farlow, A New Guide to the Massachusetts State House, John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Company,1964.
54、Steven W. Semes, The Future of the Past, New York:W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.,2009.
55、Stewart Brand, How Buildings Learn:What Happens after They're Built, New York:Viking Penguin,1994.
56、Susan and Michael Southworth, AIA Guide to Boston, Guilford:the Globe Pequot Press,2008.
57、Talbot Hamlin, Greek Revival Architecture in America, New York:Oxford University Press,1944.
58、Thomas H. O'Connor, Building a New Boston, Politics and Urban Renewal 1950-1970, Boston:Northeastern University Press,1993.
59、Vitruvius Pollio, Ten Books of Architecture, Empire Books,2011.
60、Walter Muir Whitehill, Lawrence W. Kennedy, Boston:A Topographical History, Cambridge:the Belknap Press of Harvard University Press,2000.
61、William J. Murtagh, keeping time:The History and Theory of Preservation in America, Hoboken:John Wiley and Sons,2006.
62、W. Dennis Keating, Norman Krumholz and Philip Star, Revitalizing Urban Neighborhoods, Lawrence:University Press of Kansas,1996.
1、Adrian Scott Fine, Is the Teardown Trend Over? Forum Journal, Vol.23, No.04, (Summer 2009),35-38.
2、Anita Nowery Durel, What Can We Do for You? Broadening the Relevance and Reputation of Museums and Historic Sites, Forum Journal, Vol.23, No.04, (Summer 2009),27-34.
3、Ronald Story, Class and Culture in Boston:The Athenaeum,1807-1860, American Quarterly,27 (May 1975).
4、James L. Garvin, Education to Preserve Bridges and Dams as Capstones of Our Engineering Legacy, Preservation Education & Research,2008,Vol.1.1-14.
5、Milford Wayne Donaldson, Get Youth Involved, to Build a Better Preservation Ethic-and Nation, The Alliance Review, (May-June,2011).
6、Theodore H. M. Prudon, The "Modern" Challenge to Preservation, Forum Journal, Vol.24, No.4, (summer 2010),9-14.
7、Trent Nishols, Protecting the Neighborhood:Historic Preservation and Community Development, Forum Journal, Vol.26, No.1, (Fall 2011),41-48.
8、Daniel Bluestone, Academics in Tennis Shoes:Historic Preservation and the Academy, Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, Vol.58, No.3, Architectural History, (Sept.,1999),300-307.
9、Ned Kaufman, Historic Places and the Diversity Deficit in Heritage Conservation, CRM:The Journal of Heritage Stewardship, Vol.1, Number 2, (Summer 2004), 68-85.
10、Erica Avrami, Preservation and Sustainbility, CRM:The Journal of Heritage Stewardship, Vol.7, Number 2, (Summber 2010),20-23.
11、Rich Cook:Two Sisters:The Convergence of Ethics and Aesthetics in the Historic Preservation and Sustainability Movements, CRM:The Journal of Heritage Stewardship, Vol.7, Number 2, (Summber 2010),24-29.
12、Richard Longstreth, Architectural History and the Practice of Historic Preservation in the United States, The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, Vol.58, No.3, (Sep.,1999),326-333.
13、Richard Longstreth, I Can't See It, I Don't Understand It; and It Doesn't Look Old To Me, Historic Preservation Forum, (Fall 1995),6-15.
14、Richard Longstreth, Taste Versus History, Historic Preservation Forum, (May/June 1994),40-45.
15、Susan West Montgomery, New Economic Realities-and Strategies-for Local Preservation Organizations, Forum Journal, Vol.23, No.04, (Summer 2009), 14-18.
16、Thomas C. Hubka, Nomenclature and the Classification of Amercan (Vernacular) Housing, the Vernacular Architectural Forum, Van 111, (Spring 2007) 1-8.
1、National Park Service:http://www.nps.gov
2、National Trust for Historic Preservation:http://www.preservationnation.org/
3、Massachusetts Historic Commission:http://www.sec.state.ma.us/mhc/
4、Department of Conservation and Recreation: http://www.mass.gov/dcr/aboutDCR.htm
5、Community Preservation:http://www.communitypreservation.org/
6、Boston Landmarks Commission:http://www.cityofboston.gov
7、Boston Redevelopment Authority:http://www.bostonredevelopmentauthority.org
8、Beacon Hill Architectural Commission: http://www.cityofboston.gov/landmarks/historic/beaconhill.asp
9、Historic New England:http://www.historicnewengland.org
10、Beacon Hill Civic Association:http://www.bhcivic.org
11、Boston By Foot:http://www.walkboston.org/
12、Museum of African American History: http://www.afroammuseum.org/site3.htm
13、Historic New England website:Architectural Style Guide: http://www.historicnewengland.org/preservation/your-older-or-historic-home/archi tectural-style-guide#federal-adam-1780-1820
14、Arkansas Historic Preservation Program (PDF):www.arkansaspreservation.com
15、中国历史建筑保护网：http://www.aibaohu.com/
1、By-Law of the Boston Landmarks Commission
2、Beacon Hill Architectural Commission Enabling Legislation
3、Congressional Charter of the National Trust for Historic Preservation in the United States
4、Chapter 616 of the Acts of 1955
5、Historic Beacon Hill District Architectural Guidelines
6、Massachusetts State Historic Preservation Plan 2011-2015
7、The Massachusetts Historic Rehabilitation Tax Credit Program
8、The National Historic Preservation Act
1、蔡定剑：《公众参与：欧洲的制度和经验》,北京：法律出版社,2009年。
2、蔡定剑：《公众参与：风险社会制度建设》,北京：法律出版社,2009年。
3、常青,《建筑遗产的生存策略——保护与利用设计实验》,上海：同济大学出版社,2005年。
4、陈志华：《外国建筑史：19世纪末以前》,北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2004年。
5、[芬]尤嘎·尤基莱托著,郭旃译：《建筑保护史》,北京：中华书局,2011年。
6、顾江：《文化遗产经济学》,南京：南京大学出版社,2009年。
7、洪文迁：《纽约大都市规划百年：新城市化时期的探索与创新》,厦门：厦门大学出版社,2010年。
8、[加]Bob McKercher,[澳]Hilary du Cros著,朱路平译,《文化旅游与文化遗产管理》,天津：南开大学出版社,2006。
9、李振宇：《城市规划中的公众参与程序研究》,北京：法律出版社,2009年。
10、梁雪：《三城记：一个建筑师眼中的美国城市》,北京：三联书社,2004。
11、陆地：《建筑的生与死：历史性建筑再利用研究》,南京：东南大学出版社,2004。
12、刘淑妍：《公众参与导向的城市治理——利益相关者分析视角》,上海：同济大学出版社,2010年。
13、孟悦,罗钢主编：《物质文化读本》,北京：北京大学出版社,2008年。
14、阮仪三：《护城纪实》,北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2003年。
15、阮仪三、王景慧、王林：《历史文化名城保护理论与规划》,上海：同济大学出版社,2002年。
16、单霁翔：《从“文物保护”走向“文化遗产保护”》,天津：天津大学出版社,2008年。
17、[英]史蒂文·蒂耶斯德尔,蒂姆·希思,[土]塔内尔·厄奇著,张玫英,董卫译：《城市历史街区的复兴》,北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2006年。
18、孙龙：《公民参与：北京城市居民态度与行为实证研究》,北京：中国社会科学出版社,2011年。
19、王景慧：《保护历史街区的政策和方法》,北京：中国建筑工业出版社,1999年。
20、王旭：《美国城市发展模式,从城市化到大都市区划》,北京：清华大学出版社,2006年。
21、王旭：《美国城市化的历史解读》,长沙：岳麓书社,2003年。
22、[美]弗雷德里克·詹姆逊著,胡亚敏等译,北京：中国社会科学出版社,2000年。
23、[美]罗伯特·布鲁格曼著,吕晓惠,许明修,孙晶译：《城市蔓延简史》,北京：中国电力出版社,2009年。
24、[美]罗伯特·帕特南著,刘波等译,《独自打保龄：美国社区的衰落与复兴》,北京：北京大学出版社,2011年。
25、王周户：《公众参与的理论与实践》,北京：法律出版社,2011年。
26、张松：《城市文化遗产保护国际宪章与国内法规选编》,上海：同济大学出版社,2007年。
27、张松：《历史城市保护学导论——文化遗产和历史环境保护的一种整体性方 法》,上海：同济大学出版社,2008年
28、张松,王俊编：《我们的遗产·我们的未来——关于城市遗产保护的探索与思考》,上海：同济大学出版社,2008年。
29、张朝枝：《旅游与遗产保护：政府治理视角的理论与实证》,北京：中国旅游出版社,2006年。
30、张胜冰：《文化产业经营管理案例》,青岛：中国海洋大学出版社,2007年。
31、张胜冰、徐向昱,马树华：《世界文化产业概要》,昆明：云南大学出版社,2006年。
32、邹统钎：《中国旅游景区管理模式研究》,天津：南开大学出版社,2006年。
33、周晓华：《城市更新之市场模式》,北京：机械工业出版社,2007年。
1、管娟、郭玖玖：上海中心城区城市更新机制演进研究——以新天地、8号桥和田子坊为例,《上海城市规划》,2011年第4期。
2、江平、蔡定剑、康晓光、李稻葵、孙立平,新闻中国三月论坛“改革与公众参与”,《中国新闻周刊》,2006年第12期。
3、李燕宁：田子坊：上海历史街区更新的“自下而上”样本,《中国文化遗产》,2011年第3期。
4、刘耿、林歆：假古董还是情景剧?——上海历史街区保护模式博弈,《瞭望东方周刊》,2010年第37期。
5、龙灏、李昂博威：美国历史建筑保护体系研究及对我国的启示,《室内设计》2011年2期。
6、罗小未：上海新天地广场——旧城改造的一种模式,《时代建筑》,2001年第4期。
7、阮仪三,邵甬：精益求精,返璞归真——周庄古镇保护规划,《城市规划》,1999年第7期。
8、阮仪三,顾晓伟：对于我国历史街区保护实践模式的剖析,《同济大学学报》,2004年第5期。
9、沈海虹：美国文化遗产保护领域中的税费激励政策,《建筑学报》,2006年第6期。
10、谭佳音：我国历史文化街区动态保护模式的比较研究,《安徽建筑工业学院学报》,2007年第5期。
11、汪丽君、舒平、侯薇：冲突、多样性与公众参与——美国建筑历史遗产保护历程研究,《建筑学报》,2011年第5期。
12、王景慧：历史文化名城的概念辨析,《城市规划》,2011年第35卷第12期。
13、王景慧：文化遗产保护的新进展,《北京规划建设》,201 1年第3期。
14、张国超：美国公众参与文化遗产保护的经验与启示,《天中学刊》,2012年第4期。
15、张松,赵明：历史保护过程中的“绅士化”现象及其对策探讨,《中国名城》,2010年第9期。
16、郑利军、杨昌鸣：历史街区动态保护中的公众参与,《城市规划》,2005年第7期。
1、程晓燕：文物古迹保护法律制度研究,重庆：重庆大学硕士论文,2006年。
2、高畅：国外历史街区保护规划体系的对比研究,天津：天津大学硕士论文,2011年
3、贺丰：20世纪60年代美国历史保护运动研究,上海：华东师范大学硕士论文,2010年
4、刘婧：历史文化遗产保护中的公众参与,重庆：重庆大学硕士论文,2007年。
5、孙乐：历史街区复兴中的“城市触媒”策略研究,上海：同济大学硕士论文,2008。
6、穆焕伟：城市历史文化街区复兴策略的研究,哈尔滨：东北林业大学,2010年
7、王红军：美国建筑遗产保护历程研究,上海：同济大学博士论文,2006年。
8、王玉萍：城市旧城改造及文化遗产保护研究,上海：同济大学硕士论文,2006年。
9、张明欣：经营城市历史街区,上海：同济大学博士论文,2007年
10、郑利军：历史街区的动态保护研究,天津：天津大学博士论文,2004。
1、梁琦：菊儿胡同社区吸纳民意改规划,《北京青年报》,第A4版,2009年11月29日。
2、“梁林故居”违规拆除 节后开工复建,新京报,2012年1月29日,《北京新闻时政》A03版
3、胡同菊香(下),《北京日报》,A20版,2011年11月22日。
4、潘雷：爱重庆就记下她,文物保护志愿者在行动,《重庆商报》,2012年9月10口。
5、张松：历史文化名城应整体保护,《中国文化报》,2012年12月6日。
6、朱红：天津有个建筑遗产保护志愿者团队一直在文保路上奔跑,《人民日报》,2012年7月31日。